Construction of the spatial-temporal model of the main geomagnetic field using satellite data

The spatial-temporal model of the geomagnetic field has been constructed using the data of the high-accuracy survey of the CHAMP German satellite, obtained during its operation from May 2001 to September 2007. The daily average spherical harmonic models calculated at an interval of four days are used as initial data in order to expand these models by the method of natural orthogonal components (NOCs). It has been indicated that the obtained NOC series rapidly converges. The secular variations, secular acceleration, and Dst variation are distinguished as individual NOC components, which makes it possible to construct the spatial-temporal field model. In addition, the models-predictions have been constructed for the year 2008 based on the candidate models of the main field and the secular variation for the year 2005, which were used to obtain the IGRF2005 international model. A comparison of the models-predictions with the model constructed for the year 2008 using our method indicated that the accuracy of our model is not lower than that of the models, obtained by other scientific groups using the traditional method.     

Secular variations in the geomagnetic field in St. Petersburg and the adjacent area from historical data, 1630–1930

Geomagnetic field parameters have been measured in different sites of the northwest of Russia for hundreds of years. This work presents the results of numerous measurements in St. Petersburg, as well as in the Gulf of Finland within the zone from 25° to 30°30′ E and from 59° to 61° N. The first measurements were made in the period1630–1650. For this work, archival data, provided by the Archives of the St. Petersburg Magnetic Observatory (SPbF IZMIRAN), and data from different historical records have been used. Data on the Earth’s magnetic field variations in St. Petersburg have been recorded since 1726; they were analyzed and corrected to get a uniform and complete data set. The reconstructed long-term data set of magnetic variation measurements in St. Petersburg was compared with the GUFM1 historical model. This model allows us to calculate the values of all parameters of the main magnetic field in any place on the Earth since 1590. The comparative analysis carried out by us has revealed a discrepancy between the model and measured values. This discrepancy can be caused by local secular variations in the magnetic field in the St. Petersburg region. The correction of the area-averaged secular variation makes this discrepancy insignificant.     

Secular variations in the main geomagnetic field within the scope of the dynamic model of field sources

The effect of different-level sources on the spatial structure of the secular variations has been considered based on the dynamic model of sources of the main geomagnetic field developed by us. It has been obtained that the development of 13 most powerful dipoles only roughly characterizes global anomalies of the secular variations, and each anomaly results from the superposition of the dynamics of several sources. The model secular variations have been compared with the data from the observatories. It has been obtained that it is impossible to describe local anomalies of the observed secular variations ignoring sources of the third order of smallness as compared to the main dipole. It has been assumed that topographic vortices, originating around inhomogeneities of the core-mantle boundary, can be physical sources responsible for dipoles of the third order.     

Regional features of the geomagnetic field secular variations

The secular variations in the geomagnetic field have been studied based on the satellite vector magnetic survey. A high data accuracy made it possible to estimate the spatial and temporal characteristics of different variation types on the interval 1980–2007. The growth and decomposition of midlatitude foci have been qualitatively estimated, and the structure and velocity of a drifting equatorial anomaly have been determined.     

Geomagnetic Field Variations as Determined from Bulgarian Archaeomagnetic Data. Part II: The Last 8000 Years

The knowledge about past secular variations of the geomagnetic field is achieved on the basis of archaeomagnetic researches of which the Bulgarian studies form an extended data set. In Part I (Kovacheva and Toshkov, 1994), the methodology used in the Sofia palaeomagnetic laboratory was described and the secular variation curves for the last 2000 years were shown. In Part II (this paper), the basic characteristics of the prehistoric materials used in the archaeomagnetic studies are emphasised, particularly in the context of the rock magnetic studies used in connection with palaeointensity determinations. The results of magnetic anisotropy studies of the prehistoric ovens and other fired structures are summarised, including the anisotropy correction of the palaeointensity results for prehistoric materials, different from bricks and pottery. Curves of the direction and intensity of the geomagnetic field during the last 8000 years in Bulgaria are given. The available directional and intensity values have been used to calculate the variation curve of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for the last 8000 years based on different time interval averages. The path of virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) positions is discussed.     

Application of the new international geomagnetic reference field (IGRF80) to large sets of marine magnetometer data

Measurements of the magnetic field made over an interval of time must be corrected for secular variation before the data can be merged. The older versions of International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) failed to model secular variation adequately, and compilation of magnetic anomaly maps from different data sets often required numerous ad-hoc adjustments. With the superiority of the new IGRF at modelling secular variation, the merging of multi-year data sets has become much more practicable. This has been demonstrated in the consolidation of nearly 400 000 data points collected between 1972 and 1980 during 10 different survey cruises in the southwest Labrador Sea.Improvements in the IGRF have been achieved at a substantial cost in computing overhead. The new reference field expressions are more complicated than the old, and hence are slower to evaluate on digital computers. When processing large data sets, this can cause unacceptable delays. A third degree polynomial technique has been devised that approximates the total field portion of the full IGRF expression for a limited time and region. The method reduces processing time by a factor of 40, with little sacrifice in accuracy.     

Anomalies in the secular variations in the main geomagnetic field in the context of the hierarchic dipole model

The developed dynamic model of the main geomagnetic field (MGF) includes the sources of three levels, which have existed and continuously changed during the 100-year period. The spatial-temporal dynamics of the secular variations in MGF has been considered based on this model. It has been indicated that, at different times, the formation of anomalies (located in similar regions) depended on the total dynamics of different combinations of sources, including a change in the parameters of the dipoles of the secondorder smallness. Anomalies generated by the dynamics of the dipoles of the third-order smallness do not evidently manifest themselves in the total secular variations but are responsible for the specific shapes of isodynamic lines. Based on the stability and continuity of the constructed model, the conclusion is made that long-living turbulent flows of different scales can exist in the liquid core.     

20世纪地磁长期变化场分析

利用IAGA（国际地磁与高空物理学协会）编制的IGRF(国际地磁参考场)研究了20世纪地磁场变化规律. 20世纪地磁长期变化场的四极子（n=2的高斯系数所表示）变化最为显著,与主磁场相比长期变化场的球谐级数收敛较慢,利用追踪异常焦点位置随时间的变化的方法,发现地磁非偶极子长期变化场的垂直分量Z的等值图上有五大异常,其漂移情况不太统一,但是基本上是西向漂移.这种西向漂移的不一致性,在某种程度上证明了地磁场模型的正确性. 20世纪地磁场长期变化的能量谱与主磁场的不同,偶极子、 四极子和八极子的变化较明显.     

1985-1997年中国地磁场长期变化的正交模型

选取中国地区20个地磁台,日本地区3个地磁台的基本数据,使用自然正交分量方法(简称NOC方法)求得1985-199年中国地区地磁场三分量(X ,Y,Z)的自然正交分量的时间函数,即地磁场时间变化的正交模型. 对阶数从1-9的正交分量进行了试验计算,并计算出这23个地磁台分量的均方根偏差(RMS)值. 以1995年为例 ,取kNOC=1-3,将23个地磁台的正交模型值绘出了平面等值线图. 结果显示X , Y,Z长期变化速度的等值线非常平滑,分布均匀,且均具有明显的分区特征,这反映了主磁场的长期变化规律,而其中长期变化速率比较大的地区,反映地磁场的局部特征和有关的地球物理现象.     

Geomagnetic evolution: 400 years of change on planet Earth

Spherical harmonic coefficients of the geomagnetic field, calculated from historical observations of declination, inclination and intensity, and from archaeomagnetic inclination results, have been used to produce a film of geomagnetic change since 1600 A.D. The non-dipole geomagnetic field is found to be constantly changing: no fixed or standing non-dipole features are observed. Non-dipole foci are seen to have lifetimes of a few hundred years. The westward drift, which was an important feature of the 18th and early 19th century geomagnetic field, was less pronounced in the 17th century. The growth, evolution, decay and replacement of non-dipole foci, but not their movement are found to have been the major features producing century-long secular directional magnetic variation. Most of the low degree and order spherical harmonic coefficients have changed significantly over the last few hundred years. In particular the change in sign of the axisymmetric quadrupole around 1837 A.D. is noted. Sustained, century-long, intensity changes, however, appear to have been dominated by variations in the intensity of the centred dipole, rather than by non-dipole field fluctuations.     

基于中国地磁台网地磁子夜均值数据对地磁急变的分析

为探索地磁长期变化中地磁急变事件的识别方法,分析地磁急变的特征,本文基于多个地磁台站子夜均值数据,利用线性拟合方法计算了地磁场X,Y和Z三个分量的年变率,对近年来发生的地磁急变事件进行了识别和分析。结果显示:Y分量能对分析时段内已报道的地磁急变事件进行很好的识别,其中1999年的地磁急变事件,在我国区域内发生的时间可能为1998年,此外2017年可能存在一个新的地磁急变事件;Z分量年变率整体变化平缓,2001年和2013年前后发生两次显著的地磁年变率变化,并且分别早于2003年和2014年两次显著的地磁急变事件时间,这与下地幔的高电导率层对不同分量地磁信号从核幔边界传播至地表过程中的延迟作用有关;X分量年变率出现多次地磁急变事件特征,其变化与D_st指数年变率变化具有相关性,可利用其去除X分量年变率中存在的外部空间电流体系影响成分,更可靠地辅助Y分量对地磁急变事件进行识别。总体上,地磁子夜均值数据年变率的空间分布与基于第12代国际地磁参考场（IGRF12）模型计算的地磁数据年变率的空间分布所呈现的变化特征在总趋势上具有一致性,表明地磁台站子夜均值数据能够反映我国区域地球主磁场的变化特征,而分别由子夜均值数据和IGRF12模型计算的2003年Y分量年变率空间分布均存在的显著局部特征,可能与地磁急变事件的区域特征有关。      

Modeling of the geomagnetic field secular variation based on the satellite surveys

The accuracy of the geomagnetic field secular variation (SV), obtained using different methods of analysis based on different data sets, has been estimated. A comparison of different SV models (developed by different groups of researchers) as candidates for compiling the IGRF 10th generation is the example of such an estimation. These models were obtained based on the Oersted and CHAMP satellite data. In the present work these models are compared in order to estimate the modeling algorithms and the effect of initial data selection on modeling results. To solve this problem, several SV models have been constructed based on the independent algorithms and data sets. The differences between the candidate models using different data proved to be of the same order. A comparison of the spatial power spectra indicated that all models constructed using data subjected to the frequency selection considerably differ from the models the data of which were not selected.     

Short-Period Secular Variations (SPSV) of the geomagnetic field recorded in highly scattered palaeomagnetic records of Holocene lake sediments from North Poland

A simple method of calculating running means over different intervals within palaeomagnetic records has been used to identify short-period secular variations of the geomagnetic field. The records from Polish lake sediments reveal variations in declination with a period between 290 and 372 years. The periodicity of variations in the inclination has been estimated to be between 522 and 670 years.     

用曲面Spline方法表示1900～1936年中国(部分地区)地磁场及其长期变化的分布

根据19360年426个地磁测点和28个IGRF计算的地磁数据,计算地磁场和地磁异常场各个分量的曲面Spline模型,并绘制相应的地磁图和地磁异常图.依据我国部分地区的1909～1915,1915～1920,1920～1930,1930～1936年间地磁偏角长期变化图,1908～1917,1917～1922,1922～1936年间水平强度长期变化图和1908～1922,1922～1936年间垂直强度长期变化图,使用曲面Spline方法,分别计算上述9个时间段的磁偏角（D）、水平强度（H）和垂直强度（Z）长期变化的曲面Spline模型,并绘制相应的长期变化图.根据这些长期变化模型,将19360年426个点的三分量绝对值数据归算至1940,1930,1920,1910年和1900年,从而为计算这5个年代的地磁场模型奠定了坚实的基础.     

东亚地区地磁非偶极场长期变化的分析

本文利用东亚及其邻近地区50个地磁台站1955-1977年地磁三要素（D、H、Z）的实测年平均值算出的非偶极场值X、Y、Z,选用“按距离加权最小二乘曲面拟合”方法,计算、绘制、分析了东亚地区地磁非偶极场及其长期变化的时空分布特征,并与国际参考场（IGRF）模式进行了粗略的对比。所得的主要结果是:1.1955.0-1965.0年代,东亚地区Z分量的增长速度在迅速减小;1965.0年代以后,Z值在逐年下降。2.从整体上看,东亚地区地磁非偶极场虽然形态与IGRF给出的结果基本吻合,但长期变化有明显差异。1965.0年代的IGRF长期变化模式与实测结果偏差甚大。为了使IGRF模式更好地拟合地磁长期变化处于转折时期的复杂地区的情况,看来时间间隔应更短些,例如5年为好,采用现在通用的方法是不适宜的。     

Test of IGRF (1980) main field and secular variation in Europe

The IGRF-models for the main field and the secular variation (IGRF 1980 and IGRF-SV 1980–1985) have been compared with geomagnetic ground based data for epoch 1980.5 in the GDR, and also with the secular variation at 34 European observatories. The results for the main magnetic field were much better than for IGRF 1965. With a level-error of ～ 45 nT, the IGRF 1980 included ～ 75% of the magnetic crust field. The structure of the IGRF-field is similar to that of other regional reference fields.The IGRF-SV for 1965, 1975 and 1980–1985 have been compared with analytical SV-models, based on low-degree polynomial approximations. It is shown that the main features of SV in Europe are represented correctly. The mean differences between observatory data and IGRF-SV 1980–1985 are 1.5′/a for declination, and 7 nT/a for total intensity.     

地磁场长期变化特征及机理分析

将地磁场的总变化分为三部分：偶极场自身变化,非偶极场自身变化及非偶极场磁斑区通过对核幔边界（CMB）层环形电流的调制来影响偶极场的变化. 本文利用国际地磁参考场模型IGRF）1900～2000计算分析了地球不同深度地磁场分布及长期变化特征,且讨论了变化的可能机制. 可以推论,地磁场西漂和倒转不仅是非偶极场引起,同时与偶极场有密切关系.     

The development of a regional geomagnetic daily variation model using neural networks

Global and regional geomagnetic field models give the components of the geomagnetic field as functions of position and epoch; most utilise a polynomial or Fourier series to map the input variables to the geomagnetic field values. The only temporal variation generally catered for in these models is the long term secular variation. However, there is an increasing need amongst certain users for models able to provide shorter term temporal variations, such as the geomagnetic daily variation. In this study, for the first time, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are utilised to develop a geomagnetic daily variation model. The model developed is for the southern African region; however, the method used could be applied to any other region or even globally. Besides local time and latitude, input variables considered in the daily variation model are season, sunspot number, and degree of geomagnetic activity. The ANN modelling of the geomagnetic daily variation is found to give results very similar to those obtained by the synthesis of harmonic coefficients which have been computed by the more traditional harmonic analysis of the daily variation.     

The worldwide character of the 1969–1970 impulse of the secular acceleration rate

This paper continues earlier studies to ascertain whether the distribution of the 1969–1970 jump of the secular variation rate has a worldwide character. The geometry of the jump presents some similarities with the geometry of the secular variation itself. We give a new estimation of the westward drift rate and information about spatial and temporal variations of the secular variation field.