中外大学天文学教材评述

大学天文学是高校天文学专业最重要的专业基础课程, 主要 讲授天文学的基础知识和发展全貌, 具有覆盖面广、知识点多的特点. 教材的质量对于帮助学生理解天文学的基本原理和方法、提高学术水平和科学素养起到关键作用. 对于非天文学专业的学生和天文爱好者, 天文学教材也是拓展科学知识和认知宇宙的重要途径. 我国的大学天文学教材建设与欧美发达国家相比在数量和质量上还有不小差距. 梳理了国内外较有代表性的大学天文学教材, 评述其特色、优势和有待改进之处, 比较中外教材在内容和写法上的异同. 通过分析国外优秀教材的编著理念、方法和技巧, 为我国未来天文学教材建设提供参考建议.     

寓深刻于浅显——《天文学新概论》简评

南开大学苏宜教授编著的《天文学新概论》在加强大学生人文素质教育以造就具有较高综合素质的现代化人才的背景下问世。作为用于高等学校非天文专业本科生选修天文学课程的教材和向公众推广现代天文     

我爱读《文科天文》

《文科天文》是一本成功的专为非理科学生编写的天文学教科书。它是南开大学讲授天文学课程的苏宜教授凭籍近二十年的教学理论和实践相结合之下精心编著的好教材。在本书诞生之前,苏宜教授为大学理科生编著的《天文学新概论》一书从2000年出版以来风行全国,在2009年国际天文年来到之际已经有第四版（增订扩大版）问世,得到天文学界与教育界的高度评价与推荐。     

天文教育Ⅰ:万有引力与天体物理

分别从物理学和天文学角度引申出天体物理学科,特别关注万有引力在其中扮演的关键角色.无论在综合性大学亦或理工科院校,天文教育均有益于提高学生的科学和人文素养,而天体物理则是天文学的主要内涵.介绍了作者讲授"天体物理"课程的相关信息以及个人认识.最后,以大气簇射μ子产生、啾质量、宇宙加速膨胀等教学案例结束,侧面诠释了作者的"天体物理"教育理念.     

天文教育I: 万有引力与天体物理

分别从物理学和天文学角度引申出天体物理学科, 特别关注万有引力在其中扮演的关键角色. 无论在综合性大学亦或理工科院校, 天文教育均有益于提高学生的科学和人文素养, 而天体物理则是天文学的主要内涵. 介绍了作者讲授``天体物理''课程的相关信息以及个人认识. 最后, 以大气簇射mu子产生、啾质量、宇宙加速膨胀等教学案例结束, 侧面诠释了作者的``天体物理''教育理念.     

《天文学报》征稿简则

一、《天文学报》是中国天文学会主办的学术刊物,本刊反映我国天文学的科研成果,报道我国天文事业的进展,贯彻党的“百花齐放、百家争鸣”方针,开展学术讨论,为加速实现科学技术现代化服务。学报的内容着重在提高方面。二、本刊主要刊载下列各类文章:1.天文观测的研究分析;2.有创造性的天文理论研究;3.有实用价值的天文应用研究;4.应用于天文学科的新技术;5.国际天文学进展评述;6.国内天文研究简讯与学术动态。三、本刊稿件征集办法:1.由各天文或与天文有关的科研单位、各大学天文系(或专业)等的学术     

寓天文教育于地理常规教学之中

天文学是一门最古老的学科,顾炎武《日知录》有云：“三代以上,人人皆知天文。”数、理、化、天、地、生,这是自然科学的六大基础学科,其中数、理、化、地、生在中小学都有开设,只有天文没有。北京师范大学物理系赵峥教授在谈到我国基础教育中天文学的现状时说,世界各国的中学教育,都包含着一些天文学的内容,国外的初中,大都采用中学理科（《科学》课）教学,其中天文学知识占有相当比重。美国的《2061计划》等国家政府纲要中天文学的素质教育占有很重要的地位,许多国家在高中物理教材中,也含有天文学内容,有些国家甚至将天文学作为中学的一门独立课程来开。但是,我国中学教育中天文学知识教授得很少,只在地理课程中出现一点点。     

天文学报征稿簡則

一、天文学报是中国天文学会主办的一种全国性学术刊物,它将认真贯彻党的“百花齐放、百家爭鸣”的方针,反映我国天文方面的科学技术研究成果,进行学术讨论与经验交流,报导天文学的进展和学术动态,以促进我国天文事业的发展,使它更好地为我国社会主义建设服务。二、本刊主要登载我国天文方面的下列各类文章:(1)学术论文和讨论;(2)研究工作结果;(3)技术革新成果介绍;(4)古代天文学整理介绍;(5)专业调查研究报告;(6)学术简讯。通俗性的科学普及文章均不刊登。三、来稿行文必须简洁扼要,力避与主题无关的冗长叙述;同时要求通畅易懂,克服     

早期的星系巡天

在天文学上,巡天观测是一件费时费力但又必不可少的工作。它是开展后续各项科学研究的基础。尤其对于学习河外天文学的人来说,系统紫了解不同时代、不同科学目的、不同研究方法的擎天是很有必要的。所以。笔者打算用接下来的几篇文章,初步介绍一下星系巡天的历史和现状。     

我们开始迈入业余天文学大国行列——读《业余天文学在中国:现状与未来》有感

2018年初,中国科学院国家天文台主办的《天文研究与技术》刊登了叶泉志先生撰写的《业余天文学在中国:现状与未来》。这篇文章认为我国业余天文学近年来取得了很大发展,在新天体的搜寻和发现问题上成绩尤其显著,我读之,深有同感。此文先给出天文爱好者、业余天文学家和民间天文学家的区别。同时又指出在双语文献中业余天文学家与公众天文学家的细微差异:"业余天文学家对应的英文不是amateur astronomer(语义更接近天文爱好者),而应该是citizen astronomer(直译公众天文学家)",这其实是给出业余天文学涵盖范畴,非常专业。     

Career situation of female astronomers in Germany

We survey the job situation of women in astronomy in Germany and of German women abroad and review indicators for their career development. Our sample includes women astronomers from all academic levels from doctoral students to professors, as well as female astronomers who have left the field. We find that networking and human support are among the most important factors for success. Experience shows that students should carefully choose their supervisor and collect practical knowledge abroad. We reflect the private situation of female German astronomers and find that prejudices are abundant, and are perceived as discriminating. We identify reasons why women are more likely than men to quit astronomy after they obtain their PhD degree. We give recommendations to young students on what to pay attention to in order tobe on the successful path in astronomy (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

虚拟天文台与科学教育

本文分析了我国科学教育的现状，并从对提高公众科学素养有明显优势的天文教育着手，探讨了基于虚拟天文台的天文教育在培养科学方法、态度和精神方面的优势，以及其对虚拟天文台建设的促进作用。     

Future goals for γ-ray spectroscopy

Gamma-ray lines are the fingerprints of nuclear transitions, carrying the memory of high energy processes in the universe. Setting out from what is presently known about line emission in gamma-ray astronomy, requirements for future telescopes are outlined. The inventory of observed line features shows that sources with a wide range of angular and spectral extent have to be handled: the scientific objectives for gamma-ray spectroscopy are spanning from compact objects as broad class annihilators, over longlived galactic radioisotopes with hotspots in the degree-range to the extremely extended galactic disk and bulge emission of the narrow e^– e⁺ line.The instrumental categories which can be identified in the energy range of nuclear astrophysics have their origins in the different concepts of light itself: geometrical optics is the base of modulating aperture systems-these methods will continue to yield adequate performances in the near future. Beyond this, focusing telescopes and Compton telescopes, based on wave- and quantum- optics respectively, may be capable to further push the limits of resolution and sensitivity.     

Structure and Evolution of White Dwarfs and their Interaction with the Local Interstellar Medium

The development of far-UV astronomy has been particularly important for the study of hot white dwarf stars. A significant fraction of their emergent flux appears in the far-UV and traces of elements heavier than hydrogen or helium are, in general, only detected in this waveband or at shorter wavelengths that are also only accessible from space. Although white dwarfs have been studied in the far-UV throughout the past ∼25 years, since the launch of IUE, only a few tens of objects have been studied in great detail and a much larger sample is required to gain a detailed understanding of the evolution of hot white dwarfs and the physical processes that determine their appearance. We review here the current knowledge regarding hot white dwarfs and outline what work needs to be carried out by future far-UV observatories.     

Guidelines for Future UV Observatories

Ultra-violet image sensors and UV optics have been developed for a variety of space borne UV astronomy missions. Technology progress has to be made to improve the performance of future UV space missions. Throughput is the most important technology driver for the future. Required developments for different UV detector types – detectors are one of the most problematic and critical parts of a space born mission – and for optical components of the instruments are given in these guidelines. For near future missions we need high throughput optics with UV sensors of large formats, which show simultaneously high quantum efficiency and low noise performance.     

An “ESA-Affordable” Laue-lens

With ESA’s INTEGRAL mission gamma-ray astronomy has advanced to the point where major scientific advances must be expected from detailed studies of the many new point sources. The interest in developing focusing telescopes operating in the soft gamma-ray regime up to 1 MeV is therefore mounting rapidly. Telescopes based on Laue diffraction of gamma-rays from crystals appear as one promising route, although the practical difficulties of realizing a large scale Laue lens are certainly not small. In this paper I have attempted to develop an optimized lens design considering the size and mass constraints of a specific medium size launch vehicle. The introduction of the lens mass as a primary design driver has some surprising effects for the choice of material for the crystals and new tradeoff considerations are introduced.     

基于暗物质粒子探测卫星的宇宙线直接探测研究

高能宇宙线的起源、加速和传播是重大的前沿科学问题,回答该问题需要对宇宙线的能谱、各向异性以及各类高能天体电磁辐射进行精确观测.通过空间粒子探测器对宇宙线各成分能谱的直接测量是研究宇宙线物理问题的重要手段.中国于2015年底发射并持续运行至今的暗物质粒子探测卫星以其大接受度、高能量分辨率等特点,在宇宙线直接探测方面取得了系列重要成果,揭示出质子、氦核、硼碳和硼氧比例等宇宙线能谱的新结构,为理解宇宙线起源等科学问题提供了新的依据.介绍了暗物质粒子探测卫星的仪器设置、运行状况、科学成果及其物理意义.