中国"数字海洋"发展的基本构想

为迎接海洋２１世纪,中国从国家发展的战略的高度出发,将发展“数字海洋”列入“十五”和２０１５年海洋科学发展计划。其目标是广泛收集海洋立体监测信息,全面完成海洋信息化工程和空间数据基础设施建设基本实现海洋信息共享和“数字海洋”基础工程建设。     

.Net环境下空间数据缓存方案的设计与实现

空间数据查询效率的优劣决定着三层体系结构空间信息系统的应用效果。空间数据缓存技术是提高空间数据查询效率的有效方法之一。在数据缓存技术逐渐成熟的今天，如何利用数据缓存技术来构建空间数据缓存是目前研究的热点。基于Microsoft新的数据缓存技术，借助常用的格网索引，在客户端和应用服务器端开辟空间数据缓存区，以降低数据的传输量，减少用户的请求响应时间，从而提高空间数据查询效率。在利用版本控制技术实现空间数据缓存的同时，解决客户端、应用服务器和数据库服务器的数据一致性问题，确保空间数据的有效性和可用性。     

嵌入式环境下基于PDB的空间数据索引技术

讨论了PDA环境下空间数据索引技术，针对RAM存储卡特点，提出了一个格网索引思想的空间数据索引方案——“类哈希”索引，并设计了基于PDB（palm OS database）的一个实现。实验表明，在PDA环境下，基于PDB的“类哈希”索引技术，能显著加快空间数据的加载速度。     

“数字海底”系统建模中的关键技术研究

基于“数字海底”系统的理论基础研究和在海底科学应用中的具体实践,提出了“数字海底”的涵义、系统组成和体系结构,对空间数据管理技术、基于XML的WebGIS空间数据表达技术、复杂海底三维建模技术、多源信息的一体化集成显示技术、虚拟现实技术等“数字海底”系统建模中的关键技术进行了探讨,为从事海底资源研究和开发的人员提供各个层次的参考或帮助.     

利用ACCESS建立地理信息库的实践

本文简要介绍了地理信息的特点及以ACCESS为代表的新一代关系数据库的特点。探讨了利用ACCESS建立地理信息库的方法。认为其最大优点就是可以有效地解决地理信息中的属性数据和空间数据的“无缝”结合问题,从而使复杂的地理空间数据的维护变得十分简单容易。     

基于ArcGIS Engine 的连云港海洋功能区划信息系统的设计与实现

针对连云港市大比例尺海洋功能区划多源海量数据的特点,利用软件工程思想和地理信息系统相关软件,以Embarcadero RAD Studio XE2为开发环境,采用Delphi语言,结合ArcGIS Engine提供的接口和方法进行程序设计,开发海量空间数据综合信息平台“连云港市海洋功能区划信息系统”,实现对连云港市海洋功能区划信息的可视化管理和查询,给用户提供高效直观的信息,更好地利用连云港市的海洋功能区划数据,提高海洋开发的合理性和海洋管理的科学性,实现区划数据的动态管理和信息共享。     

"Jason"从宇宙注视着世界海洋

20 0 1年 1 2月 7日在范登堡美国BBC基地 ,将人造地球卫星“Jason(伊阿宋 )”号发射到高度为 1 3 3 6km的轨道上。在观测世界海洋状况的宇宙仪器中 ,该卫星装备了最先进的仪器设备。它的测高仪能很精确地测量卫星在海洋上空的高度 ,收集有关海洋地形 (其表面的起伏 )、海浪高度、风向和风速等资料。为了有效的水文气象预报 ,卫星每 3h提供 1次报道 ,特别是对预报厄尔尼诺这种信息很重要。“伊阿宋”将取代从 1 992年开始在轨道上工作的法—美卫星“TOPEX 海神号”。新的仪器设备将在世界海洋的同一海区上空飞过 ,但具有 1min的移位 ,然…     

地球的季节性地震"呼吸"

日本筑波地球物理测量学院的测量学家M Murakami和美国费尔班克斯阿拉斯加州立大学的地震—火山学家 S Mc Nutt公布了有关他们发现了地球周期性“呼吸”——地震现象某种年度周期性的信息。他们通过分析借助全球定位系统获得的多年来高度准确的资料 ,确定存在着这种周期 ,特别是在日本列岛区观察到的。这个系统有 50个地面测站 ,其网络覆盖了日本的东北部 ,记录到每年由东向西发生地壳挤压 (大约为 3 0 mm) ,随后导致方向相反的地壳拉张作用 ,并且在秋季这种运动比春季要快 1 5%。也许在日本观察到的地震季节与此有关 :地下的冲击和某些火…     

地理国情信息系统设计与实现

地理国情信息具有重要的经济、军事应用价值。结合空间数据库技术、地理信息服务技术及数字地球技术,设计并实现了地理国情信息系统。采用CS架构模式,利用Arc SDE存储地理国情空间数据,通过Map Service提供数据服务,基于Osg Earth实现地理国情信息加载、调度和显示。实际应用表明,该系统能够高效地对地理国情信息进行管理和表达,且具有良好的可拓展性和可移植性。     

支持IPv4/IPv6互访的流媒体代理服务器的研究

随着新一代互联网技术的发展,流媒体应用逐渐向IPv6协议迁移,造成了IPv4/IPv6之间流媒体不能互访的问题。简要介绍了基于RTSP协议代理的过渡方法,提出并实现了1种基于SOCKS代理的流媒体代理服务器的设计方案,测试结果表明该代理服务器能够有效的实现IPv4/IPv6之间流媒体应用的互相访问。     

Acoustic transmission of images using a microprocessor-based video bandwidth reduction technique

The problems associated with the acoustic transmission of real-time television pictures are considered in this paper. A solution to the high data rate video source is found in the application of a spatial data redundancy reduction algorithm, Micro Adaptive Picture Sequencing (MAPS). This algorithm has been implemented on two commercially available microprocessors (M68000), which operate on a digitized image to produce a coded image which is transmitted and reconstructed. Using the spatial data reduction algorithm it is possible to transmit 1 to 2 frames per second of a96 times 96 pixel times 4bits gray level image over a 9600 baud link. Although these images do not possess the full dynamic range and resolution of home quality video, this work suggests that the acoustic channel could be utilized for control of an unmanned untethered submersible. Also, the transmission of high resolution information is made practical when some data reductions are performed prior to acoustic transmission.     

Single-ping target speed and course estimation using a bistatic sonar

This paper focuses on estimating the two-dimensional (2-D) target-speed vector (course and speed) using a multistatic sonar that consists of one monostatic sonar and one bistatic receiver. The speed and course estimates are obtained after a single transmission. The theory on bistatic Doppler and 2-D target-speed vector estimation is first considered and then applied to simulated and real data. The results can be used to improve classification algorithms or to feed speed information to tracking algorithms, for example.     

基于Sentinel-2A和GF-1B遥感数据的海岸带水产养殖识别方法比较

近海水产养殖为人类提供优质的动物蛋白,对海洋经济高质量发展具有重要意义。卫星遥感技术已被广泛用于海岸带水产养殖的监测,但目前相关的研究聚焦基于单一传感器卫星数据并使用单一信息提取算法而忽略与不同卫星传感器以及处理方法之间的比较。本研究以北莉岛东北部为研究区,基于多光谱Sentinel 2A卫星和高分一号B（GF 1B）卫星数据,分别使用自适应阈值法、支持向量机监督分类法以及多尺度分割面向对象分类法,开展海岸带人工水产养殖区的识别。研究表明,更高空间分辨率的GF 1B卫星对人工水产养殖水网密集区的提取正确率远优于Sentinel 2A卫星;基于高空间分辨率GF 1B卫星,多尺度分割面向对象分类法的正确率最高,为94.65%,优于支持向量机监督分类法的94.45%和自适应阈值法的84.62%;自适应阈值法更适用于中等空间分辨率卫星数据的水产养殖信息提取,其提取的水产养殖水面的面积与目视解译提取的面积差异小于4%。针对单个养殖池使用情况的业务化监测需使用高空间分辨率卫星数据,而大范围水产养殖面积的变化分析则可应用中等空间分辨率卫星数据。     

MUSIC算法在矢量水听器阵中的应用研究

文中推导了阵元为矢量水听器时的MU S IC算法。对直线阵情况进行了计算机仿真,结果表明,矢量阵MU-S IC算法与声压阵相比具有更高的方位分辨力。     

Adaptive multiuser detection for underwater acoustical channels

An underwater acoustic local area network (ALAN) provides multipoint-to-point telemetry between many high-rate, ocean-bottom sensors and a central, surface-deployed receiver in the 10-30 kHz vertical acoustical channel. Ocean-bottom modems initiate the transmission process by requesting data channel time slots via a common narrow-band request channel. Request packets overlap in time and frequency in this channel, and the throughput and average transmission delay rely heavily on the successful resolution of the request packet collisions. This paper presents the design, analysis, and experimental demonstration of a request channel receiver capable of resolving collisions between several asynchronous and cochannel packets. The receiver algorithm differs from standard capture schemes (by demodulating the data from both strong and weak transmitters), conventional spread-spectrum receivers (by overcoming the near-far problem), and existing multiple-access demodulation techniques (by adapting to the number of interfering signals, and the unknown phase, Doppler, amplitude, and timing of each signal in the collision). The receiver demodulates the collided packets by decision-directed techniques through a novel method of estimating the interference for each user which minimizes error propagation due to inaccurate tentative decisions. An inwater experiment illustrates that this technique is extremely desirable for collision resolution in underwater acoustic local area networks, and also for underwater autonomous vehicles with both sidescan sonar as well as acoustic telemetry links     

三种GNSS模糊度解算方法成功率比较

介绍了在航模糊度求解的模型。在航模型每个历元均需要多估计一组坐标矢量,因而降低模糊度求解的精度。用取整法、引导取整法和整数最小二乘法三种模糊度固定方法,比较了在静态模型和在航模型下整周模糊度求解的成功率和需要的初始化时间,为动态平台的糊度解算提供参考。     

Retrieval of optical characteristics of the aerosol atmosphere and Earth’s surface by the joint processing of different satellite information

Methods and algorithms for the retrieval of optical characteristics of the aerosol atmosphere and underlying surface by data from a multispectral satellite sensor (MSSS) are described. A procedure for the joint processing of MSSS and multizonal imaging system (MZIS) data is proposed and described with the aim of retrieving the albedo of the Earth’s surface with a high spatial resolution. In this case the spectral optical characteristics of the aerosol atmosphere are retrieved by MSSS data in the visible range of 400–700 nm. According to these results, transmission functions of the atmosphere in MZIS spectral channels are calculated and an atmospheric correction of MZIS data is performed. The accuracy of determining the albedo of the underlying surface in spectral channels of MZIS with high-spatial-resolution is estimated.     

高分3号星载合成孔径雷达极地海冰自动检测方法研究

随着全球变暖等一系列气候变化的发生，极地海冰成为人们日益关注的焦点。由于不受光线和云雨影响，合成孔径雷达（SAR）可以进行全天时全天候的观测。高分3号是我国高分系列卫星中的一颗星载合成孔径雷达成像卫星，具有多种成像模式，可以在全球获取SAR数据。全天时全天候的工作特性和高空间分辨率的优势，使得高分3号星载SAR在极地海冰遥感监测中发挥重要的作用。本文基于高分3号水平-垂直（Horizontal-Vertical，HV）极化数据，提出了一种基于支持向量机的无需人工干预的海冰检测方法，实现海水和海冰的自动分离。利用该方法得到的海冰和海水分离结果同辅以人工解译的半监督分类结果相比较为吻合，为高分3号服务于极区海冰监测奠定了良好的基础。     

Improved representation of topographic effects by a vertical adaptive grid in vector-ocean-model (VOM). Part I: Generation of adaptive grids

This is the first part of a publication that describes the generation of adaptive grids (this part), and simulations with vector-ocean-model (VOM) in unstructured grids resulting from the adaptation (part II). A static vertical adaptive grid in z-coordinates allows improving the approximation of topography and vertical resolution at slopes. Adaptive grids use elements from a set of grid sizes by multiplying a basic smallest cell size with powers of two, as in cell division. Grids with locally isotropic vertical resolution at surface, seabed, and slopes can be generated whereby resolution decreases towards the ocean interior. The adaptation to topography yields unstructured grids that are organised in a one-dimensional vector by column-wise storage of cells, discarding land cells. The vector storage suggested the model’s name. Grids are generated by an iterative procedure that relies on rules, i.e. criteria and directives to control the grid structure in favour of a good representation of physics and smooth numerical operations. The directives govern vertical resolution at sea surface and seabed, and at slopes. For the latter vertical resolution is extended in the horizontal. In the ocean interior horizontal distances between changes in grid size can be controlled for the sake of smooth numerics. The use of a z-grid that avoids transformation errors, the depth-independence of vertical resolution, and the lateral extension of vertical resolution at slopes towards the ocean interior are the most significant differences of adaptive grids in comparison to vertical coordinate transformations. Unstructured grids do not rely on a smoothing of topography and can be used within any of the horizontal Arakawa-grids. For the same topography directives allow creating various grids as demonstrated for a shelf-ocean topography. The number of cells per column in two unstructured grids generated for the North Atlantic may locally well exceed typical layer numbers in conventional model matrices. But the domain average is similar to layer numbers of today’s ocean models. Thus, with the same investment of cells per domain a higher resolution in slope regions can be achieved by unstructured grids as compared to conventional z-grids.     

LIC color texture enhancement algorithm for ocean vector field data based on HSV color mapping and cumulative distribution function

Texture-based visualization method is a common method in the visualization of vector field data. Aiming at adding color mapping to the texture of ocean vector field and solving the ambiguity of vector direction in texture image, a new color texture enhancement algorithm based on the Line Integral Convolution (LIC) for the vector field data is proposed, which combines the HSV color mapping and cumulative distribution function calculation of vector field data. This algorithm can be summarized as follows: firstly, the vector field data is convoluted twice by line integration to get the gray texture image. Secondly, the method of mapping vector data to each component of the HSV color space is established. And then, the vector field data is mapped into HSV color space and converted from HSV to RGB values to get the color image. Thirdly, the cumulative distribution function of the RGB color components of the gray texture image and the color image is constructed to enhance the gray texture and RGB color values. Finally, both the gray texture image and the color image are fused to get the color texture. The experimental results show that the proposed LIC color texture enhancement algorithm is capable of generating a better display of vector field data. Furthermore, the ambiguity of vector direction in the texture images is solved and the direction information of the vector field is expressed more accurately.