地下水数值模拟不确定性分析研究进展

地下水数值模拟不确定性分析旨在提高研究区域地下水流的模拟精度。学者们将地下水数值模拟不确定性分析分为:模型的不确定性、参数的不确定性以及资料的不确定性三类,其中参数的不确定性分析在研究中是最为重要的。同时,对模型、参数、资料不确定性分析的研究进展和成果进行归纳总结,补充关于参数不确定性分析过程中的替代模型的一些研究成果以及模型不确定性分析的多模型分析;强调在地下水数值模拟的过程中,重视模型、资料的不确定性分析;展望未来,随着地下水数值模拟不确定性分析研究的深入,方法和应用会更加多样化。     

地下水数值计算与应用研究进展综述

地下水数值计算是研究分析地下水各种问题的重要手段。文中对近年来地下水数值模拟计算相关方法研究进展、地下水数值模拟工作程序的方法论、地下水数值模拟的参数反演方法、国际流行的地下水数值模型及软件平台、目前国内地下水数值模型的相关应用等几个方面进行了综述,力图从相对全面的角度认识当前地下水计算技术的发展。在回顾地下水以上研究进展的基础上,对现代信息技术在地下水数值计算技术中的积极促进作用、地下水更深入和复杂规律的研究、地下水研究与其他学科之间的综合集成和协同互补等发展趋势进行了探讨,为相关研究人员提供一定的参考。     

解决潜水蒸发问题的阿维里扬诺夫经验公式在地下水数值模型中的应用——以格尔木河流域为例

数值模型对地下水流和溶质运移等问题进行模拟的方法以其有效性、灵活性和相对廉价性逐渐成为地下水研究领域的一种不可缺少的重要方法。在地下水浅埋区,蒸发是地下水的主要排泄方式之一,而地下水埋深是影响蒸发度的敏感因子,因此,数值模型中对地下水埋深的拟合精度,将直接影响地下水数值模拟模型的精度。本文以格尔木河流域为例,通过阿维里扬诺夫经验公式的线性与非线性模型的计算结果对比,来说明如何利用蒸发的数学模型提高模拟精度。     

基于GMS在地下水资源评价与管理中的应用综述

地下水数值模拟软件在地下水资源评价中发挥了重要的作用,而GMS是目前国际上最先进的综合性图形界面软件,可进行水流模拟、溶质运移模拟、反应运移模拟等。简述了地下水模拟模型的发展历程、GMS模拟软件各模块的功能,并综述了GMS软件在地下水资源评价方面的应用现状,最后提出了存在的问题及对地下水数值模拟的发展进行了展望。     

区域地下水流数值模拟的方法和实践 ——以华北平原为例

平原(盆地)和流域尺度的地下水流数值模拟对于区域地下水资源合理开发利用具有重要意义。本文在总结分析国内外区域地下水资源数值模型特点的基础上,重点介绍了华北平原区域地下水流数值模型,并指出了区域地下水流数值模拟中存在的问题。     

大区域地下水流数值模拟研究现状及存在问题

在分析大区域地下水流数值模型构建缘起的前提下,系统论述了近年来地下水流数值模拟在大区域地下水资源评价、水文地质参数确定、地面沉降、溶质运移、海水入侵、盐渍化、风险评估、地下水管理及地表水与地下水的联合开发利用等方面的国内外研究应用现状;归纳、总结了目前大区域地下水流数值模型在灵敏度分析、裂隙和岩溶介质中模型建立、基于地下水流数值模拟的溶质运移模型建立、地下水流数值模型构建所需工作量等理论和方法研究及实际建模过程中存在的一些问题;展望了今后大区域地下水流数值拟在研究范围、模拟技术与方法以及与其它模型耦合等方面的发展趋势。      

改进的遗传算法在地下水数值模拟中的应用

地下水流数值模拟中的模型识别问题，可以转化为函数的最优化问题。鉴于遗传算法的特点，将之引入到地下水流数值法中，用以解决地下水数学模型的识别问题。在建立地下水数值模拟中模型识别问题的是优化模型后，采取将最优化模型中的目标函数嵌入到遗传算法适应度函数中的方法，实现遗传算法与地下水流数值法的耦合。基于优化模型和遗传算法的运算过程，编写计算程序，实现地下水数学模型的自动识别。根据在珲春盆地地下水资源评价实例中应用得到的结果，信纸证了改进的遗传算法在地下水数值模拟中应用的可行性与有效性。     

某规划区地下水环境影响评价研究

为预测某规划区地下水环境影响,本次研究运用FEFLOW地下水数值模拟软件,在分析研究区水文地质、地下水渗流场等的基础上建立了溶质运移数值模型。模拟结果显示,模型能够真实反映研究区实际水文地质条件,预测两种工况下的氨氮、氰化物和COD进行溶质运移变化规律,可以作为地下水环境影响评价的依据。同时,污水处理厂在事故工况下对地下水环境影响较大,规划区应制定相应的地下水风险应急预案并采取严格的防渗措施,减小对地下水的影响。     

地下水管理模型在山西省祁县的应用

地下水管理是本世纪七十年代发展起来的一门新兴学科。管理模型从系统的观点出发,釆用成熟的地下水数值模拟模型和最优化技术组成的联合模型,调节地下水的各个可控输入(如地下水开釆或人工补给的时间、地点和流量),使得地下水处于一种比较理想的状态,从而达到管理的目的。在地下水模拟模型     

基于数值模拟的区域性地下水补给过程实例研究

研究主要目的是以数值模拟的方法,再现选定的研究区域20世纪70~90年代地下水位处于较低水平的过程并推求地下水的补给过程。研究区为某流域入海口前10×12km2的矩形区域,基于研究区土层纵断面的物理条件,在平面二维的基础上,考虑含水层垂向水收支成分,利用地下水计算的基本方程式开发地下水准三维数值计算模型,以数值模拟的方法验证模型效率。对地下水位数值模拟的结果表明,模型效率可以达到80%以上。基于1966~2005年的数值计算结果,推求了研究区各含水层的补给过程。研究结果可为区域性地下水数值模拟技术及地下水资源量的评估等研究提供方法上的借鉴。     

Groundwater potentiality mapping in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, using remote sensing and GIS-watershed-based modeling

Systematic planning for groundwater exploration using modern techniques is essential for the proper utilization, protection and management of this vital resource. Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images, a geographic information system (GIS), a watershed modeling system (WMS) and weighted spatial probability modeling (WSPM) were integrated to identify the groundwater potential areas in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. Eight pertinent thematic layers were built in a GIS and assigned appropriate rankings. Layers considered were: rainfall, net groundwater recharge, lithology or infiltration, lineament density, slope, drainage density, depth to groundwater, and water quality. All these themes were assigned weights according to their relative importance to groundwater potentiality and their corresponding normalized weights were obtained based on their effectiveness factors. The groundwater potentiality map was finally produced by WSPM. This map comprises five gradational groundwater potentiality classes ranging from very high to very low. The validity of this unbiased GIS-based model was tested by correlating its results with the published hydrogeological map of Egypt and the actual borehole yields, where a concordant justification was reached. The map declared that the Sinai Peninsula is generally of moderate groundwater potentiality, where this class encompasses an area of 33,120?km² which represents 52% of its total area.     

利用稳定同位素方法识别内蒙古佘太盆地地下水补给来源

为研究近几十年来佘太盆地地下水补给变化情况,通过现场调查分析,对佘太盆地浅层地下水开展同位素样品采集工作,并测定了其氢、氧稳定同位素的值。在分析同位素分布特征及变化规律的基础上,结合当地地质及水文地质条件识别了地下水补给来源和补给区并构建了浅层地下水的补给模式图,探讨了区域上浅层地下水的补给流动状况。通过分析研究区大气降水和地下水中的氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征发现:当地大气降水并不是地下水的主要补给来源,其补给源区为周边山区,补给来源主要是周边山区的大气降水,且地下水所经历的蒸发作用较明显;盆地的东、西部地下水的补给源区不尽相同,西部的补给区高程要高于东部的补给区高程,但两部分地下水所经历的蒸发强度基本相同。     

The hydrogeochemical characterization of Morsott-El Aouinet aquifer, Northeastern Algeria

A study of the hydrogeochemical processes in the Morsott-El Aouinet aquifer was carried out with the objective of identifying the geochemical processes and their relation with groundwater quality as well as to get an insight into the hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater. The high salinity coupled with groundwater level decline pose serious problems for current irrigation and domestic water supplies as well as future exploitation. A combined hydrogeologic and isotopic investigation have been carried out using chemical and isotopic data to deduce a hydrochemical evaluation of the aquifer system based on the ionic constituents, water types, hydrochemical facies and factors controlling groundwater quality. The ionic speciation and mineral dissolution/precipitation was calculated by WATEQF package software. The increase in salinity is related to the dissolution and/or precipitation processes during the water–rock interaction and to the cationic exchange reactions between groundwater and clay minerals. The isotopic analysis of some groundwater samples shows a similarity with the meteoric waters reflect their short residence time and a lowest evaporation phenomenon of infiltrated groundwater.     

塔里木盆地地下水系统划分

在分析塔里木盆水地质条件的基础上，利用地下水系统理论对其地下水进行了系统划分．塔里木盆地为封闭的内陆干旱盆地，属一级地下水系统，根据盆地的沉积环境条件、地表水流域特征，结合地下水补径排条件，进一步划分出二、三级地下水系统．地下水系统边界和地表水流域边界基本吻合，大流域划分为二级地下水系统，在大流域中，将相对独立的小流域结合地层沉积特点划分为三级地下水系统．盆地内共划分8个二级地下水系统，其中Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ3个二级地下水系统可进…步划分出8个三级地下水系统．地下水系统边界有峡口状输入边界、输入(输出)边界、输出边界、扇问活动边界、地下水分水岭5种类型。     

Modeling the impact of groundwater depletion on the hydrochemical characteristic of groundwater within Mullusi carbonate aquifer-west Iraq

The study of groundwater impact on the hydrochemical characteristic of groundwater within Mullusi aquifer, west Iraq was conducted using the chemical analysis results in 14 production wells and groundwater levels observation in 17 water wells. The interpretation of hydrochemical phenomena related to ions sources was determined based on spatial analysis maps of various hydrochemical ratios using ArcGis software. The study also determined the relation of groundwater velocity and static water levels with the hydrochemical ratios using statistical application of Curve expert v1.3 program. The variations of ion concentration were examined using the statistical significant differences for chemical constituents of water within Mullusi aquifer. The impact of dewatering due to high exploitation was explained by increasing the magnesium and chloride concentrations and lowering static water levels. Magnesium and chloride concentration may reach their maximum limits for drinking at a groundwater level of 485 m asl. Accordingly, any decline in the water level of Mullusi aquifer that occurs from 4.5 to 30.5 m may cause deterioration in groundwater quality. This study modeled the effect of groundwater depletion on the groundwater quality in a theoretical equations approach.     

融合生态学和提升岩溶水数值模拟技术的国际前沿研究

岩溶水由于其脆弱性和非均质性被认为是水文地质领域的重点研究方向。2015年6月在英国伯明翰大学举办的岩溶水国际会议吸引了世界上100多位长期从事岩溶水研究的学者参加,会议从岩溶地质、岩溶水模拟、特殊生态系统、岩溶环境以及水文地质技术方法五个方面进行研讨,提出了很多新认识。例如利用岩溶水模拟进行管道位置的预测;发展分布式混合水流模型已经成为岩溶水模拟的主流;开展岩溶含水层地下生物多样性的调查;注重岩溶环境的评价、科普和保护的衔接等。未来岩溶水研究的动向具有以下特征:（1）岩溶水的研究范畴将扩大到生态学领域;（2）岩溶水模拟的精度将得到显著提高;（3）与人类健康有关的岩溶环境得到更多的关注。为此建议中国地质调查项目跟上国际岩溶水研究的形势,提高地质调查成果的科技含量,尽快实现模型化,增强服务社会的功能。      

马坑铁矿疏干条件下地下水温度场特征及其指示意义

在矿区长期疏干条件下,不仅地下水流场发生了重大改变,地下水的温度场也发生了明显变化,仔细研究这种地下水的温度变化特征可以深化矿区水文地质条件及其变化的认识。在利用福建马坑铁矿长期监测的地下水温度数据的基础上,分析了疏干条件下地下水温度场的平面分布以及变化特征,探讨了影响地下水温度平面分布以及动态变化的因素。结果表明,矿区地下水的运动特征决定了矿区地下水温度的平面分布呈现西高东低的整体趋势,以及南侧南西高北东低,北侧北西高南东低的局部趋势,受地下水循环深度的影响,副井附近出现高温异常;由于矿区接受温度较低的补给水源逐渐增大,近几年来矿区地下水温呈现整体下降的趋势,且下降速率逐年增大,反映了矿区地下水的补给还在逐渐增加。     

Physico-chemical characterization of saline subsurface system near small endorheic ponds in Thailand

The problem of salt-ravaged lands is reported in many parts of the world and could be exacerbated by the presence of an endorheic pond normally associated with a saline low-lying area. An endorheic or playa pond accumulates dissolved salts which can be carried primarily by groundwater before discharging into the pond; then, intense evaporation produces salt residues which can wreak havoc on the adjacent areas. The objective of this study is to investigate the subsurface conditions and groundwater interactions beneath two endorheic saline ponds of Thailand’s Great Mekong Basin to have a better understanding and thereby efficiently manage the resources. A comprehensive analysis of the physical and geochemical properties (limited to pH, specific conductance and salinity) of the subsurface system was performed to determine the processes that regulated the migration of dissolved salt. The data collected from the deep and shallow groundwater of the basin were analyzed to determine their physical and chemical properties. Soil samples of various depths were examined to determine their respective geologic, chemical and unsaturated properties. The groundwater near the salt ponds was different from that of other areas in that its groundwater table was closer to the surface soil and its deep groundwater, which is of high pressure, was more saline than its shallow groundwater. As the capillary rise influences the topsoil, particularly in the saline pond areas, the vertical upward flow and the capillary force are thus the additional mechanisms of salt transportation to the endorheic ponds. Since these surface water bodies are the discharge sites for saline groundwater and are not perennial, a practical solution is to localize the saline groundwater.     

Integrated methods and scenario development for urban groundwater management and protection during tunnel road construction: a case study of urban hydrogeology in the city of Basel,Switzerland

In the northwestern area of Basel, Switzerland, a tunnel highway connects the French highway A35 (Mulhouse–Basel) with the Swiss A2 (Basel–Gotthard–Milano). The subsurface highway construction was associated with significant impacts on the urban groundwater system. Parts of this area were formerly contaminated by industrial wastes, and groundwater resources are extensively used by industry. During some construction phases, considerable groundwater drawdown was necessary, leading to major changes in the groundwater flow regime. Sufficient groundwater supply for industrial users and possible groundwater pollution due to interactions with contaminated areas had to be taken into account. A groundwater management system is presented, comprising extensive groundwater monitoring, high-resolution numerical groundwater modeling, and the development and evaluation of different scenarios. This integrated approach facilitated the evaluation of the sum of impacts, and their interaction in time and space with changing hydrological boundary conditions. For all project phases, changes of the groundwater system had to be evaluated in terms of the various goals and requirements. Although the results of this study are case-specific, the overall conceptual approach and methodologies applied may be directly transferred to other urban areas.     

Sustainability analysis of groundwater resources in a coastal aquifer, Alabama

Fort Morgan Peninsula is an attached portion of a dynamic barrier complex in the northern Gulf of Mexico and is a large tourist area that brings in a significant amount of revenue for Alabama. Many of the hotels and tourist attractions depend on the groundwater as their water supply. The over-withdrawal of groundwater and saltwater intrustion will have a negative impact on the ecology, tourism and economy if groundwater resources are not properly monitored and managed. In this study a calibrated groundwater flow model was used to analyze the sustainability of groundwater resources at Fort Morgan Peninsula. Detailed flow budgets were prepared to check the various components of inflow and outflow under different water use and climatic conditions. The results indicated the locations where groundwater was over-pumped and subjected to saltwater intrusion, or will be subjected to saltwater intrusion under a range of projected water use and climatic conditions.