中国地面沉降地质灾害区划方法与实践

由于地下水资源的不合理开发利用,我国已在众多地区存在地面沉降和地裂缝问题,为统筹全国地面沉降防治工作,开展易发程度区划是其重点工作之一。本文以第四纪地质、地下水及含水层特征、地下水开采情况作为划分依据,结合现状发育特点,拟定地面沉降和地裂缝易发区的划分方法,并提出防治对策建议。     

上海地下水流场变化及其对地面沉降发展的影响

地下水开采导致的水位下降是含水层系统流场变化的关键,也是地面沉降形成与发展的重要因素。上海目前深部含水层开采日趋集中水位持续降低,浅部含水层大规模工程降：水以及邻省地下水开采等,使地下水渗流场出现新的变化,并对地面沉降控制造成不利影响。切实加强地下水管理,严格控制地下水位,是深化地面沉降有效防治的重要环节。     

江都地区第四纪含水层水文地质结构对比及地下水开采现状分析

江都地区位于长江三角洲平原和里下河平原的交汇处,第四纪松散层厚度大,含水层发育,受长江和淮河两大流域沉积影响,不同地区含水层厚度、颗粒、结构和富水性差异较大。通过对比分析江都地区第四纪含水层水文地质结构可以看出,第四纪含水层具厚度大、砂层层次少、颗粒粗、水量丰富等特点,含水层岩性较细,以中细砂、粉细砂为主,砂层厚度薄且呈多层状,含水层之间发育厚度较大的稳定隔水层,水量一般。同时通过对江都地区地下水开采现状分析发现,由于江都区开采井及开采量逐年增加,水位逐年下降,并引发了江都地区的地面沉降,应采取严格地下水开采管理、科学合理开采地下水合理控制水位、加强浅层地下水资源合理利用和地下水应急水源地建设等措施,量化研究开采地下水与地面沉降的关系,合理确定开采井的分布、开采量和控制水位,为江都区水资源合理开采提供基础支撑,为地面沉降机理研究和防治提供了基础。     

基于地面沉降控制的区域性松散沉积层地下水可采资源规划评价

为了满足区域性松散沉积层地区地面沉降的防控要求,规划评价地下水的可采资源量,根据渗流理论和土力学理论,建立了地下水三维非稳定渗流与地面沉降耦合数学模型,并考虑了含水层孔隙度、渗透系数、储水率随含水层发生固结沉降的变化特征。采用三维有限元数值分析方法,以江苏省南通市地下水开采为例,基于地面沉降的控制要求,规划评价出了各乡镇各含水层的地下水可采资源量。结果表明：地下水开采布局科学规划后,总的可采资源量为17 870.56×10⁴ m³/a,较现状开采量10 902.32×10⁴ m³/a有较大幅度的增加。地下水三维变参数非稳定流与地面沉降耦合模型可以更加精确地刻画三维水文地质体的特征,更加符合实际情况。     

上海地面沉降管控分区沉降特征及地下水采灌对比研究

上海自1921年发现地面沉降,至今已经100年历史。上海采取压缩地下水开采和进行地下水人工回灌等措施,使地面沉降得到有效控制。尤其21世纪上海市进入微量沉降阶段。地面沉降速度显著减小,地面沉降防治进入分区管控的新阶段。本文从上海市防治分区角度出发,对2001～2017年间上海地面沉降变化特征及其与地下水采灌关系进行分析研究。结果表明上海地面沉降量总体呈减小趋势,地面沉降防治效果显著。地面沉降量变化趋势与深部土体变形量变化趋势大抵相同,2001～2008年间各防治区地面沉降量大幅减小,2009～2017年间减小速率较平缓。2001～2008年间,重点防治区地面沉降量相比次重点及一般防治区年均沉降量差值约10mm,2009～2017年间差值减至约3mm,重点防治区地面沉降防治效果相对更明显。重点防治区在2001～2017年间地面沉降虽然减缓但持续发展,而次重点和一般防治区则在2009年后由地面沉降转变为地面回弹。各防治区深部土体在2009年左右开始回弹,浅部土体年压缩量变化不大且几乎不回弹或微量回弹。2001～2017年间上海各防治区地面沉降量及深部土体变形量变化趋势与净抽水量变化整体响应良好,压缩开采、增大回灌能有效防治地面沉降灾害。2009年后深部含水层开始回弹,之后随着净抽水量继续减小回弹变化缓慢;除一般防治区外其它防治区回弹量在3mm内轻微波动。人工回灌对于增大深部土体回弹的效果不明显。     

上海市地下水超采现状及防范措施

本文通过对上海市各承压含水层采灌现状的分析,进行了地下水可开采量的预测。针对上海市因过量抽取地下水,造成大范围的地下水水位降落漏斗,并导致地面沉降等环境地质问题,提出了做好人工回灌、调减限制地下水开采量等防治措施。     

开采浅层地下水对地面沉降影响的探讨

苏锡常地区由于长期过量开采深层地下水，已诱发了严重的地面沉降灾害。为此，江苏省政府下达了在2005年全面禁采深层地下水的文件。为解决用水问题，许多专家、学者建议开采利用浅层地下水。在苏锡常地区开采浅层地下水是否会同样诱发严重的地面沉降问题，是目前争议的焦点。文章详述了苏锡常地区水文地质条件及地面沉降现状，确定了地面沉降的各种影响因素，分析对比了浅层地下水与深层地下水在开采条件下所能引起的地面沉降量，说明采用合理的开采工艺开发利用浅层地下水不会诱发严重的地面沉降。     

苏锡常地区地面沉降特征及其防治建议

以多年苏锡常地区开展的地面沉降调查、监测等数据资料为基础，系统分析了地面沉降的现状、特征、形成机理以及地下水禁采后的地面沉降发展趋势特点，提出了该地区今后地面沉降的防治工作建议。     

上海市承压含水层系统应力-应变特征及地面沉降防治对策

1990年以来，上海市地下水开采与人工回灌格局发生了较大的变化。承压含水层地下水位变化与压缩变形均表现为新的特点与发展趋势。通过对上海中心城区含水层系统的应力一应变特点分析，总结了承压含水层随地下水位下降所表现出的弹性一弹塑性一塑性变形的演化规律。上海中心城区第Ⅱ、Ⅲ承压含水层总体上处于地下水开采与人工回灌的平衡状态，表现为弹性变形；而第Ⅳ、Ⅴ承压含水层由于地下水位目前已严重低于其“临界水位”，表现为持续压缩的塑性变形。目前，第Ⅳ承压含水层对中心城区地面沉降贡献率已达到了49．3％，西部华漕地区第Ⅴ承压含水层变形的贡献率为46．7％。针对各承压含水层不同的变形特点，提出了地下水资源管理与地面沉降防治对策。     

吴江盛泽地区建筑荷载和地下水开采对地面沉降的影响

为了准确分析建筑荷载和地下水开采对地面沉降的影响,为吴江盛泽地区科学防控地面沉降提供决策依据,基于比奥固结和地下水渗流理论,建立了建筑荷载和地下水开采与地面沉降三维全耦合有限元数值模型,分别模拟预测了在建筑荷载单独作用、地下水开采单独作用及建筑荷载和地下水开采叠加作用三种情况下,2015-09-01—2030-08-31盛泽地区逐年地面沉降变化趋势。结果表明,建筑荷载对盛泽地区地面沉降的影响大于地下水开采。第Ⅰ黏性土弱含水层和第I承压含水层分别为建筑荷载和地下水开采单独作用下的主压缩层,单层压缩量占比分别为43.04%和54.06%;第Ⅰ承压含水层及其上覆第Ⅰ黏性土弱含水层是二者叠加作用引发土体变形的主压缩层,其压缩量之和占总压缩量的71.30%。建筑荷载和地下水开采单独作用下引发的地面沉降量的线性叠加之和大于二者叠加作用下引发的地面沉降量,建筑荷载和地下水开采叠加作用引发的地面沉降具有耦合效应。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)