基于不同资料的影响南海热带气旋环流背景对比北大核心CSCD

利用1981—2020年中国热带气旋最佳路径数据集、中国大气再分析资料(CMA-RA)、欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5及美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(NCEP-Ⅰ),对比不同资料在表征影响南海热带气旋活动环流背景的能力,探讨CMA-RA的适用性。结果表明:不同资料基本刻画出与热带气旋活动密切相关的环流特征,包括南方涛动、菲律宾至南海低层纬向风、热带低层纬向风反向分布型、菲律宾至南海中东部低层涡度、热带西太平洋垂直风切变及南海至菲律宾以东海域中层湿度。它们对南方涛动、关键区纬向风和中层湿度的刻画较相似,CMA-RA和ERA5对南方涛动、低层纬向风及其与热带气旋关系的描述一致性高,较NCEP-Ⅰ密切,但低层经向风、关键物理量差异较大。对极端年环流具有相似的表现能力,但异常程度存在差异,海平面气压、低层纬向风高度一致,以CMA-RA与ERA5最接近;中层湿度CMA-RA与ERA5接近,较NCEP-Ⅰ偏小;关键物理量差异较大。CMA-RA对南海热带气旋环流的刻画具有与ERA5和NCEP-Ⅰ相当的性能,并与ERA5一致性较高,可为相关工作提供可替换的再分析资料集。     

CRA资料对一次江淮暴雨过程模拟效果的评估北大核心

利用中尺度模式WRF v4.1,分别以中国第一代全球大气/陆面再分析产品CRA、欧洲ECMWF的ERA5和美国NCEP的FNL作为初始场,对2013年7月4—6日江淮地区一次持续性暴雨过程进行了模拟试验。分析可知,此次暴雨过程是在东北冷涡、江淮切变线和西南急流3个影响系统的共同作用下,高低空冷暖空气形成对峙而导致的。与实况资料相比,3组试验均能够模拟出此次暴雨过程的主要环流形势,以及水汽、能量和动力条件。但3组试验的切变线和低空西南急流均较为偏南,强度较强,使得模拟的主要降水中心较实况位置更偏南,降水量级更大。其中CRA试验对安徽南部的水汽和垂直运动模拟更好,在该地区产生的降水也与实况更接近。而FNL试验对水汽条件和动力抬升条件模拟较弱,导致其模拟的降水明显偏小。整体而言,针对此次降水过程,ERA5模拟效果最好,CRA模拟效果接近ERA5,并且对大雨量级降水的TS(Threat Score)评分优于ERA5。     

两种垂直风切变条件下飑线过程对比分析

本文应用常规天气图资料、地面加密降水观测资料、探空资料及美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2010年7月19日山东飑线过程和2011年7月26日河北飑线过程进行了分析研究。结果表明, 两次过程的相同点是：都位于500 hPa高空槽前;两次飑线过程均产生了雷雨大风和短时强降水天气;湿层均较深厚;下沉有效位能均较大。不同点为：2010年7月19日山东飑线过程属于有明显垂直风切变环境中的飑线;对流不稳定能量相对较低。而2011年7月26日河北飑线过程属于风垂直切变相对小的环境中的飑线;对流不稳定能量很大。除了雷雨大风和短时强降水天气之外还产生了冰雹。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MERIDIONALLY ORIENTED SHEAR LINES OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH RAINSTORMS IN THE BOREAL SUMMER HALF-YEAR

In this paper, European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) Reanalysis-Interim(ERAInterim) data and daily precipitation data in China from May to October during 1981-2016 are used to study the climatic characteristics of the meridionally oriented shear lines(MSLs) over the Tibetan Plateau(TP). The relationship between the MSL and rainstorms in the eastern TP and neighboring areas of the TP during the boreal summer half-year is also investigated. An objective method, which uses a combination of three parameters, i.e. the zonal shear of the meridional wind, the relative vorticity and the zero line of meridional wind, is adopted to identify the shear line. The results show that there are two high-occurrence centers of MSL. One is over the central TP(near 90°E) and the other is over the steep slope area of the eastern TP. Fewer MSLs are found along the Yarlung Zangbo River over the western TP and the southern Tibet. There are averagely 42.2 MSL days in each boreal summer half-year. The number of MSL days reaches the maximum of 62 in 2014 and the minimum of 22 in 2006. July and October witness the maximum of 10.2 MSL days/year and the minimum of 4.2 MSL days/year, respectively. The annual number of the MSL days shows periodicities of 2-4 and 4-6 years, which is quite similar to those of the MSL rainstorm days. In the neighboring areas of the TP, nearly56% of the MSLs lead to rainstorms, and nearly 40% of rainstorms are caused by the MSLs, indicating a close relationship between the MSLs and rainstorms in this region.     

GRAPES全球三维变分同化业务系统性能

近年来,GRAPES全球三维变分同化系统分析性能和稳定性有了长足进步。该文简要介绍了近两年GRAPES全球:三维变分同化技术的发展与改进情况,包括同化框架技术、资料同化应用技术与系统稳定性等方面。分析诊断了两年的同化循环试验结果,以探空资料作为参考,对ERA-Interim再分析场、NCEP FNL分析场和GRAPES全球三维变分分析场的统计特征进行了比较;以ERA-Interim再分析场作为参考,对NCEP FNL分析场、T639分析场和GRAPES全球三维变分分析场进行比较。结果表明:GRAPES分析场的质量明显优于T639分析场,性能上达到了业务化的要求,但相比NCEP FNL分析场还有一定差距,特别是对流层内湿度分析场的误差还比较大。     

长江中下游地区暖区暴雨特征分析

利用2007到2013年5-9月间常规和非常规资料以及6 h一次的NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,将长江中下游地区暖区暴雨按天气形势划分为冷锋前暖区暴雨、暖切变暖区暴雨以及副热带高压边缘暖区暴雨三种类型。统计表明暖区暴雨一般发生在距离切变线(锋线)100~300 km的暖区内。主要结论包括:(1)冷锋型降水强度偏弱且分布均匀,集中在5、6月;暖切变型发生次数最多且强度大,主要发生在6、7月长江中下游地区的偏南部;副热带高压边缘型发生次数最少但强度较大,发生在7、8月。暖区暴雨的发生次数及强度在大别山、皖南山区较为集中。(2)暖区暴雨中短时强降水贡献大。(3)冷锋背景下的暖区暴雨一般产生在锋前低压槽中,暴雨落区与高低空急流耦合有紧密联系;暖切变型以低层暖切变线为主要天气背景,地面常有弱静止锋,暖区对流活动与中尺度急流结构、地形强迫等因素存在较高的相关性;副热带高压边缘暖区暴雨与局地的水汽积累和对流不稳定条件的发展有密切关系。据此建立三类暖区暴雨的概念模型。     

On the Contrasting Decadal Changes of Diurnal Surface Temperature Range between the Tibetan Plateau and Southeastern China during the 1980s–2000s

The diurnal surface temperature range(DTR) has become significantly smaller over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) but larger in southeastern China, despite the daily mean surface temperature having increased steadily in both areas during recent decades.Based on ERA-Interim reanalysis data covering 1979–2012, this study shows that the weakened DTR over TP is caused by stronger warming of daily minimum surface temperature(Tmin) and a weak cooling of the daily maximum surface temperature(Tmax); meanwhile, the enhanced DTR over southeastern China is mainly associated with a relatively stronger/weaker warming of Tmax/Tmin. A further quantitative analysis of DTR changes through a process-based decomposition method—the Coupled Surface–Atmosphere Climate Feedback Response Analysis Method(CFRAM)—indicates that changes in radiative processes are mainly responsible for the decreased DTR over the TP. In particular, the increased low-level cloud cover tends to induce the radiative cooling/warming during daytime/nighttime, and the increased water vapor helps to decrease the DTR through the stronger radiative warming during nighttime than daytime. Contributions from the changes in all radiative processes(over-2?C) are compensated for by those from the stronger decreased surface sensible heat flux during daytime than during nighttime(approximately 2.5?C), but are co-contributed by the changes in atmospheric dynamics(approximately-0.4?C) and the stronger increased latent heat flux during daytime(approximately-0.8?C). In contrast, the increased DTR over southeastern China is mainly contributed by the changes in cloud, water vapor and atmospheric dynamics. The changes in surface heat fluxes have resulted in a decrease in DTR over southeastern China.     

三套再分析资料的中国夏季降水日变化特征

利用台站观测降水,评估分析了三套再分析(NCEP,ERA40和JRA25)降水资料对中国夏季降水日变化的再现能力.结果表明,三套再分析资料呈现的中国夏季降水日变化特征较观测存在明显偏差.对比台站观测的白天(08-20,北京时)和夜间(20-08时)降水比例.再分析降水在大部分区域都表现为白天较夜间偏多,NCEP和ERA...     

Study on the Structure of a Horizontal Shear Line over the Tibetan Plateau Based on CRA-Interim Datasets and Its Comparison with ERA-Interim Datasets

The CRA-Interim trial production of the global atmospheric reanalysis for 10 years from 2007 to 2016 is carried out by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) in 2017. The structural characteristics of the horizontal shear line over the Tibetan Plateau (TPHSL) based on the CRA-Interim datasets are examined by objectively identifying the shear line, and compared with the analysis results of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)the European Center (ECMWF) reanalysis data (ERA-Interim). The case occurred at 18UTC on July 5, 2016. The results show that both of the ERA-Interim and CRA-Interim datasets can well reveal the circulation background and the dynamic and thermal structure characteristics of TPHSL, and they have shown some similar features. The middle and high latitudes at 500 hPa are characterized by500hPa present the circulation situation of     

台风“凤凰”和“诺瑞丝”路径与降水分布对比分析

台风"凤凰"(0808)和"诺瑞丝"(8012)路径相似,但降水分布不同,"凤凰"暴雨分布在路径左右两侧,而"诺瑞丝"暴雨分布在路径左侧。文章从湿位涡和垂直风切变角度对这两个路径相似台风暴雨进行了诊断分析。结果表明:无论是"凤凰",还是"诺瑞丝"台风暴雨与湿位涡和垂直风切变都有较一致对应关系,强降水位于垂直风切变矢量左侧,垂直风切变矢量与移动路径呈不同夹角时,强降水分布在移动路径不同方位。湿位涡正压项(MPV1)负值区和斜压项(MPV2)正值区相叠加对应强降水落区,而且叠加区内MPV2越大,降水强度也越强。因此,在实际台风预报中,可以结合湿位涡和垂直风切变综合分析来提高预测强降水落区准确性。     

采用不同背景场的龙卷模拟结果对比分析

采用常规气象观测资料,对2014年5月21日17:40广州市黄埔区九龙镇一次西风带龙卷的环流背景场进行分析,并利用FNL和ERA5再分析资料作为背景场模拟该龙卷过程,研究了不同再分析场对模拟效果的影响,结果表明:对于雷达回波、垂直速度、水平风场及水成物,FNL资料作为初始场对西风带龙卷的模拟优于ERA5资料。FNL再分析资料作为初始场、边界场能有效地模拟出西风带龙卷的超级单体结构。5月21日17:45对流风暴与经典超级单体结构相似,出现了钩状回波特征与入流缺口,其垂直结构上强回波向东倾斜,形成穹窿结构。17:50超级单体钩状回波处有明显的强上升气流与后侧下沉气流,具备生成龙卷的必要条件;从垂直涡度的低层平面发现涡旋特征十分明显,其高度从250m伸展至2km,龙卷有可能发生在从地面一直延伸至2km向西北倾斜的小尺度气旋内。      

东亚夏季副热带平原和高原地区切变线特征的对比研究

生成于东部平原地区的江淮切变线和西部青藏高原地区的高原切变线,都处在东亚副热带相同纬度带上。为深化对地形高度迥异的江淮切变线和高原切变线的认识与理解,基于ERA-interim再分析资料和合成分析方法,从切变线与暴雨关系、切变线三维结构特征、切变线附近风场与环流特征以及切变线结构演变中的热力机制等方面对二者进行对比研究。结果表明:（1）江淮切变线分为暖切变线、冷切变线、准静止切变线和低涡切变线4类,高原切变线分为高原横切变线和高原竖切变线2类。江淮切变线与高原切变线均与暴雨关系密切,夏季,有近70%的江淮切变线会产生暴雨,暖切变线暴雨对江淮地区切变线暴雨的雨量贡献最大,低涡切变线暴雨的降水强度最大但发生频率较低;近60%的高原横切变线给高原主体地区带来暴雨,超过55%的竖切变线造成高原东侧及其邻近地区暴雨。（2）江淮切变线与高原切变线均为边界层系统,特征层次分别位于850 hPa和500 hPa。时空尺度上,江淮冷切变线和高原横切变线水平尺度分别可达1000 km和2000 km,垂直伸展厚度分别可达5 km和2 km,生命期分别可达48 h和96 h;江淮切变线和高原横切变线在垂直方向上均有从低到高向北倾斜的特征。（3）江淮冷切变线与高原横切变线风场与环流特征存在差异,江淮冷切变线北侧为东北风,南侧为西南风;高原横切变线东、西两段风场有所不同,其西段类似于江淮冷切变线,东段在不同发展阶段风场有明显变化。（4）江淮冷切变线与高原横切变线的动力结构和热力结构存在差异。动力结构上,二者均位于正涡度带内,正涡度中心强度都在强盛阶段达到最大。热力结构上,江淮冷切变线附近低空锋区特征明显,其西段位于暖湿区内,东段位于干冷区内;高原横切变线南侧具有明显的高温、高湿特征,切变线北侧存在锋区结构。（5）切变线附近的大气非绝热加热与高原横切变线和江淮冷切变线演变关系密切,垂直非均匀加热作用是高原横切变线和江淮冷切变线发展增强最为重要的因子。二者热力结构有差异,减弱机制不同,干冷空气的侵入会导致高原横切变线强度减弱甚至消亡,江淮冷切变线的强度减弱则与南方暖湿空气的向北侵入有关。      

Underestimation of the Warming Trend over the Tibetan Plateau during 1998–2013 by Global Land Data Assimilation Systems and Atmospheric Reanalyses

Accurate surface air temperature (T2m) data are key to investigating eco-hydrological responses to global warming. Because of sparse in-situ observations, T2m datasets from atmospheric reanalysis or multi-source observation-based land data assimilation system (LDAS) are widely used in research over alpine regions such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP). It has been found that the warming rate of T2m over the TP accelerates during the global warming slowdown period of 1998–2013, which raises the question of whether the reanalysis or LDAS datasets can capture the warming feature. By evaluating two global LDASs, five global atmospheric reanalysis datasets, and a high-resolution dynamical downscaling simulation driven by one of the global reanalysis, we demonstrate that the LDASs and reanalysis datasets underestimate the warming trend over the TP by 27%–86% during 1998–2013. This is mainly caused by the underestimations of the increasing trends of surface downward radiation and nighttime total cloud amount over the southern and northern TP, respectively. Although GLDAS2.0, ERA5, and MERRA2 reduce biases of T2m simulation from their previous versions by 12%-94%, they do not show significant improvements in capturing the warming trend. The WRF dynamical downscaling dataset driven by ERA-Interim shows a great improvement, as it corrects the cooling trend in ERA-Interim to an observation-like warming trend over the southern TP. Our results indicate that more efforts are needed to reasonably simulate the warming features over the TP during the global warming slowdown period, and the WRF dynamical downscaling dataset provides more accurate T2m estimations than its driven global reanalysis dataset ERA-Interim for producing LDAS products over the TP.     

两个相似路径台风造成山东降水明显差异的成因分析

利用常规气象资料、自动气象站资料、气象卫星资料及NCEP FNL 1°×1°再分析资料对以相似路径影响山东的登陆北上类台风“利奇马”（1909）和“桃芝”（0108）进行对比分析,得到以下主要结论：1）暴雨分布特征和强度与热带气旋位置存在显著差异。2）中纬度台风暴雨比较复杂,台风降水地形增幅作用尽管明显,但主要与台风结构和强度差异有关。3）小时最大雨量与台风强弱没有必然联系,强降水维持时间长短是“利奇马”与“桃芝”累计降水有较大差别的重要因素。4）环流形势的显著差异是导致两个台风影响山东时间、降水明显不同的一个重要原因。5）“利奇马”和“桃芝”降水水汽输送条件差异是降水分布存在明显差异的重要因素,动力条件也存在明显差异。6）对流有效位能(convective available potential energy,CAPE)在两次台风暴雨中反应效果不同。     

进入杭州湾的两个台风降水特征及成因分析

本文利用FY-4A红外云图和ERA5再分析等资料对"云雀"和"温比亚"两个台风的强降水进行诊断分析。结果表明:"云雀"影响华东期间,西太平洋副热带高压(WPSH)不断加强西伸,台风路径右侧辐散环流维持,台风中心附近垂直风切变指向偏西方向,导致强降水始终集中在台风路径左侧。"温比亚"登陆前,台风中心附近垂直风切变指向西北方向,台风左侧垂直速度强于右侧,有利于强降水发生在台风路径左侧。"温比亚"登陆后,垂直风切变转为指向东北方向,台风右侧垂直速度强于左侧,有利于强降水发生在台风路径右侧。进一步分析指出,"云雀"登陆时期的垂直风切变和WPSH南侧偏东风气流有关;而"温比亚"登陆后WPSH减弱东退和中高纬高空脊东移,垂直风切变指向变化和高空脊后部的西南气流有关。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘两次极端暴雨的气流模型与水汽输送特征

采用区域自动站逐小时降水观测数据、GPS/MET大气可降水量观测数据和NCEP/NCAR提供的FNL0.25°×0.25°分析数据，通过对比塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘和田地区2次落区接近、强度不同暴雨过程的环流和水汽特征，分析了影响极端暴雨产生的急流和水汽因子特征，结果表明：沙漠南缘暴雨时环流配置符合“三支气流”模型，高空急流、中层偏南风、低层辐合切变的强度与降水量正相关，当高层有极涡直接南伸至中亚发展而成的副热带大槽、中层有气旋前部的强偏南或西南气流、低层有偏东风急流明显西伸与西风急流形成强辐合时有利于出现极端暴雨。沙漠南缘暴雨的水汽源地、输送路径、水汽含量、饱和层厚度与降水量相关，暴雨的水汽源地一般为欧洲和北冰洋，降水区水汽输入以中低层为主，低层比湿大于6 g?kg-1，饱和层位于700 hPa以上；当中高层有来自阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾的由偏南风输送水汽的加入，低层比湿达8 g?kg-1以上、饱和层扩展至750 hPa以下时，可出现极端暴雨。     

热带大气ISO在几种再分析资料中的对比分析

利用NCEP/NCAR, NCEP/DOE和ERA40 3套再分析资料的逐日200 hPa纬向风数据,选取1961—1990年、1971—2000年和1981—2010年3种不同气候态,对比分析了3种气候态下热带大气季节内振荡 (ISO) 的基本气候特征及其在不同再分析资料中的异同。研究表明:1981—2010年气候态下,热带大气ISO冬春强、夏秋弱的年循环特征更加明显,东传短波能量增强,起始北传时间偏晚。NCEP/NCAR与NCEP/DOE资料所表征的热带大气ISO在空间分布、强度和能量传播方面的一致性较好。NCEP/NCAR资料反映的热带大气ISO强度在热带印度洋和热带西太平洋地区较ERA40资料偏弱,在赤道东太平洋地区较ERA40资料偏强;ERA40资料反映的热带大气ISO强度在12月—次年3月中旬较NCEP/NCAR资料偏强,而在3月中旬—11月偏弱;ERA40资料反映的热带大气ISO振荡位相较NCEP/NCAR资料超前10 d左右;NCEP/NCAR资料反映的东传谱能量弱于ERA40资料,西传能量强于ERA40资料;7月中旬,NCEP/NCAR资料反映的东亚地区大气ISO经向北传较ERA40资料偏晚。     

高原切变线的客观识别与时空分布的统计分析

本文利用计算机客观识别技术,稳定地识别出高原切变线并分析了高原切变线的气候特征。通过对比三套常用的高分辨率再分析资料（ERA-Interim、NCEP CFSR和JRA-55）在高原地区中低层大气的适用性,筛选出与高原地区500 hPa风场较为吻合的NCEP CFSR（National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate ForecastSystem Reanalysis）再分析资料作为基础数据,根据人工判识切变线的基本标准与计算机几何学知识,定义了高原切变线的客观识别标准。对客观识别出的2005~2015年高原切变线与《青藏高原低涡切变线年鉴》中的结果进行对比分析与验证,并在此基础上统计分析了近11年高原切变线的气候特征。高原切变线年均生成49.4条,其中东部型切变线年均38条,是高原切变线的基本型;高原切变线维持时间多为6 h;切变线两侧的水平散度、垂直涡度和总变形三个物理量的大值区均出现在94°~95°E。客观识别高原切变线的方法可以较为高效地识别高原切变线,为高原切变线研究提供了新的途径。     

A comparison of reanalyses in the tropical stratosphere. Part 2: the quasi-biennial oscillation

 Reanalysis datasets potentially offer the opportunity to examine the tropical quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in greater detail than in the past, including the associated meridional circulation and the links with other parts of the atmosphere. For such studies to be useful, the QBO represented by the reanalyses should be realistic. In this work, the QBO in the ERA and NCEP reanalyses is validated against rawinsonde observations from Singapore. Monthly mean data are used. In the lower stratosphere (at 50 hPa and 30 hPa) the ERA QBO is reasonable, although the wind extrema in both phases are too weak and the vertical shear and the temperature anomalies are too small. The NCEP QBO is weaker still. At 10 hPa neither reanalysis system performs well, both systems failing to reproduce the westerlies, possibly because of the proximity of the upper boundary. The Singapore wind is representative of the zonal means in the reanalyses. The weak wind extrema in the reanalyses would not support a wave-mean flow interaction theory of the QBO, because a large portion of the gravity wave spectrum which would be absorbed in reality would be transmitted beyond 10 hPa. The stronger shear zones captured in the ERA data are associated with larger, more realistic temperature perturbations near 30 hPa. The northward velocities in the NCEP data show a more realistic structure than in the ERA reanalysis, where they are dominated by a vertical “gridpoint wave” structure in the lowermost stratosphere. Despite the shortcomings of the reanalyses, the high correlations of the wind at 30 hPa and 50 hPa with the observations at Singapore mean that the reanalyses could potentially be used to examine the effects of the QBO away from the tropical stratosphere. Future reanalyses need to take full account of the wind shears evident in the rawinsonde observations and use models with an adequate resolution to capture these vertical scales. Received: 23 June 1997/Accepted 17 December 1998     

Statistical characteristics of environmental parameters for warm season short-duration heavy rainfall over central and eastern China

Water vapor content,instability,and convergence conditions are the key to short-duration heavy rainfall forecasting.It is necessary to understand the large-scale atmospheric environment characteristics of shortduration heavy rainfall by investigating the distribution of physical parameters for different hourly rainfall intensities.The observed hourly rainfall data in China and the NCEP final analysis（FNL）data during 1May and 30 September from 2002 to 2009 are used.NCEP FNL data are 6-hourly,resulting in sample sizes of 1573370,355346,and 11401 for three categories of hourly rainfall（P）of no precipitation(P<0.1 mm h^-1),ordinary precipitation(0.1≤P<20 mm h^-1),and short-duration heavy rainfall(P≥20.0 mm h^-1),respectively,by adopting a temporal matching method.The results show that the total precipitable water（PWAT）is the best parameter indicating the hourly rainfall intensity.A PWAT of 28 mm is necessary for any short-duration heavy rainfall.The possibility of short-duration heavy rainfall occurrence increases with PWAT,and a PWAT of 59 mm is nearly sufficient.The specific humidity is a better indicator than relative humidity.Both 700-and 850-hPa relative humidity greater than 80%could be used to determine whether or not it is going to rain,but could not be used to estimate the rainfall intensity.Temperature and potential pseudo-equivalent temperature are also reasonable indicators of short-duration heavy rainfall.Among the atmospheric instability parameters,the best lifted index（BLI）performs best on the shortduration rainfall discrimination;the next best is the K index（KI）.The three rainfall categories are not well recognized by total totals（TT）or the temperature difference between 850 and 500 hPa（DT85）.Threequarters of short-duration heavy rainfall occurred with BLI less than-0.9,while no short-duration heavy rainfall occurred when BLI was greater than 2.6.The minimum threshold of KI was 28.1 for short-duration heavy rainfall.The importance of dynamic conditions was well demonstrated by the 925-and 850-hPa divergence.The representativeness of 925-hPa divergence is stronger than that of 850 hPa.Three-quarters of short-duration heavy rainfall occurred under a negative divergence environment.However,both the best convective potential energy（BCAPE）and vertical wind shear were unable to discriminate the hourly rainfall intensities.