南堡滩海大位移井钻井关键因素优化设计

大位移井钻井实施过程中表现最为突出的问题是摩阻扭矩大,它制约着井眼轨迹的有效延伸,尤其在常规钻完井技术时表现得更为明显。冀东油田近年来基于常规钻完井技术条件下,通过对井眼轨道优化设计、钻具组合优化、摩阻扭矩精细预测与控制、井眼延伸极限评估等方面的精细研究与优化设计,有效地模拟分析和论证了南堡滩海中深层大位移井钻井井筒力学行为,提升了对大位移井钻井实践可行性认识和指导了钻完井方案的设计。在南堡滩海成功实施了几十口水平位移大于3000 m的大位移井,最大水平位移达4940 m,为南堡滩海在常规经济技术条件下大位移井的钻井实施提供了技术支持。     

川东北水平井储层井壁稳定性及其对完井方式的影响

酸性气藏水平井完井方式优选与井壁稳定性密切相关,而井壁稳定性则受地应力、岩石力学参数和井眼轨迹等约束。以Drucker-Prager准则为屈服判据,利用等效塑性应变判别井壁稳定性,模拟了酸化前后、地应力衰竭前后和不同生产压差下原地应力对沿不同方向延伸的井眼井壁稳定的影响。结果表明:川东北海相储层段岩石力学强度较高,生产过程中井壁稳定性较好;随着生产压差逐渐升高,井壁岩石的等效塑性应变量逐渐增加,但变形量相对较小;酸化和地层压力衰减后,井壁出砂可能性显著增强。考虑到酸性气田的特点:当井眼轨迹延伸方向与水平主应力方向一致时,采用裸眼完井;当井眼轨迹延伸方向与水平主应力夹角小于、等于30°时,可以采用裸眼完井,但必须严格控制生产压差;夹角大于30°时,采用套管固井射孔完井。研究成果在普光气田6口水平井中得到很好的应用。     

中牟页岩气区块泥页岩井壁稳定影响因素分析及技术对策

井壁失稳是钻井过程中常常遇见的难题之一,尤其在钻遇泥页岩井段。针对河南中牟页岩气区块在山西组-太原组泥页岩钻进过程中发生井壁坍塌掉块、卡钻、井径扩大率大等复杂情况,利用MY1井钻井岩心从泥页岩类型划分、孔渗特征、微观结构、岩石力学以及地应力等方面开展井壁稳定性影响因素实验分析。通过分析可知,中牟区块泥页岩属硬脆性泥页岩,造成井壁失稳的主要因素为地层非均质性强,岩石脆性程度较高,微裂缝发育,易导致井壁机械剥落、坍塌掉块。通过合理控制钻井液密度、优化井身结构及钻井参数、研发低自由水强封堵钻井液提高井壁稳定性,在区块钻井实践中取得了较好的应用效果,基本解决了井壁失稳难题。     

ADM6-4H井四开水平段钻井液技术

ADM6-4H井是AHDEB油田使用常规随钻测量仪器（MWD）和螺杆动力钻具组合完成的一口水平段长度1500 m、最大水平位移1915.17 m的6 in小井眼大位移水平井,也是AHDEB油田目前水平位移最大的一口水平井。该井四开水平段钻进使用聚磺混油钻井液体系,在携砂、井眼稳定和润滑减阻等方面效果突出。四开水平段钻速快,钻进扭矩小,钻井液性能稳定,无井壁失稳,无漏失,无卡钻,无托压,其经验技术值得借鉴。     

东胜气田井壁稳定技术研究

随着世界石油工业的不断发展,勘探开发领域的持续拓宽,勘探开发方向逐渐转变为“攻深找盲”,高风险井、深井、超深井占比的增加,对钻井技术和钻井液技术提出了更高的要求。特别是自2014年起东胜气田的钻井环境有了显著变化,钻井液不落地技术的应用推广引起大量旧钻井液经过简单处理之后又参与循环,钻井液中大量亚微离子参与循环导致钻井液维护、处理困难。还有部分老区块加密布井,特别是在已经开采的老区块布井施工,由于前期钻井过程中钻井液渗透作用使地层岩石的力学强度降低和岩石的应力分布改变,使原有地质资料无法精确预测地层压力,井壁失稳问题更加凸显。因此钻井施工也需要向科学管理、精细管理靠拢,更需要通过模拟分析,精确钻井液性能范围来稳定井壁。本文对近两年东胜气田水平井施工中出现的井壁失稳现象进行了探讨,结合钻井液与工程两方面措施形成一套井壁稳定技术,来应对日益复杂的井内情况。     

深水海底天然气水合物浅覆盖层钻井井壁稳定预测研究

以南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物浅覆盖层钻井井壁稳定为背景,对深水浅覆盖层钻井井壁稳定预测模型,南海沉积物物理、力学参数,以及神狐海域天然气水合物储集地层井壁稳定的研究现状进行分析和总结,探讨深水海底天然气水合物浅覆盖层钻井井壁稳定预测的难点和拟解决的方法,为深水海底天然气水合物浅覆盖层钻井井壁稳定预测提供支持。     

钻杆转动过程的ADAMS动力学仿真

钻杆转动时要受到多种载荷的作用,其动力学行为比较复杂。应用ANSYS软件和ADAMS软件对钻杆在井孔中的转动状态进行了动力学仿真。结果表明:钻杆在稳定转动过程中,只与井壁的特定位置发生接触;提高转速,钻杆与井壁的接触频率增加,但接触力却未增加;在一定范围内改变钻压,只会影响钻杆的初始转动行为,不会改变转动的基本特征。本方法在研究定向井、大位移井等方面也有参考价值。     

自制混凝土挡板,PVE管固井方法与实践

大口径深井在施工中由于第四系地层松散井壁易坍塌,影响后续施工,所以我们通常采用下表层套管的方式来封固松散层位,保证井壁稳定,因此固井成为了一项重要的工作环节.我们在多次固井工作中总结经验,结合各固井工艺的优点,研制了自制混凝土挡板+PVC管固井的新方法;此方法具有固井质量较好、成本低、操作简单、事故少等优点.     

自制混凝土挡板,PVE管固井方法与实践

大口径深井在施工中由于第四系地层松散井壁易坍塌,影响后续施工,所以我们通常采用下表层套管的方式来封固松散层位,保证井壁稳定,因此固井成为了一项重要的工作环节.我们在多次固井工作中总结经验,结合各固井工艺的优点,研制了自制混凝土挡板+PVC管固井的新方法;此方法具有固井质量较好、成本低、操作简单、事故少等优点.     

煤层气水平井煤层段井壁破裂压力预测——以沁水盆地樊庄3号煤层为例

针对煤层气井井壁破裂问题,应用岩石力学分析方法,从井壁应力分布入手,根据任意斜井井壁力学模型,结合最大拉应力理论,建立了水平井煤层段井壁临界破裂压力计算公式,并对沁水盆地樊庄3号煤层水平井煤层段井壁临界破裂压力进行了预测。结果显示:樊庄3号煤层水平井在钻井过程中(为防止地层被压开),钻井液密度应控制在3.28 g/cm3以内;水平井压裂时最小破裂压力梯度为3.22 MPa/hm。      

3D numerical stability analysis of multi-lateral well junctions

The most important factors in multi-lateral well stability analysis are the magnitude of in situ stresses, the relation between the amount of in situ stresses and orientation of lateral wellbore. In this research, the stability analysis of multi-lateral junction is carried out using FLAC3D numerical code by considering seven varied stress regimes and different lateral wellbore orientations. The Normalized Yielded Zone Area (NYZA, ratio of surrounding yielded cross-sectional area to initial area of well) is determined for different junction mud pressures as well as diverse orientations of lateral wellbore. Then, the junction optimum mud pressure of each lateral wellbore orientation is calculated; hence, the optimum trajectory of lateral wellbore, in which the junction has got the lowest optimum mud pressure, is selected in each stress regime. The stability analysis of multi-lateral wells by means of finite difference method shows that in each stress regime the required mud pressure for the stability of junction is much more than that of the lateral branch and the main wellbore.     

Maintaining the stability of deviated and horizontal wells: Effects of mechanical,chemical and thermal phenomena on well designs

Wellbore instability, particularly in shale formations, is regarded as a major challenge in drilling operations. Many factors, such as rock properties, in-situ stresses, chemical interactions between shale and drilling fluids, and thermal effects, should be considered in well trajectory designs and drilling fluid formulations in order to mitigate wellbore instability-related problems. A comprehensive study of wellbore stability in shale formations that takes into account the three-dimensional earth stresses around the wellbore as well as chemical and thermal effects is presented in this work. The effects of borehole configuration (e.g. inclination and azimuth), rock properties (e.g. strength, Young's modulus, membrane efficiency and permeability), temperature and drilling fluid properties (e.g. mud density and chemical concentrations) on wellbore stability in shale formations have been investigated. Results from this study indicate that for low-permeability shales, chemical interactions between the shale and water-based fluids play an important role. Not only is the activity of the water important but the diffusion of ions is also a significant factor for saline fluids. The cooling of drilling fluids is found to be beneficial in preventing compressive failure. However, decreasing the mud temperature can be detrimental since it reduces the fracturing pressure of the formation, which can result in lost-circulation problems. The magnitude of thermal effects depends on shale properties, earth stresses and wellbore orientation and deviation. Conditions are identified when chemical and thermal effects play a significant role in determining the mud-weight window when designing drilling programmes for horizontal and deviated wells. The results presented in this paper will help in reducing the risks associated with wellbore instability and thereby lowering the overall non-productive times and drilling costs.     

盐膏层造斜井段井眼缩径及套管外载数值模拟

盐膏层是油气成藏的良好盖层,塔里木盆地多个大型油气藏都属于巨厚盐下油气藏,为了提高单井产能,决定采用定向井和水平井来开发盐下油气藏。由于盐膏层距离产层较近,需要在盐膏层进行造斜。造斜井段盐膏层井眼的缩径规律及其对套管外载的影响国内外鲜有报道。应用有限元方法建立了造斜井段砂岩和盐膏岩地层、水泥环及套管耦合的三维力学模型,以塔里木羊塔克区块岩石力学测试成果为基础,研究得到造斜段井斜和方位对井眼缩径及套管外载的影响规律。该研究成果成功应用于塔里木巨厚盐下定向井、水平井轨迹设计,钻遇盐膏层泥浆密度的确定和井身结构设计,为塔里木盐膏层钻井、完井施工提供了重要的理论参考。     

莫116井区水平井钻井设计优化与应用

莫116井区在水平井钻井施工过程中,面临着“缩、卡、塌、漏、喷、硬”等难题,为避免井下复杂事故、缩减钻井周期、降低作业风险,在该区开展了水平井优化设计与轨迹优化控制技术研究工作。通过井区已钻井资料论证分析,针对性地对井身结构和井眼轨迹控制提出了优化方案;根据前期实钻情况和钻柱力学分析,优化了水平井钻井钻具组合和钻井参数;通过优化泥浆体系,解决定向作业井段了井壁稳定性差、定向施工摩阻大、粘附卡钻几率高等问题。通过对上述研究成果的现场应用,实现了水平井优快钻井目标,二开定向段和三开井段平均机械钻速相比优化前水平分别提高27%、30%,其中M614等井实现了“一趟钻”完成了水平段钻进目标。     

Analysis of Pore Pressure and Stress Distribution around a Wellbore Drilled in Chemically Active Elastoplastic Formations

Drilling in low-permeable reactive shale formations with water-based drilling mud presents significant challenges, particularly in high-pressure and high-temperature environments. In previous studies, several models were proposed to describe the thermodynamic behaviour of shale. Most shale formations under high pressure are expected to undergo plastic deformation. An innovative algorithm including work hardening is proposed in the framework of thermo-chemo-poroelasticity to investigate the effect of plasticity on stresses around the wellbore. For this purpose a finite-element model of coupled thermo-chemo-poro-elastoplasticity is developed. The governing equations are based on the concept of thermodynamics of irreversible processes in discontinuous systems. In order to solve the plastic problem, a single-step backward Euler algorithm containing a yield surface-correction scheme is used to integrate the plastic stress–strain relation. An initial stress method is employed to solve the non-linearity of the plastic equation. In addition, super convergent patch recovery is used to accurately evaluate the time-dependent stress tensor from nodal displacement. The results of this study reveal that thermal and chemical osmosis can significantly affect the fluid flow in low-permeable shale formations. When the salinity of drilling mud is higher than that of pore fluid, fluid is pulled out of the formation by chemical osmotic back flow. Similar results are observed when the temperature of drilling mud is lower than that of the formation fluid. It is found that linear elastic approaches to wellbore stability analysis appear to overestimate the tangential stress around the wellbore and produce more conservative stresses compared to the results of field observation. Therefore, the drilling mud properties obtained from the elastoplastic wellbore stability in shales provide a safer mud weight window and reduce drilling cost.     

油气井雷达成像测井仪改进及试验

传统的测井仪器探测深度基本在3 m以内, 大多也没有方位分辨能力, 无法实现油气井周围较大范围地层结构与构造的成像, 故不能解决隐蔽构造与油气储层的探测问题。针对上述问题, 将地表地质雷达成像技术移植到测井中, 研发了雷达成像测井仪。为提高雷达成像测井仪探测深度、方位分辨率和下井深度, 采用纳秒脉冲源与定向接收天线对井周地层进行探测和成像, 在增大探测距离的同时, 兼顾了分辨率; 采用磁环和光耦对脉冲板做隔离, 有效地压制了噪声; 通过在电路外增加保温瓶和优选耐高温元器件提高了仪器的耐高温性能; 最后利用模型井对仪器进行了测试和标定, 并在3口油井中进行了现场应用。改进后的雷达成像测井仪下井深度可达6 000 m, 最大探测深度可达12 m, 能够对井周5 m以外孔洞、裂缝进行定位和成像, 大大地拓宽了测井技术的横向预测能力。测试与应用结果表明:该仪器能够耐受油井下的高温高压环境, 探测深度大且分辨率高, 对钻孔周围地层界面、裂缝和孔洞构造成像效果较好。      

Effect of using transient polyaxial failure criterion in wellbore instability analysis

ABSTRACT

Wellbore instability is one of the major challenges facing the drilling industry and it shows itself in the form of wellbore collapse and/or fracture. The major reason for this challenge is the inability of the mud density to balance the weight of the excavated materials. While most drilling operations are carried out through shale formations, the complexities of drilling such wells are increased because of the tendency for shale to react with water-based mud. Moreover, the very low permeability of shale means that time-dependent effects may set in. The convention used to incorporate time-dependent effect is to couple the constitutive stress model and chemical diffusion, but in this study, we considered the effect of incorporating time variable into the rock failure criterion. The choice criterion used is the Mogi-Coulomb rock failure criterion, which was modified to incorporate the time effect. The results indicate that in an open-hole the mud density to prevent wellbore collapse increases with time while that to prevent wellbore fracture decreases, thus making the mud window reduce with time.     

Geomechanical study of gas reservoir rock using vertical seismic profile and petrophysical data (continental shelf in southern Iran)

Geomechanics is a science dealing with the study of the behaviour of rocks affected by stress. It has various applications in utilisation from oil and gas reservoirs including of the wellbore stability analysis and determination of safe mud window. The main aim of this paper is geomechanical study of Kangan–Dalan reservoir in South Pars gas field in Persian Gulf in south Iran. Seismic waves are affected by physical properties of rocks when passing underground formations; thus, the velocity of these waves is a desired parameter for estimation of geomechanical properties. The velocity of compressional and shear waves has been determined with processing seismic data resulting from vertical seismic profile. In this paper, after calculation of elastic modules of reservoir rock, the imposed stress field was determined and these concepts were used for engineering calculations such as safe mud window, wellbore stability analysis and sand production potential. For well drilling in Kangan-Dalan reservoir, the minimum and maximum mud weights were proposed in average as 1.093 and 2.011 gr/cc and average critical mud weight as 2.48 gr/cc such that if the weight of mud increases, the tensile fractures will be created on the formation and complete loss of mud will happen.     

空气钻井技术在柳林煤层气井的应用

空气钻井技术是煤层气高效开发的重要钻井技术,具有循环压耗低、携砂能力强、井眼净化好的特点,同时能有效防止井漏、保护储层、提高机械钻速等,但面临着井壁稳定、水动力条件等复杂的工程和地质难题,在柳林煤层气井施工中,开展了岩层特征、水文地质条件、煤层含水特性、泡沫钻井液设计等研究,针对地层特点,设计了适合空气钻井的配套工艺技术。通过柳林地区7口井的施工,钻井周期缩短50%,储层得到有效保护,直井产气量达到1000 m3/d,水平井产气量达15000 m3/d,初步取得了良好的示范效果,推广应用前景广阔。