渤南洼陷超压系统划分及结构特征

沾化凹陷的渤南洼陷为富油洼陷, 实测超压出现在沙三、四段, 埋深为2 300~4 200 m。综合大量的地压测试、测井和地质资料, 研究了现今超压分布和超压的测井及地震响应, 对单井、剖面超压发育特征和影响超压结构的地质要素进行了深入分析。超压带内泥岩声波时差偏离正常趋势线, 而泥岩密度没有明显偏低的响应。研究表明:渤南洼陷存在3个超压系统, 上超压系统为浅层沙一段发育的弱超压, 沙三段中下部的强超压构成中超压系统的主体, 下超压系统位于沙四段中;砂质质量分数大于20%的沙二段为常压。超压源层、低渗封隔层和断裂构造带3类地质要素控制着超压幅度和超压结构。泥质源岩产生的多相流体是形成超压系统的物质基础;沙一段压实泥岩、沙三中亚段的互层致密砂岩和泥岩、沙四上亚段的膏盐层作为压力系统封隔层, 对超压系统的形成和分布起到控制作用;断裂具有泄压和封堵双重性, 对地层压力和油气层横向分布具有重要影响。利用地震层速度计算得到了渤南洼陷现今大规模超压系统分布特征的整体认识。     

压力衰减梯度演化及其对油气分布控制作用

正含油气盆地中古压力的研究是烃源岩生排烃、储层演化、油气运移过程等研究的重要内容,对于油气勘探开发、远景资源预测等具有重要意义。渤南洼陷作为渤海湾盆地内典型的超压富油洼陷,沙沙三段超压系统内压力演化与油气的运聚存在密切的内在联系。然而由于研究区增压机制多样,     

渤海湾盆地车镇凹陷地层超压特征与油气赋存关系

渤海湾盆地车镇凹陷超压发育广泛,基于钻井实测(DST)资料和测井资料,对车镇凹陷地层超压特征及超压与油气的赋存关系进行了分析。研究结果表明,始新统沙河街组三段和四段地层发育异常高压,异常压力主要出现在埋深2 100m以下地层中,最大压力系数达到1.78。车镇凹陷泥岩声波时差对地层超压有较好的响应关系,在超压层段,声波时差明显偏离正常压实趋势,具有较高的声波时差值,通过典型单井泥岩声波时差确定了正常声波时差趋势线,并建立了地层压力预测模型,综合主要超压区域单井预测压力,分析了超压顶界面主要在2 100~3 200m之间,发育单超压系统。剖面上压力体分布特征表明,压力体形成以洼陷深部位为中心向周围逐渐递减的压力结构。超压对油气运移和赋存起着控制作用,套尔河洼陷油藏主要分布在压力系数为1.6的压力体外围;车西洼陷油藏主要分布在压力系数为1.4的压力体外围。     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷地层压力演化及其成藏意义

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷2 900 m以下超压现象较普遍,然而超压成因演化研究较为薄弱.基于数值模拟技术对南堡凹陷古超压的形成与演化进行了恢复,结合沉积速率演化、生烃演化及孔隙度演化研究了超压的成因演化特征,并进一步探讨了地层压力演化的成藏意义.研究表明,南堡凹陷地层压力演化经历了原始积累(东营组剥蚀期以前)、超压释放(东营组抬升剥蚀期)及超压重新积累(东营组末期至今)3个阶段;东营组剥蚀期以前超压成因以欠压实为主,超压幕式排放利于油气幕式排出,东营组剥蚀期发生超压卸载,超压卸载使得早期形成的油气藏进行一定程度的调整,东营组末期至今以生烃增压为主,生烃增压期与2次重要成藏期及油源断层活动增强期相耦合,一方面大量油气沿断裂及岩性通道运移形成源内成藏组合,另一方面在源储剩余压力差作用下,油气沿活化的油源断层运移形成源上成藏组合;油气有利聚集区与压力分布密切相关,在相应层段油层压力系数分布区间内,总体油层厚度与压力系数具有正相关关系,因此建议将勘探重点放在相应层段压力系数分布区间内的压力系数高值区.      

沾化凹陷沙四段油气成藏动力学研究

沾化凹陷古近系沙河街组四段是济阳坳陷内重要的油气产层,但其油气成藏动力学研究仍处于起步阶段.从实测静温数据出发,分析了沾化凹陷现今温度场的分布特征;利用实测与计算的地层流体压力数据,对沾化凹陷沙四段现今压力场的纵、横向分布特征进行了剖析,阐述了沙四段油气分布与纵向压力场的耦合关系,指出岩性与异常压力的双重封堵是油气成藏的关键因素.应用盆地模拟技术,对沾化凹陷典型井古温压场的形成与演化进行了模拟.研究表明,古温压场演化过程与沾化凹陷整体的构造升降有关,古地温场决定烃源岩的热演化,古压力场决定烃源岩的生排烃与油气的运移聚集.以沾化凹陷构造的形成与演化为主线,恢复了沙四段油气的成藏动力学过程.     

沾化凹陷渤南洼陷沙四段～孔店组的热史及超压演化

利用EASR%Ro模型,计算了渤南洼陷沙四段～孔店组(Es4-Ek)的古地温和古地温梯度的演变值。古地温的演变与盆地的构造演化关系密切,抬升剥蚀期地层温度下降,沉降期地层温度升高,地史过程中地温梯度的变化呈逐渐降低的趋势。采用盆地模拟技术,恢复且再现了渤南洼陷Es4-Ek地史期的超压演化过程。此过程与该区构造演化和有机质生烃增压作用紧密相关,沉积和剥蚀速率及地层地史期的孔渗性决定了早期超压幅度的高低,而后期构造运动的改造及有机质的生烃作用,决定了现今压力系数的大小。压力在漫长的发展演化过程中,经历了超压积累～破裂泄压～超压再积累～再破裂泄压的反复过程,说明盆地的压力场是一个动态发展的过程,其间伴随着高压流体的幕式排放。     

牛庄洼陷沙河街组超压系统发育特征及其演化

东营凹陷牛庄洼陷沙河街组发育有超压系统,这对油气运移和聚集过程有着重要的影响。在对超压系统现今发育特征研究的基础上,本文运用约束下数值模拟方法对牛庄洼陷超压系统的演化规律进行研究,并探讨了超压系统的主要形成机制。牛庄洼陷在沙河街组四段、沙河街组三段的下亚段和中亚段存在着超压系统,最大压力系数可以达到1.8,最大剩余压力超过了20MPa。自沙三段上亚段沉积期开始,超压系统开始发育。到东营组沉积期末,超压系统经历了大约10Ma的泄压过程。自新近系馆陶组沉积期,超压系统再次迅速增压,逐渐接近现今发育状况。上覆地层沙三段上亚段高沉积速率导致了超压系统的形成和早期剩余压力的增加,而水热增压和烃类物质大量生成联合造成超压系统晚期迅速增压。超压系统演化规律揭示出在油气主要运移期研究区古异常流体压力的分布状况,这为进一步开展牛庄洼陷油气运移和聚集过程的动力学研究提供了理论依据。     

济阳坳陷沾化凹陷古近系水化学场对湖盆演化的响应及其油气意义*

通过对沾化凹陷古近系1160条数据体的试油资料、原油物性资料的分析,对沾化凹陷古近系沙河街组四段到东营组的水化学场特征进行了研究,结果表明：沾化凹陷古近系水化学场分布特征与湖盆演化的旋回性有良好对应关系,从湖盆的断陷初期阶段到断陷鼎盛阶段（沙河街组四段到三段）,湖盆水体加深及淡化,矿化度及氯离子含量平均值逐渐下降;而在湖盆的总体萎缩阶段（从沙河街组二段到东营组沉积期）,水体总体变浅,矿化度及氯离子含量平均值总体增大。在各阶段,地层水类型均以NaHCO₃型占绝对优势（比例达到80％）,显示了典型的开放型湖盆的地层水场特征。NaHCO₃型地层水主要分布于地层水矿化度较低（<15 g/L）的地层中,指示了水交替活动强烈的开放水文环境,对油气保存不利;而相对较高矿化度（≥15 g/L）的NaHCO₃型地层水主要分布于生烃洼陷（渤南洼陷等）内部及义东断裂构造带附近,其成因主要与油气田形成和高含量的、以深部幔源为主的CO₂气及断裂沟通有关,其对应的原油密度基本小于0.9 g/mL,指示了相对有利的油气保存环境。     

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷博兴洼陷沙四段断层活动性研究

研究区在构造上处于渤海湾盆地东营凹陷的西南部,南抵鲁西隆起,东部和北部分别为东营凹陷的牛庄和利津洼陷,西与惠民凹陷相接.区内发育有三条主要断层,分别是位于洼陷西北部靠的NNE向高青平南断层、位于洼陷东部的NW向石村断层以及位于盆地南部近EW向博兴断层.它们对于该区的构造演化、地层发育及油气聚集起了至关重要的作用.     

东营凹陷草113-郑气2地区流体压力演化及成藏效应

基于东营凹陷草113-郑气2地区现今实测地层流体压力和典型剖面压力分布特征,研究认为这个地区地层异常压力主要发育在Es3中、Es3下和Es4,纵向上可分为3个压力系统:正常压力、高压异常和异常高压。应用盆地数值模拟法恢复了草113-郑气2地区的压力演化史,结果表明超压主要经历了早期形成、下降调整和晚期发育3个阶段。分析证明超压主要由欠压实作用、烃类生成作用及蒙伊转化脱水作用造成,其演化阶段与油气成藏期具有很好的相关性,是油气运移的动力。     

Characteristics and Genetic Mechanisms of Overpressure in the Depressions of Bohai Bay Basin, China

The distribution and genetic mechanisms of abnormal pressures in the Bohai Bay Basin were systematically analyzed. Abnormal pressures are widely developed in the Bohai Bay Basin, primarily in the Paleogene E2s4, E2s3, Es1, and Ed formations. From the onshore area of the Bohai Bay Basin to the center of the Bozhong area, the top depth of the overpressured zone in each depression increases gradually, the overpressured strata in each depression gradually move to younger formations, and the pressure structure successively alters from single-bottom- overpressure to double-bottom-overpressure and finally to double-top-overpressure. The distribution of overpressured area is consistent with the sedimentary migration controlled by the tectonic evolution of the Bohai Bay Basin, which is closely related to the hydrocarbon-generation capability of active source rocks. The overpressured strata are consistent with the source-rock intervals in each depression; the top of the overpressured zone is synchronous with the hydrocarbon generation threshold in each depression; the hydrocarbon generation capability is positively correlated with the overpressure magnitude in each formation. Undercompaction was the main mechanism of overpressure for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients less than 1.2, whereas hydrocarbon generation was the main mechanism for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients greater than 1.5.     

济阳坳陷车西地区地层超压的展布特征及成因机制分析

通过研究区剩余压力的纵向和平面展布特征分析,认为车西地区深层普遍存在超压现象,纵向上超压一般出现在2000多米深处,往下开始时剩余压力与深度呈线性关系,随着深度增大,剩余压力值波动较大;在平面分布上,剩余压力等值线呈北东向延伸,与埕南断裂走向基本相同,超压的空间分布与生油洼陷基本一致。结合区域沉积-构造演化对超压的成因进行了分析,认为车西地区超压的形成与区域构造演化中强烈断陷阶段(T6-T2)关系最密切,进入强烈断陷阶段后,车西地区快速沉降,引起地层不均衡压实和有机质生烃作用,是深层超压形成的主要因素。     

渤海湾盆地古近纪古地理特征与油气*

渤海湾盆地是一个典型的内陆裂谷盆地,内部发育6个坳陷、4个隆起、54个凹陷和44个凸起。沉积盆地的含油气性与其古地理分布有密切的关系。利用渤海湾盆地各坳陷大量的录井、岩心、古生物、测井、地震资料及前人的大量文献和数据,对渤海湾盆地各坳陷古近系孔店组、沙河街组沙四段、沙三段、沙二段、沙一段、东营组进行了全区对比和统层。在此基础上,对冀中坳陷、济阳坳陷、临清坳陷内东濮凹陷各组段的沉积相进行了分析,编制了这些区域的古地理图;充分利用前人文献和科研报告中所编制的辽河坳陷、黄骅坳陷、渤海海域古近系各组段的古地理图,编制了渤海湾盆地孔店组、沙河街组沙四段、沙三段、沙二段、沙一段、东营组的古地理图。渤海湾盆地发育数十个含油气凹陷,每个凹陷中心的深湖亚相泥岩构成烃源岩,而在凹陷的边缘发育近岸水下扇、扇三角洲、三角洲、滩坝等砂体,构成重要的储集层,在有利的成藏条件下,凹陷中央的烃源岩向周围与之互层的储集层供烃形成油藏,在凹陷中央的烃源岩中,还发育了页岩油、页岩气、致密油气等非常规油气。因此,每个凹陷就是油气生成、运聚的基本单元,是一个独立的油气运移—聚集系统。生油凹陷的分布及其古地理特征控制了油气在渤海湾盆地古近系中的平面分布。     

渤海湾盆地古近纪古地理特征与油气*

渤海湾盆地是一个典型的内陆裂谷盆地,内部发育6个坳陷、4个隆起、54个凹陷和44个凸起。沉积盆地的含油气性与其古地理分布有密切的关系。利用渤海湾盆地各坳陷大量的录井、岩心、古生物、测井、地震资料及前人的大量文献和数据,对渤海湾盆地各坳陷古近系孔店组、沙河街组沙四段、沙三段、沙二段、沙一段、东营组进行了全区对比和统层。在此基础上,对冀中坳陷、济阳坳陷、临清坳陷内东濮凹陷各组段的沉积相进行了分析,编制了这些区域的古地理图;充分利用前人文献和科研报告中所编制的辽河坳陷、黄骅坳陷、渤海海域古近系各组段的古地理图,编制了渤海湾盆地孔店组、沙河街组沙四段、沙三段、沙二段、沙一段、东营组的古地理图。渤海湾盆地发育数十个含油气凹陷,每个凹陷中心的深湖亚相泥岩构成烃源岩,而在凹陷的边缘发育近岸水下扇、扇三角洲、三角洲、滩坝等砂体,构成重要的储集层,在有利的成藏条件下,凹陷中央的烃源岩向周围与之互层的储集层供烃形成油藏,在凹陷中央的烃源岩中,还发育了页岩油、页岩气、致密油气等非常规油气。因此,每个凹陷就是油气生成、运聚的基本单元,是一个独立的油气运移—聚集系统。生油凹陷的分布及其古地理特征控制了油气在渤海湾盆地古近系中的平面分布。     

渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷地层压力结构特征

深化含油气沉积盆地的压力结构研究,厘清异常压力的空间展布,对划分含油气系统、评价有利输导体系与明确勘探甜点区带具有重要的理论和实践意义。为深化渤海湾盆地富油凹陷的油气二次勘探,本文以歧口凹陷为研究对象,对其压力结构进行重点刻画。在实测地层压力的校正下,综合单井、连井和二维地震地层压力结构分析,厘清了歧口凹陷的压力结构特征,识别出4类纵向压力结构：①单超压带结构;②双超压带结构;③多超压带结构;④静水压力结构。纵向上,歧口地区存在3类纵向压力系统样式——单超压系统、双超压系统、静水常压系统。双超压系统是歧口凹陷的主要压力系统样式,广泛发育于主凹和各大次凹;从凹陷中心向盆地边缘,双超压系统逐渐向单超压系统、静水常压系统过渡。单超压系统主要分布于盆地边缘的斜坡和潜山区,如歧北高斜坡、羊三木-扣村潜山等。静水常压系统则主要分布在离深凹区更远的沈青庄潜山和埕北斜坡区域。上部超压系统和下部超压系统的顶板分别位于东营组和沙三段内部,侧向上受盆地边缘和深大断裂控制。上部超压系统的形成主要受欠压实作用控制,以歧口主凹为中心呈环带分布;而下部超压系统的形成主要受生烃作用控制,以主凹和几大次凹为中心分布。未来,下部超压系统中保存的天然气将成为歧口地区超深层天然气勘探的重点对象。     

Hydrocarbon Enrichment and Main Controlling Factors in Offshore Rift Basins of China: A Case Study in the Beibuwan Basin

Beibuwan B asin is an important offshore oil and gas bearing basin of China.However,the distribution of oil and gas in different sags is uneven,and the rule of hydrocarbon accumulation and main controlling factors have not been clearly understood in this basin.Based on abundant seismic,well and analytical data,the differences and main controlling of tectonic evolution,sedimentary filling and source rock quality in sags are analyzed,and combined with the study of geothermal filed,the main controlling factors of differential hydrocarbon generation in sags of the Beibuwan Basin are clarified.On the basis of the research above,the hydrocarbon enrichment of the basin is clarified through the systematic analysis of reservoir-caprock assemblage and accumulation characteristics of different structural units.The results show that there are four NE-trending sag zones in the basin,and under the influence of fault activity,the scale of sags is regularly distributed.The scale of rifts in different sag zones decreases gradually from northwest to southeast and the scale of rifts in the middle of a single sag zone is normally larger than that at two ends.Under the control of the sag-controlling faults activity,paleoproductivity and organic matter preservation conditions,the quality of source rocks in sags of the Beibuwan Basin decreases from northwest to southeast.The hydrocarbon-rich sags in the Beibuwan Basin were formed under the control of source rocks and geothermal field,and the distribution of large-medium scale fields is controlled by the favorable structural traps in the rift strata of inner gentle slope zone.The understanding of the hydrocarbon enrichment and main controlling factors in the Beibuwan Basin also provides a significant guidance for the oil and gas exploration in other rift basins.     

Original Sedimentary Pattern of an Inverted Basin: A Case Study from the Bozhong Depression, Offshore Bohai Bay Basin

The third member of Shahejie Formation(Sha-3 member; 42–38Ma of Eocene) in the Bozhong Depression,offshore Bohai Bay Basin was subject to multiple post-depositional modifications. The present structural framework of the Bozhong Depression,which is characterized by sags alternating with uplifts,does not reflect its original sedimentary pattern. Previous studies have not discussed the post-depositional modification of this succession,including the sedimentary pattern variations and the depositional geodynamic setting. This work determined the characteristics of the post-depositional modification and original sedimentary pattern of the Bozhong Depression through analysis of seismic data,well-log data and fission-track ages. The results demonstrate that the Shijiutuo rise,a major structural feature of the current basin,did not exist during the major depositional stage of the Sha-3 member,when the Qinnan sag was largely connected to the Bozhong sag to form a single contiguous deposition area within the basin. By contrast,the Shaleitian and Chengbei rises,located in the western part of the Bozhong Depression,have existed before the depositional period of the Eocene Sha-3 member; these features were manifested as syn-depositional tilted fault blocks,the uplifted footwall blocks of which provided sediments for the neighboring Shanan and Chengbei sags. The western part of the Bonan low rise,located in the southern part of the Bozhong Depression,did not experience uplifting during the depositional phase of the Eocene Sha-3 member. The Huanghekou sag was connected with the Bozhong sag in the western part of the Bozhong Depression. The original sedimentary boundary of the southern Miaoxi sag possibly extended eastward about 10 km and connected with the Bozhong sag at its northern part. The present-day Bodong low rise,which is bounded by the Tan–Lu fault zone,also formed after the depositional period of Eocene Sha-3 member. It is thus concluded that the Bozhong Depression formed a connected large-scale sub-basin during the depositional stage of the Eocene Sha-3 member. Several neighboring sags that are now separated by rises,including the Qinnan,Shanan,Chengbei,Huanghekou,Miaoxi and Bodong sags,formed a single contiguous depositional area during the Eocene. The significant differences between the present and original basin patter and framework provide valuable information for better understanding the history of basin inversion and its impact on related hydrocarbon-system evolution.     

Geologic Features of the Petroleum-rich Sags in the Bohai Bay Basin

More than 40 years have been passed since exploration and development of oil-gas began in the Bohai Bay Basin. Though we have faced with many difficulties during our exploration, exciting discoveries in petroleum-rich sags have been made in recent years. Studies show that the petroleumrich sags are characterized by multiple sets of oil-gas accumulation in the pre-Eogene to Neogene strata in profile and large-area connection or superimposition of oil-gas reservoirs in different strata. Therefore, petroleum-rich sags continue to be a focus of future oil-gas exploration in the Bohai Bay Basin. There is still a great potential of petroleum resources. Inshore and offshore areas, onshore stratigraphic reservoirs, high-precision exploration in old oilfields, reservoirs inside buried hills, and volcanic reservoirs will contribute a lot in increasing the annual oil-gas production and reserves in the basin.     

Multiple overpressure systems and their relationship with hydrocarbon accumulation in the Qikou Depression of the Bohai Bay Basin,China

Pressure measurements using drill stem tests and estimates from log data calculation indicate that three vertically stacked regional pressure compartments exist in the Qikou Depression of Bohai Bay Basin, N. China. The compartments comprise hydrostatic, upper weak, and lower overpressure systems. Laterally, overpressure (pressure coefficient > 1.2) occurs in the deeper areas and weakens gradually from the centre to the margin of the depression. The accumulation of oil and gas exhibits the interesting characteristics of oil‐bearing layers above gas‐bearing layers in the Qikou Depression. The pattern can be accounted for by the evolution of overpressure system, the maturity process of the source rock and the main fault activity. In the late Dongying Formation (Ed, 30 Ma), the lower overpressure system began to form shape, and the hydrocarbon sources generated a large volume of oil. However, because there was no migration pathway, the oil only accumulated in the original strata. In the late Guantao Formation (Ng, 12 Ma), the gas was generated, the upper overpressure system formed gradually, and the activity of the main fault gradually increased. Then, the overpressure pushed the early gathered oil to flow from the lower overpressure system into the upper overpressure system. Afterwards, the activity of the main fault decreased again and remains weak until now. Thus, later generated natural gas cannot keep migrating along the main fault and can only accumulate in the lower overpressure system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.