装配式钢混组合结构加固时抗震性能模糊综合评估模型研究

参数化的装配式钢混组合结构建筑信息模型缺少结构信息描述,无法实现装配式钢混组合结构图档的修正和自主更新,对结构构件的损伤评估效果差,抗震加固性能差。据此提出用于装配式钢混组合结构抗震加固的建筑信息模型,模型框架包括建筑设计模型、结构设计模型、结构抗震加固设计和损伤评估;通过结构构件的实体定义、属性定义和关联性定义,全面描述柱、梁、板和墙等钢混组合结构构件的抗震加固性能信息;采用模糊加固评估方法获取精准的结构构建综合损伤指数,评估结构构件的加固等级,提高抗震加固性能。经实验证明,所设计模型得到的结构损伤指数与实际损伤指数的误差低于0.03,说明该模型分析装配式钢混组合结构抗震加固性能准确性较高。     

管线系统抗震性能研究方法综述

现代公共建筑非结构构件的投资比远远大于结构构件的建造成本比例,非结构构件在地震中的破坏会造成巨大经济损失。作为一种典型的非结构构件,管线系统的破坏往往导致建筑丧失给水、排水以及消防等多重使用功能。从拟静力试验、动力试验、振动台试验、数值模拟及易损性分析等角度对管线系统抗震性能研究方法进行了系统总结,介绍各类研究方法的应用实例及其利弊,并对管线系统抗震性能研究方法的发展方向进行了展望。     

基于概率和位移的框支剪力墙结构抗震性能评估方法

本文严格按照中国规范设计出典型的带转换层部分框支剪力墙钢筋混凝土结构,通过弹塑性分析程序IDARC2D对该结构进行多个地震动作用下的大震弹塑性时程分析,得到结构及各个构件的反应量的统计特征,再参照美国基于性能抗震设计规范ASCE-41-06的结构与构件变形限值作为性能指标,计算出结构和各个构件的可靠度和可靠指标,作为评价结构抗震性能的标准,总结归纳出基于概率和位移的抗震设计方法的思路.最后运用该方法,对7、8度烈度区的框支剪力墙结构进行可靠性分析,通过对比分析,研究考虑内力增强措施、层间位移角控制条件、竖向构件轴压比限制条件、层刚比控制准则和竖向构件最小配筋率等因素对不同抗震烈度区的框支剪力墙结构的可靠性的影响,从而评价中国规范抗震措施和构造措施的有效性.     

基于建筑性能的非结构构件抗震设计研究

针对非结构构件在地震中破坏的现象、震害情况,分析破坏原因,给出了非结构构件的抗震设防目标。基于建筑物性能的基本思想,给出了非结构构件的性能设计要求;讨论了非结构构件和附属设备的抗震设计计算原则。对建筑的非结构构件提出了相应的抗震设防技术措施,以提高其抗震能力。     

16WCEE非结构构件抗震热点研究综述

随着结构抗震理论的不断发展和完善,结构抗震技术已经能够满足三水准设防的性能要求,但是近年发生的数次大地震中,均表现出新的震害特征——非结构构件的严重震害。结构内部的非结构构件的严重损伤造成了巨大的经济损失和长久的功能丧失,因此非结构构件基于性态的抗震研究逐渐引起专家学者的重视。本文简要介绍了16WECC会议上投稿的有关非结构构件的论文,主要包括:非结构填充墙的研究、非结构隔震减震技术的研究以及采用楼面反应谱法计算非结构抗震性能的研究。总结了非结构构件热点研究方向并给出了未来发展趋势的建议。     

蜂窝状钢骨混凝土L形柱抗震性能的试验研究

为了考察轴压比对蜂窝状钢骨混凝土L形柱抗震性能的影响,本文进行了3根不同轴压比的蜂窝状钢骨混凝土L形柱的低周往复水平荷载试验,研究了该L形柱的破坏形态、滞回特性、延性、黏滞阻尼系数等抗震性能.研究表明:蜂窝状钢骨能增强钢骨与混凝土间的黏结能力,提高其协同工作与整体受力性能.蜂窝状钢骨的存在,延缓了L形柱的刚度退化,提高了延性,增强了结构的耗能能力及抗震性能.轴压比对该新型构件的破坏形态及抗震性能影响明显.随着轴压比的增大,构件的破坏形态由类似于剪切破坏向轴压破坏形态转变.轴压比越大,构件的极限承载力越大,但延性与黏滞阻尼系数越小,耗能能力越低,抗震性能越差.研究还发现,该新型构件的正、反方向承载力及延性有所差别.     

基于应变能耗储的钢筋混凝土框架结构地震损伤演化研究

结构地震损伤破坏,本质上是地震动输入能量超出结构或构件耗能能力所致。“能量”参数能够综合反映地震动强度、频谱特性以及强震持时对结构破坏的影响,本文基于能量耗散原理建立结构损伤模型,采用有限元软件ABAQUS对3榀单层单跨钢筋混凝土平面框架结构抗震性能进行数值模拟,通过损伤指数量化研究了地震作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构的损伤演化规律。研究表明:基于应变能耗储的结构损伤模型,能够合理有效地反映“位移首超破坏”与“累积损伤破坏”模式,且上、下界收敛;模拟分析得到的滞回曲线和骨架曲线与试验数据吻合较好,数值建模方法适用于以梁、柱构件为主的框架结构抗震性能分析;耗能构件框架梁能够对结构损伤破坏发展和抗震性能劣化起到一定延缓作用,承力构件框架柱的损伤加剧会加速结构抗震性能的劣化;加载幅值较小时,结构依靠混凝土裂缝闭合摩擦消耗能量,“位移首超破坏”所致损伤所占比例较大,随着位移幅值及循环次数的增加,“累积损伤破坏”所致损伤所占比例逐渐增大。     

预制钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构抗震性能研究进展（Ⅱ）：结构性能研究

阐述了预制钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构抗震性能研究的重要性和预制钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构抗震性能研究的最新进展。综述了国内外预制钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构设计规范以及设计方法的研究进展。指出常规预制装配式钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构的抗震性能较差,在地震作用下,主要靠结构构件连接处的损伤和结构构件损坏来消耗能量;无粘结后张拉预应力预制混凝土剪力墙结构,在地震作用下具有自恢复中心能力和良好的抗震能力,但该结构体系的耗能能力不足。认为在预制钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构中设置耗能减震元件,或将预制钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构设计成隔震结构,将有效提高预制钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构的抗震性能。该类预制装配式剪力墙结构的抗震性能有待于进一步研究。     

基于分体柱的地铁车站结构抗震性能研究

浅埋地下车站结构中柱和地面高层结构底层中柱相似,地震作用下均需承担较大的竖向压力,易因变形能力不足发生脆性破坏。在某2层3跨地铁车站结构中引入地面高层结构中的分体柱设计理念,形成新型地下车站结构抗震体系。首先,通过拟静力推覆分析对比了传统钢筋混凝土中柱和分体柱在轴向压力作用下的水平变形特性;然后,建立了土-结构相互作用的拟静力推覆分析有限元模型,从关键截面内力、关键构件变形能力、关键构件塑性损伤等角度对比了传统钢筋混凝土中柱和分体柱的地下结构抗震性能差异。研究结果表明,将分体柱应用于2层3跨地铁车站结构中可提高整体结构抗震性能,其工作机理是避免分体柱承担过大的剪力和弯矩,并充分发挥分体柱竖向支撑能力和水平变形能力。     

建筑结构监测与抗震韧性评估

建筑结构响应是有效反映结构动力特性的最直接参数,开展结构动力响应实时监测可为结构抗震韧性评估提供准确的地震动输入。本文基于非结构构件损失构建结构抗震韧性评估方法,研究确定位移敏感型和加速度敏感型非结构构件的易损性模型。选择某六层钢筋混凝土框架结构进行实时监测系统建设,基于监测数据开展结构抗震韧性评估。通过构建建筑信息模型（BIM）,并在有限元分析软件OpenSees中建立结构弹塑性分析模型,利用实时监测数据实现结构模型更新,直至监测数据与模型分析结果一致。由于实时监测数据峰值较低,结构不会发生塑性变形,因此选择10条双向非脉冲地震动模拟实时监测地震记录。根据层间位移角和楼面加速度分布,开展结构功能损失评估,得到该建筑结构的抗震韧性得分。分析表明,该结构抗震性能较好,在遭受地震破坏后,会发生非结构构件脱落,需要采取有效措施进一步提升建筑抗震韧性水平。     

A new simplified approach for assessing nonlinear seismic response of plan-asymmetric structures considering soil-structure interaction

An innovative approximate method is presented to consider the plan asymmetry, nonlinear structural behaviour and soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects simultaneously. The proposed method so-called Flexible base 2DMPA (F2MPA) is an extension of 2 degrees of freedom modal pushover analysis (2DMPA) approach to consider foundation flexibility in seismic response analysis of plan asymmetric structures which itself were developed based on Uncoupled Modal Response History Analysis method for inelastic fixed-base asymmetric structures. In F2MPA for each mode shape using 2DMPA procedure, the elastic and inelastic properties of 2DOF modal systems corresponding to the fixed-base structure are initially derived. Then in each time step, displacements and inelastic restoring forces of the superstructure are computed from modal equations of the flexibly-supported structure. In each time step, the nonlinear secant stiffness matrix corresponding to the n-th MDOF modal equations of soil-structure system is updated using the corresponding modal 2DOF system of fixed-base structure. To update the transformed modal stiffness matrix of the SSI system, this matrix is partitioned and it is assumed that the non-linear variation of the superstructure can be estimated from the variation of modal stiffness matrix of the fixed-base structure. Accuracy of the proposed method was verified on an 8-story asymmetric-plan building under different seismic excitations. The results obtained from F2MPA method were compared with those obtained by nonlinear response history analysis of the asymmetric soil-structure system as a reference response. It was shown that the proposed approach could predict the results of the nonlinear time history analysis with a good accuracy. The main advantage of F2MPA is that this method is much less time-consuming and useful for the practical aims such as massive analysis of a nonlinear structure under different records with multiple intensity levels.     

Influence of lateral-load-resisting system on the earthquake response of structures—a system identification study

Analysis and comparison of the dynamic responses of three well instrumented (with accelerographs) high-rise buildings shaken during the 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake are presented. The buildings examined in the present work are (i) the Town Park Towers Apartment building, a 10-storey, concrete shear wall building; (ii) the Great Western Savings and Loan building, a 10-storey building with concrete frames and shear walls; and (iii) the Santa Clara County Office building, a 13-storey, moment-resistant steel frame building. The structures are located within 2 km of each other and, as may be confirmed by visual inspection of the recorded seismograms, experienced similar ground motions. One-dimensional and three-dimensional linear structural models are fitted to the observations using the modal minimization method' for structural identification, in order to determine optimal estimates of the parameters of the dominant modes of the buildings. The time-varying character of these parameters over the duration of the response is also investigated. Comparison of the recorded earthquake response of the structures reveals that the type of lateral-load-resisting system has an important effect on the dynamic behaviour of the structures because it controls the spacing of the characteristic modes on the frequency axis. The Santa Clara County Office building has closely spaced natural frequencies and exhibits strong torsional response and modal coupling. Its dynamic behaviour is contrasted with that of the Great Western Savings and Loan building which has well separated natural frequencies and exhibits small torsional response and no modal coupling. Strong modal coupling causes a beating-type phenomenon and makes earthquake response of structures different from that envisioned by codes.     

Ambient vibration measurements on a cable-stayed bridge

An extensive programme of full-scale ambient vibration tests has been conducted to measure the dynamic response of a 542 m (centre span of 274 m) cable-stayed bridge—the Quincy Bayview Bridge in Illinois. A microcomputer-based system was used to collect and analyse the ambient vibration data. A total of 25 modal frequencies and associated mode shapes were identified for the deck structure within the frequency range of 0–2 Hz. Also, estimations were made for damping ratios. The experimental data clearly indicated the occurrence of many closely spaced modal frequencies and spatially complicated mode shapes. Most tower modes were found to be associated with the deck modes, implying a considerable interaction between the deck and tower structure. No detectable levels of motion were evident at the foundation support of the pier. The results of the ambient vibration survey were compared to modal frequencies and mode shapes computed using a three-dimensional finite element model of the bridge. For most modes, the analytic and experimental modal frequencies and mode shapes compare quite well, especially for the vertical modes. Based on the findings of this study, a linear elastic finite element model appears to be capable of capturing much of the complex dynamic behaviour of the bridge with very good accuracy, when compared to the low-level dynamic responses induced by ambient wind and traffic excitations.     

Analytical solution of seismic response of base-isolated structure with supplemental inerter

Closed-form solutions are derived for the modal characteristics and seismic response of a base-isolated structure equipped with additional inerters. By simplifying the structure-isolator-inerter system in terms of the two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) model, the modal frequencies, mode shapes, damping ratios, and participation factors of the system are derived. Consequently, analytical seismic response solutions are formulated by the modal superposition method. Utilizing these analytical solutions, an extensive parametric study has been carried out to investigate the effect of supplement inerters on both the modal characteristics and seismic response of the structure-isolator-inerter system. There is a critical inertance leading to the zero second modal participation factor (ie, the disappearance of the second modal response). The associated critical inertance ratio is derived in closed form as well. Moreover, it is observed that the reduction of deformation of isolators by increasing the inertance may be offset by the increase in relative displacements of the superstructure. To circumvent this adverse effect, an optimal range of inertance is identified whereby both the deformation of isolators and the relative displacement of the superstructure are mitigated concurrently.     

Evaluation of blast effects on reinforced concrete buildings considering Operational Modal Analysis results

Seismic protection of buildings under risk can be achieved by increasing the knowledge about the behaviour of existing structures. Operational Modal Analysis is a powerful tool used for this purpose all over the world. It provides the dynamic characteristics of structures under operational conditions or some particular environmental issues such as blasts and earthquakes. The main objective of this study is to evaluate blast effects on a reinforced concrete (RC) building considering experimentally determined dynamic characteristics. The study consists of three phases: the measurement of vibration characteristics of blasting, the theoretical modal analysis of the inspected building, and experimental verification of dynamic characteristics using modal testing. The vibration characteristics of blasting are measured around the inspected building on hard soil using a geophone set. The initial analytical model of the building is constructed according to the in-situ investigation on building. The theoretical modal analysis results are verified by carrying out modal testing on the RC building. The Operational Modal Analysis method is used for the extraction of the dynamic characteristics of the building, and blast vibrations are taken into account as environmental vibrations. The effects of blasting on the reinforced concrete building are introduced by assessing the vibration of blasting with the dynamic characteristics of the building.     

MODAL ANALYSIS OF SOFT-SOIL SITES INCLUDING RADIATION DAMPING

For the one-dimensional analysis of soft-soil layers on an elastic half-space, a general form of analytical solution is developed for converting radiation damping due to energy leaking back to the half-space into equivalent modal damping, allowing the modal analysis technique to be extended to a site where radiation damping has to be accounted for. Closed-form solutions for equivalent modal damping ratios and effective modal participation factors are developed for a single layer with a shear wave velocity distribution varying from constant to linearly increasing with depth. Compact and recursive forms of solutions for equivalent modal damping ratios are developed for a system with an arbitrary number of homogeneous layers on an elastic half-space. Comparisons with numerical solutions show that the modal solutions are accurate. The nominal frequency of a site, i.e. the inverse of four times the total shear wave travel time through the layers, is an important parameter for estimating the high mode frequencies. A parameter study shows that for the same impedance ratio of the bottom layer to the elastic half-space, a system of soil layers with an increasing soil rigidity with depth has, in general, larger peak modal amplifications at the ground surface than does a single homogeneous layer on an elastic half-space, while a system with a decreasing soil rigidity with depth has smaller modal peak amplifications. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

System identification of a concrete arch dam and calibration of its finite element model

A magnitude 4.3 earthquake occurred near Pacoima Dam on 13 January 2001. An accelerometer array that had been upgraded after the Northridge earthquake recorded the motion with 17 channels on the dam and the dam–foundation interface. Using this data, properties of the first two modes are found from a system identification study. Modal properties are also determined from a forced vibration experiment performed in 2002 and indicate a significantly stiffer system than is estimated from the 2001 earthquake records. The 2001 earthquake, although small, must have induced temporary nonlinearity. This has implications for structural health monitoring. The source of the nonlinear behaviour is believed to be loss of stiffness in the foundation rock. A finite element model of Pacoima Dam is constructed and calibrated to match modal properties determined from the system identification study. A dynamic simulation of the 2001 earthquake response produces computed motions that agree fairly well with the recorded ones. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于复振型分解的多自由度非线性体系动力可靠性研究

提出了基于复模态理论的多自由度非线性体系动力可靠性分析方法。该方法首先采用等效线性化的方法处理体系的非线性问题,然后采用复模态分析处理非经典的等效线性阻尼矩阵,将具有非经典阻尼的等效多自由度线性体系按复振型分解,将多自由度体系的随机反应分解为一系列一阶体系的复模态反应,从而求得体系的随机反应,最后进行体系的动力可靠度计算。通过算例验证,表明该方法概念明确、思路清晰,为一般多自由度非线性体系提供了一个普遍适用的动力可靠性分析方法。     

Damping‐adjusted combination rule for the response spectrum analysis of base‐isolated buildings

The classical response spectrum method continues to be the most popular approach for designing base‐isolated buildings, therefore avoiding computationally expensive nonlinear time‐history analyses. In this framework, a new method for the seismic analysis and design of building structures with base isolation system (BIS) is formulated and numerically validated, which enables one to overcome the main shortcomings of existing techniques based on the response spectrum method. The main advantages are the following: first, reduced computational effort with respect to an exact complex‐valued modal analysis, which is obtained through a transformation of coordinates in two stages, both involving real‐valued eigenproblems; second, effective representation of the damping, which is pursued by consistently defining different viscous damping ratios for the modes of vibration of the coupled BIS‐superstructure dynamic system; and third, ease of use, because a convenient reinterpretation of the combination coefficients leads to a novel damping‐adjusted combination rule, in which just a single response spectrum is required for the reference value of the viscous damping ratio. The proposed approach is specifically intended for design situations where (i) the dynamic behaviour of seismic isolators can be linearised and (ii) effects of nonproportional damping, as measured by modal coupling indexes, are negligible in the BIS‐superstructure assembly. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Earthquake‐induced structural response output‐only identification by two different Operational Modal Analysis techniques

Output‐only system identification is developed here towards assessing current modal dynamic properties of buildings under seismic excitation. Earthquake‐induced structural response signals are adopted as input channels for two different Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) techniques, namely, a refined Frequency Domain Decomposition (rFDD) algorithm and an improved Data‐Driven Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI‐DATA) procedure. Despite that short‐duration, non‐stationary, earthquake‐induced structural response signals shall not fulfil traditional OMA assumptions, these implementations are specifically formulated to operate with seismic responses and simultaneous heavy damping (in terms of identification challenge), for a consistent estimation of natural frequencies, mode shapes, and modal damping ratios. A linear ten‐storey frame structure under a set of ten selected earthquake base‐excitation instances is numerically simulated, by comparing the results from the two identification methods. According to this study, best up‐to‐date, reinterpreted OMA techniques may effectively be used to characterize the current dynamic behaviour of buildings, thus allowing for potential Structural Health Monitoring approaches in the Earthquake Engineering range.