Dynamic variation of ambient shear stress field before and after three strong earthquakes in Yunnan

IntroductionThecrustaltectonicmovementisacomplicatedevolutionprocesswithtimeandspace.Spatially,themovementofcrustaltectoniciscloselyrelatedtotheinter-movementandinteractionofmulti-leveledcrustalblocksinacertainregionandtheirborderfaults.Temporally,themovementiscloselyrelatedtothatofmulti-leveledcrustalblocksandtimesequencedevelopmentofinteraction.Anearthquakeoccurrenceistheresultofsuddenruptureofcrustmediaundertheactionoftectonicstressfield,isalsoacomplicatedprocessinnercrust.Duetotheobviousi…     

地震矩张量元素M_(rr)的空间分布与中国大陆岩石层地块

用哈佛CMT目录和中国地震震源机制目录给出了地震矩张量元素Mrr的符号的空间分布。这种空间分布图像相当于Tanimoto等 ( 2 0 0 0 )的“地壳势能变化”的空间分布图像的一种简化形式 ,Mrr的符号代表了地震震源处的应力状态。之所以进行这种简化是因为在相当多的情况下 ,地震的震源或矩心深度难以测准 ,并且震源机制目录的完整性得不到保证。将Mrr的分布图像与中国大陆岩石层地块的分布图像进行对照 ,可以发现由Mrr标志的地块内部的应力状态具有相当的一致性。地块边缘处的应力状态与地块内部的应力状态不同 ,似乎表明地块本身具有一定的整体性 ,同时地块之间存在相对运动     

武定6.5级地震前后环境剪应力场动态变化

采用陈培善等从断裂力学观点研究地震破裂过程,提出的由地震波和地震基本参数等资料估算地震震源处剪切应力强度值的方法,对发生在武定震区及其附近的中小地震测算了剪切应力值,据此对武定６．５级地震前后环境剪应力场动态变化作了追踪分析。结果表明,武定地震发生在环境剪应力场具有高值分布背景的地区。强震孕育经历了环境应力场由低－高－低－高的多次起伏变化,反复增强的过程。震后环境剪应力场逐渐减弱,最终回复到正常状     

强震前海平面异常变化特征研究

使用渤海沿岸8个验潮站的海潮潮位观测资料,根据近海或沿岸地区强震前后海平面变化的实例,分析了海平面变化的前兆意义。资料证实,大部分近海大地震前局部海域存在着可以识别的海平面异常变化。通过周期分析方法和潮汐分析方法来消除各种周期及非周期因素的影响,可以显示出地壳垂直形变的变化,分析结果表明,渤海沿岸的海平面变化不仅具有丰富的地质构造活动信息,而且可能反映较大地震前后的地壳形变过程。提取海平面地壳垂直形变信息对较大地震的预报和与海洋有关灾害的预测有重要意义。     

Discussion on Characteristics of Crustal Deformation along the Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea Seismotectonic Zone

INTRODUCTIONThe Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault zone has drawnextensive attentionfromseismologists and geologistssince it was determinedinthe1980’s(Zheng Binghua,et al.,1981).Ma Xingyuan,et al.(1989)consideredit asthe north boundaryof North China sub-block.Int…     

Study on distribution characteristics of strong earthquakes in Sichuan-Yunnan area and their geological tectonic background

Introduction Both Sichuan and Yunnan are provinces with more earthquakes. Based on catalogue of strong earthquakes in China compiled by the Prediction Department of China Earthquake Administration, there are 639 M5.0 earthquakes during 26 B.C.~A.D. 2001. Among them, 475 are M=5.0~5.9 events, 124 are M=6.0~6.9 events, 39 are M=7.0~7.9 events, and one is M=8 event occurred in Sichuan and Yunnan area. Here is one of the areas where seismic activities are most active in China. Sichuan-Yun…     

黏性土坡地震失稳机制及其在黄土斜坡地震稳定性分析中的应用

基于地震作用下黏性土坡失稳滑动特点,以土体应力状态及其变化分析边坡失稳过程。通过分析地震作用下边坡不同部位土体应力状态和剪应力变化,结合实际地震边坡失稳破坏特征,提出黏性土坡地震三段式滑动失稳机制。在分析该滑动失稳机制与有限元强度折减法之间应力关联的基础上,将两者结合应用于实际黄土地震滑坡动力稳定性分析。依据此考虑得到的动力安全系数相比较其他方法,与极限平衡法得到的结果更为接近。     

利用GPS观测研究山西断陷带现今构造应力场变化与地震活动

基于1999—2007年山西断陷带GPS站点位移速率,采用格林函数法计算了山西断陷带地壳10 km深处的最大主应力和最大剪应力变化,并与区域地质构造、中强地震活动及其震源机制解等对比分析,结果表明:山西断陷带中强地震活动受区域构造应力场的控制,现今应力场变化强烈的区域,地震活动水平相对较高,地震震源机制与构造应力场变化特征一致性较强;构造应力场变化和中强地震活动还受构造相关区强震活动的影响,2009年以来忻定盆地原平段至石岭关隆起区中强地震活跃可能与汶川8.0级地震影响有关;山西南部尤其是运城盆地具有较高的背景应力水平,应进一步关注该区域的地震危险性。     

Pore fluid pressure effects in anisotropic rocks: Mechanisms of induced seismicity and weak faults

Many observations and studies indicate that pore fluid pressure in the crustal rocks plays an important role in deformation, faulting, and earthquake processes. Conventional models of pore pressure effects often assume isotropic porous rocks and yield the nondeviatoric pressure effects which seem insufficient to explain diverse phenomena related to pore pressure variation, such as fluid-extraction induced seismicity and crustal weak faults. We derive the anisotropic effective stress law especially for transversely-isotropic and orthotropic rocks, and propose that the deviatoric effects of pore fluid pressure in anisotropic rocks not only affect rock effective strength but also cause variation of shear stresses. Such shear stress variations induced by either pore pressure buildup or pore pressure decline may lead to faulting instability and trigger earthquakes, and provide mechanisms for the failure of crustal weak faults with low level of shear stresses. We believe that the deviatoric effects of pore fluid pressure in anisotropic rocks are of wide application in studies of earthquake precursors and aftershocks, oil and gas reservoir characterization, enhanced oil recovery, and hydraulic fracturing.     

应力调制与预报研究

在地球动力作用和地壳运动的过程中构造块体呈现出整体运动的特征,表现在大陆地震的动力学特征具有明显的分区性。因而,大陆每个块体的应力场特征方向与强地震发生的主要构造力方向一致性较好。在它的作用下,块体边界或某些部位出现应力不均匀并有应变能的积累。孕震区应变能由线性积累向临界的非线性转化迹象会表现在弱震活动与主构造方向上固体潮交变应力场的呼应上。 交变应力场可加强孕震区应力集中部位的介质疲劳强度,从而在这些部位触发一些弱震,而且在附加应力场分别为正、负构造应力场方向时发生的弱震频次比例失调,这一过程与构造应力场的呼应显示了强震前弱震震源机制一致性较好的前兆特征,这种情形下的地震活动反映了一种应力调制作用,分析了1970年来的华北资料和1980年来的云南省资料,用直接图像分布、数值和等值线等3种方式讨论,表明它对强震有1~3年的中长期预报意义,R值评估均大于0.5。     

A numerical method of viscoelastic finite element coupled with spring-block model to simulate the interaction of faults and crustal blocks

A numerical method of viscoelastic finite element coupled with spring-block model is developed to study temporal processes from the slow tectonic motion of large-scale crust to the rapid failure of small-scale faults. Our modeling demonstrates that the motion of crustal blocks is driven by forces from tectonic plate boundaries, and the deformation is distributed on faults for the stress accumulating. The coupling model generates earthquake sequences that display a magnitude-frequency scaling consistent with Gutenberg-Richter law. The frictional heterogeneities affect earthquakes occurrence and stresses distribution of crustal blocks. Rupture of earthquakes starts at the nucleation node, and propagates bilaterally along faults with the stress triggering, release and redistribution. The failure of faults releases part of crustal stresses, the stress state of crustal blocks near fault is affected by the rupture of local segments on the fault, and the stress state of crustal blocks far away from the fault is controlled by the seismic activity of the whole fault.     

A numerical method of viscoelastic finite element coupled with spring-block model to simulate the interaction of faults and crustal blocks

A numerical method of viscoelastic finite element coupled with spring-block model is developed to study temporal processes from the slow tectonic motion of large-scale crust to the rapid failure of small-scale faults. Our modeling demonstrates that the motion of crustal blocks is driven by forces from tectonic plate boundaries, and the deformation is distributed on faults for the stress accumulating. The coupling model generates earthquake sequences that display a magnitude-frequency scaling consistent with Gutenberg-Richter law. The frictional heterogeneities affeci earthquakes occurrence and stresses distribution of crustal blocks. Rupture of earthquakes starts at the nucleation node, and propagates bilaterally along faults with the stress triggering, release and redistribution. The failure of faults releases part of crustal stresses, the stress state of crustal blocks near fault is affected by the rupture of local segments on the fault, and the stress state of crustal blocks far away from the fault is controlled by the seismic activity of the whole fault.     

中国大陆现今地应力场黏弹性球壳数值模拟综合研究

中国大陆现今实测地应力场的状态与板块构造环境、活动断裂带分布、地形地貌以及地壳结构呈现一定相关性. 在中国大陆西缘,印度洋板块与欧亚板块陆发生陆碰撞,在中国大陆东缘,菲律宾海板块、太平洋板块俯冲到欧亚板块之下. 中国大陆内部被大型活动断裂带分割为多个块体,各个块体的地壳结构和厚度呈不均匀分布,地形地貌起伏具有很大的差异. 笔者以中国大陆块体模型为基础,把板块构造作用和重力势作为主要影响地应力状态的两个主要要素,在现今活动构造、GPS和实测地应力等成果的约束下,利用线性黏弹体球壳有限元模拟分析了中国大陆现今地应力场的分布特征和控制因素. 结果表明: (1)构造应力场总体上呈现出西部挤压,东部拉张的特征,印度板块与欧亚板块的持续碰撞形成了青藏高原及其周缘的挤压性质的构造应力场,而东部菲律宾板块与太平洋板块的俯冲形成了黄海、东海和环渤海区域的拉张性质的构造应力场,中间为拉张环境和挤压环境的过渡,最大主应力的方向受到板块构造环境和活动构造分布的控制;(2)重力的影响主要体现在地形梯度大和地壳厚度结构变化大的地壳浅部区域,在藏南、滇西北局部地区的地壳浅部由于受到重力势控制,呈现为张性应力场,在塔里木地区由于重力势引起的应力场与构造应力场同为挤压性质,因此该区的挤压强度得以增加;(3)中国大陆浅部地应力场的状态主要受到区域板块构造环境、块体边界活动构造带的展布和地形的控制,总体上以南北构造带为界,西部以较强的压性构造环境为主,东部为较弱的压性构造环境,藏南和滇西北局部地区存在有张性构造环境;构造应力对地应力的贡献比重随着深度增加而增加;(4)采用黏弹性模型的构造应力场模拟结果比完全弹性模型的模拟结果能够更好地与实测地应力场相吻合,利用完全弹性模型分析由地震等诱发的地应力瞬时变化是有效的;(5)青藏高原东南缘最大主应力方向发生了较大的偏转,其主要控制因素有:印度板块持续的碰撞、中下地壳对上地壳拖曳以及印度板块通过实皆断裂对欧亚板块的剪切拉伸作用. 中国大陆现今地应力场是整个地壳岩石黏弹特性长期演化和断裂活动的结果,是地应力场动态演化过程中在现今时间点上的状态,受到板块构造环境、大陆内部活动断裂分布、地形地貌和地壳结构等因素不同程度的控制,模拟结果为中国大陆地应力场提供了一个定量的参考模型.     

单断裂多源应力场初探

本文提出一个单断裂多段闭锁的孕震力学模型,对其产生的附加应力场进行了推导和计算;讨论了震前多源应力场的时空分布特征。证明多源前兆场演变过程的复杂性和震前地应力变化形态的多样性。     

紫坪铺水库水位变化对剪切波分裂参数的影响

本文通过对2006—2009年四川紫坪铺水库库区8个地震台站记录的地震事件,采用剪切波分裂方法获得了水库库区剪切波分裂参数,并结合地震活动性与水库水位之间的变化关系,分析了紫坪铺水库库区地壳应力的变化特征.剪切波分裂结果显示该研究区域快波偏振方向有两个,分别为北东向和北西向,充分体现了紫坪铺水库地区地壳应力是由北西向的区域主压应力与南东走向的龙门山断裂带综合作用的结果.慢波延迟时间平均值为5.8ms·km-1,慢波延迟时间较大的地区位于库坝和库尾,分别是水库蓄水排水引起地壳应力变化最大的区域.对比慢波延迟时间的变化和水库水位的变化显示了慢波延迟时间与水库水位之间的一致变化关系,揭示了水库的蓄水排水对地壳应力的影响.     

On the physical model of earthquake precursor fields and the mechanism of precursors′ time-space distribution (II) — How do the stress and strain fields evolve while a strong earthquake is in preparation and how does the evolution affect the seismicity and earthquake precursors?

In this paper, the stress concentration process and the time-space distribution of stress when earthquakes are in preparation in one or more earthquake-generating bodies in a tectonic block have been analyzed and their relation with seismicity and earthquake precursors have been studied. The results show that: 1 When the regional stress field has intensified to a certain level, fracture begins in some block or blocks. The regional stress field will vary with time and the occurrence of strong earthquakes in groups is the result of the evolution of this dynamic stress field. In this process, the existence and development of more than one high stress concentration zone may give rise to a variety of pre-seismic anomaly-to-earthquake relations. 2 The process of stress variation in an earthquake-generating block generally appears as a nonlinear one. After the long-term elastic deformation, there may be more than one time of inelastic deformation and fault-softening from the beginning of the stage of inelastic deformation to just before the main fracture. Corresponding to such a nonlinearity, the stress and strain fields in the earthquake-generating block will display a complex pattern of time-space evolution; and thus the earthquake precursor fields controlled by stress and strain must display complexities in many aspects.     

Tectonic setting of the recent damaging seismic series in the Southeastern Betic Cordillera,Spain

In this work we analyze the tectonic setting of the recent damaging seismic series occurred in the Internal Zones of the eastern Betic Cordillera (SE Spain) and surrounding areas, the tectonic region where took place the 11th May 2011 Mw 5.2 Lorca earthquake. We revisit and make a synthesis of the seven largest and damaging seismic series occurred from 1984 to 2011. We analyze their seismotectonic setting, and their geological sources under the light of recent advances in the knowledge on active faults, neotectonics, seismotectonics and stress regime, with special attention focused on the Lorca Earthquake. These seismic series are characterized by two types of focal mechanisms, produced mainly by two sets of active faults, NNW–SSE to NNE–SSW small (no larger than 20–30 km) extensional faults with some strike slip component, and E–W to NE–SW large strike slip faults (more than 50 km long) with some compressional component (oblique slip faults). The normal fault earthquakes related to the smaller faults are dominant in the interior of large crustal tectonic blocks that are bounded by the large E–W to NE–SW strike-slip faults. The strike slip earthquakes are associated to the reactivation of segments or intersegment regions of the large E–W to NE–SW faults bounding those crustal tectonic blocks. Most of the seismic series studied in this work can be interpreted as part of the background seismicity that occurs within the crustal blocks that are strained under a transpressional regime driven by the major strike slip shear corridors bounding the blocks. The seismotectonic analysis and the phenomenology of the studied series indicate that it is usual the occurrence of damaging compound earthquakes of M  \(\sim \)  5.0 associated with triggering processes driven by coseismic stress transfer. These processes mainly occur in the seismic series generated by NNW–SSE to NNE–SSW faults. These mechanical interaction processes may induce a higher frequency of occurrence of this kind of earthquakes than considered in traditional probabilistic seismic hazard assessments and it should be taken into account in future seismic hazard assessments.     

中国海——西太平洋典型剖面(南幅)揭示的微陆块-窄洋盆构造格局

基于编制最新地学成果图件的需要,我们整合了最新地质、地球物理资料成果,运用最新的技术方法,开展了中国海—西太平洋地区典型剖面的编制工作.典型剖面(南幅)主要集成了南海地区近年来获得的广角地震探测资料,运用重-磁-震联合反演方法,结合拖网、钻井、地热、地质剖面等,以块体构造学说为编图思想编制而成.典型剖面(南幅)从华南以NNW-SSE向直抵苏拉威西海,穿过了多个构造单元,包括3个陆缘-离散地块区(华南块体—南海北部陆缘、中沙地块、礼乐—北巴拉望地块)、4个海盆区(西北次海盆、中央海盆、苏禄海盆、苏拉威西海盆)、2个俯冲-岛弧区(卡加延脊、苏禄脊),这些构造单元一起构成了西太平洋边缘独特的“微陆块-窄洋盆”构造格局.自古特提斯向欧亚大陆之下俯冲以来,该区域经历了复杂的构造演化过程.在形成这种构造格局的过程中,地壳处在不断消亡和生成的动态循环之中,同时构造应力也处在动态变化之中.通过对区域地球动力学的综合分析,认为这种微陆块-窄洋盆构造格局的形成,很大程度上是由于其位于三大板块交接的独特区域,以及受区域内复杂而丰富的俯冲作用的影响和制约.通过典型剖面编制工作,推动了中国海—西太平洋区域内大地构造和地球物理特征研究,为“跳出南海看南海”提供了良好的研究范例,同时启发我们未来加强对邻区研究空白区域的探索.     

地壳形变与地震探讨

较深入地讨论了地壳岩层应变的一般特性，并在理论上得出：（１）地震孕育发生的充分必要条件是地壳岩层折弹性应变量的积累要大于塑性形变量的转化；（２）地壳岩层在应变的宏观破裂之前，很可能会普通存在应变的加速阶段。如果这一认识被进一步证实是正确的话，将可成为地震短临预报的突破口；根据作者１９９３年提出的地震能否孕育、发生的关键因素是地壳岩层弹性垂直差异运动的速率大小的认识，在理论上初步讨论了地壳岩层应变与