南海北部东沙岛附近海洋底层流场特征及时间变化规律

Near-bottom currents play important roles in the formation and dynamics of deep-water sedimentary systems.This study examined the characteristics and temporal variations of near-bottom currents, especially the tidal components, based on two campaigns(2014 and 2016) of in situ observations conducted southeast of the Dongsha Island in the South China Sea. Results demonstrated near-bottom currents are dominated by tidal currents, the variance of which could account for ～70% of the total current variance. Diurnal tidal currents were found stronger than semidiurnal currents for both barotropic and baroclinic components. The diurnal tidal currents were found polarized with predominantly clockwise-rotating constituents, whereas the clockwise and counterclockwise constituents were found comparable for semidiurnal tidal currents. It was established that diurnal tidal currents could induce strong current shear. Baroclinic tidal currents showed pronounced seasonal variation with large magnitude in winter and summer and weak magnitude in spring and autumn in 2014. The coherent components accounted for ～65% and ～50% of the diurnal and semidiurnal tidal current variances,respectively. The proportions of the coherent and incoherent components changed little in different seasons. In addition to tidal currents, it was determined that the passing of mesoscale eddies could induce strong nearbottom currents that have considerable influence on the deep circulation.     

广东流沙湾4个测站2个周日潮流观测的准调和分析

采用短期资料的潮流准调和分析方法,对水深为4.4～17.0 m的流沙湾4个测站2个周日潮流观测获得的表、中、底层的潮流资料进行了分析,分别计算了4个测站O1、K1、M2、S2、M4、MS4共6个主要分潮的潮流调和常数,并给出了各观测站位在各层的潮流椭圆要素.计算结果表明：流沙湾主要为日潮流海区,其中湾外为规则日潮流,湾内为不规则日潮流;湾外主要分潮流的北分量一般大于东分量,而湾内主要分潮流的北分量一般小于东分量.观测期间余流的流向主要呈西北向,最大余流流速出现在湾内地形突然收窄处,且在湾内中层余流流速要大于表、底层余流流速.整个海区潮流的可能最大流速表层在57～107 cm/s之间,中层在53～106 cm/s之间,底层在34～98 cm/s之间.流沙湾湾外潮流主要为顺时针的旋转流运动,湾内为带有旋转流的往复流运动.     

Surface circulation in Sagami Bay: the response to variations of the Kuroshio axis

In order to study the characteristics of the surface circulation in Sagami Bay, long-term current measurements were carried out at five moored stations during the period from October 1982 to January 1984. The majority of current patterns show the existence of a cyclonic eddy in the bay, while at times the direction of the circulation is reversed. When the Kuroshio current flows over the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge and approaches Sagami Bay, the current that passes through the Oshima-West Channel north of Oshima Island (COWC), has a strong clockwise flow, while the counterclockwise circulation in the bay becomes intensified. When the Kuroshio shifts southward off the shore, the COWC and the flow in the bay are weak or at times reverse their directions.     

Circulation pattern and current variations with respect to tidal frequency in the sea near the head of Suruga Bay

Current measurements were conducted 10 m below the sea surface near the head of Suruga Bay intermittently from 1970 to 1978. The circulation pattern is usually counterclockwise; northward along the east coast (off Heda and at the mouth of Uchiura Inlet), westward along the north coast (off Fuji), and southwestward along the west coast (off Shimizu). The amplitudes of the four major tidal constituents of current variation, M₂, S₂, K₁ and O₁, are much larger than those expected from sea level variations along the coast. The amplitudes of the diurnal constituents of current variation are much larger than those of the semidiurnal constituents, while the amplitudes of the semidiurnal constituents of sea level variation are much larger than those of the diurnal constituents. The observed amplitude of the predominant diurnal constituents exhibit large seasonal changes and tend to increase with the development of the stratification of the upper part of the water in Suruga Bay. These facts strongly suggest that the observed current variations are mainly associated with internal tides in Suruga Bay.     

用最小二乘法分析胶州湾海流特征

在胶州湾湾口、西侧、中心、东侧、北侧湾顶五个区域布设测站,利用2018年冬季至2020年秋季潮位、海流等监测数据,基于最小二乘法进行调和分析计算,并结合垂线平均流速流向、可能最大流速、水质点可能最大运移距离等计算模型,研究分析了胶州湾海流特征。结果表明,各区域潮流类型系数均小于0.5,M₂分潮椭圆率绝对值均不超过0.1,接近于0,故胶州湾潮流性质为正规半日潮流,潮流运动形式以往复型为主。湾口区域余流、可能最大流速、水质点可能最大运移位移均最大。不同季节余流流速和流向的差异没有明显的规律性,除湾区西侧测站外,其余位置不同季节余流流向整体上有固定朝向：湾口处东偏北、中心站西偏北、东侧站南偏东、北侧湾顶站东偏北。靠近岸边的湾口、东侧和北侧湾顶站余流流向与邻近海岸垂直。在垂直方向上,各测站可能最大流速和水质点可能最大运移距离由表层至底层整体上呈减小趋势,流向基本一致。     

基于FVCOM的廉州湾及周边海域三维潮汐潮流数值模拟(英文)

基于采用不规则三角网格和有限体积方法的FVCOM模式,建立廉州湾三维潮流数值模型来重现廉州湾及周边海域的潮位和潮流变化状况。根据模拟结果计算得到了较以往更为精细的廉州湾及周边海域K1、O1和M2分潮的同潮图,并计算了由此三个分潮引起的潮汐不对称的变化情况。K1和O1分潮在廉州湾外主要以驻波的形式存在,进入廉州湾后转化为前进波;M2分潮在廉州湾外主要以前进波的形式存在,进入廉州湾后前进波特征更为明显。K1和O1分潮流在廉州湾外以旋转流为主,在廉州湾内以往复流为主;M2分潮流在整个研究海域以往复流为主。由潮余流场的分布特点可以看出自南向北由外海进入廉州湾的潮余流,在冠头岭处分为两支,一支逆时针转向西,另一支被冠头岭阻挡在其南侧形成顺时针封闭环流。在廉州湾内部同时存在两个环流系统,湾顶的气旋式环流和口门处的反气旋式环流。     

Seasonal variation of residual current in Tokyo Bay,Japan —diagnostic numerical experiments—

The residual currents in Tokyo Bay during four seasons are calculated diagnostically from the observed water temperature, salinity and wind data collected by Unokiet al. (1980). The calculated residual currents, verified by the observed ones, show an obvious seasonal variable character. During spring, a clear anticlockwise circulation develops in the head region of the bay and a strong southwestward current flows in the upper layer along the eastern coast from the central part to the mouth of the bay. During summer, the anticlockwise circulation in the head region is maintained but the southwestward current along the eastern coast becomes weak. During autumn, the preceding anticlockwise circulation disappears but a clockwise circulation develops in the central part of the bay. During winter, the calculated residual current is similar to that during autumn. As a conclusion, the seasonal variation of residual current in Tokyo Bay can be attributed to the variation of the strength of two eddies. The first one is the anticlockwise circulation in the head region of the bay, which develops in spring and summer and disappears in autumn and winter. The second one is the clockwise circulation in the central part of the bay, which develops in autumn and winter, decreases in spring and nearly disappears in summer.     

基于FVCOM的廉州湾及周边海域三维潮汐潮流数值模拟

基于采用不规则三角网格和有限体积方法的FVCOM模式,建立廉州湾三维潮流数值模型来重现廉州湾及周边海域的潮位和潮流变化状况。根据模拟结果计算得到了较以往更为精细的廉州湾及周边海域K₁、O₁和M₂分潮的同潮图,并计算了由此3个分潮引起的潮汐不对称的变化情况。K₁和O₁分潮在廉州湾外主要以驻波的形式存在,进入廉州湾后转化为前进波;M₂分潮在廉州湾外主要以前进波的形式存在,进入廉州湾后前进波特征更为明显。K₁和O₁分潮流在廉州湾外以旋转流为主,在廉州湾内以往复流为主;M₂分潮流在整个研究海域以往复流为主。由潮余流场的分布特点可以看出自南向北由外海进入廉州湾的潮余流,在冠头岭处分为两支,一支逆时针转向西,另一支被冠头岭阻挡在其南侧形成顺时针封闭环流。在廉州湾内部同时存在2个环流系统,湾顶的气旋式环流和口门处的反气旋式环流。     

三门湾外海的潮汐和潮流特征

针对2009年5月-7月三门湾外海D8和D9两个站位布放的防渔网底拖锚系ADCP连续观测获取的流速资料和水位资料,采用调和分析和功率谱分析等研究方法,分析了该海域的潮汐和潮流特征,结果显示:该海域潮汐类型为正规半日潮,近岸的D9站浅水分潮比离岸的D8站显著,潮汐呈现出回归潮特征。三门湾外海潮流半日分潮能量最大, 各层潮流呈现出旋转流性质;椭圆率随水深增加;M₂、K₁分潮流最大流速均在次表层最大;最大分潮流速发生时刻底层比中、上层提前约半小时;该海域潮流的半日分潮流以正压为主,全日分潮流则表现出较为明显的斜压性。     

南海北部陆架陆坡区海流观测研究

针对2006-2009年期间,南海北部陆架陆坡区3个站ADCP海流连续观测资料,采用功率谱分析、潮流调和分析方法,重点分析了陆架陆坡区100 m,200 m和1 200 m水深海域海流的垂向结构,探讨了环流的季节变化和空间分布特征,特别讨论了南海暖流和北陆坡流的时空变化特征。结果表明,陆架陆坡区潮流类型属于不规则日潮,深水站点中层表现为正规全日潮类型,垂向为"三层结构",甚至更加复杂。O₁,K₁,M₂,S₂等分潮总体上为顺时针旋转,在深水站点,基本表现为西北－东南走向的往复流形态。从能量角度看,表层和底层海流中,潮流所占份额较大,分别占30%~40%和40%~50%,中层较小,约为20%。对东沙群岛西南陆架陆坡区环流,观测计算结果证实了西向强流的存在,且垂向结构具有显著的季节变化,在200 m水深处没有明显的南海暖流,只是10~30 m以上层次存在逆风海流。海南岛以东海域连续15个月表层环流的结果表明,冬季明显受到南海暖流的影响,存在东北向的逆风海流,夏秋季的环流表现为西南向,流速较强,夏季也存在逆风情况,造成上述情形的原因可能是该地南海暖流的流轴具有季节性变化——冬季偏南,夏季偏北。     

象山港水交换数值研究 Ⅱ.模型应用和水交换研究

使用水平二维对流－扩散型水交换模式模拟研究了象山港的水交换,对不同区域的水交换控制机理作了初步探讨,象山港水交换状况与其控制机制的区域性变化很大。牛鼻水道至佛渡水道是一个潮流较强的潮通道;９０％水交换周期为５天左右。象山港狭湾内水交换周期较长,湾顶处９０％水交换的周期约为８０天左右。     

Water and flow variations in Sagami Bay under the influence of the Kuroshio path

Variations of water and flow in Sagami Bay in relation to the Kuroshio path variations are examined by using 100m-depth temperature and salinity data from 25 stations as well as sea level data from five stations (Minami-Izu, ItÔ, Ôshima, Aburatsubo, Mera). In regard to temperature, anomalies from the mean seasonal variations are used. Results show that water properties are clearly different between the three typical paths of the Kuroshio. The difference is more remarkable in temperature than in salinity; temperature is higher during the typical large-eander (LM) path, and lower during the offshore non-large-meander (NLM) path, compared with the nearshore NLM path. Temperature anomaly and salinity distributions, as well as the Ôshima minus Minami-Izu and Ôshima minus Mera sea-level differences strongly suggest that the flows during the typical LM path are distributed as hitherto described in past studies, that is, water in the mouth region of the bay flows clockwise around Ôshima from the west channel to the east channel, and a counterclockwise eddy exists in the interior. On the other hand, flows during the nearshore and offshore NLM paths seem to be quite different from those during the typical LM path; velocities are very weak, and the directions of circulation is frequently reversed. This tendency also can be seen during parts of LM period in which the Kuroshio takes a non-typical LM path.Water properties in Sagami Bay are most characteristic during transitions between nearshore and offshore NLM paths. During transitions from nearshore to offshore NLM paths, temperatures are extremely high as a whole in the bay, while during reverse transitions, both temperatures and salinities are very low in the entire region.     

基于FVCOM的泉州湾海域三维潮汐与潮流数值模拟

基于FVCOM海洋数值模式,采用非结构的三角形网格和有限体积法,建立了泉州湾海域高分辨率(26 m)的三维潮汐、潮流数值模型。模拟结果同2个验潮站和3个连续测流站的观测资料符合良好,较好地反映了泉州湾内潮汐、潮流运动的变化状况和分布特征,给出了M₂、S₂、K₁、O₁ 4个主要分潮的同潮图、表层潮流椭圆分布,以及模拟区域内最大可能潮差、表层最大可能潮流流速和潮余流分布。分析表明,4个分潮的最大潮汐振幅和迟角差分别为219 cm和19°,85 cm和25°,26 cm和12°,26 cm和9°;石湖港以东海域的潮波为逆时针旋转的驻波,以西海域为前进波;最大可能潮差由湾口的8.0m向湾内增加至8.8 m。湾内潮流类型为规则半日潮流,落潮最大流速大于涨潮最大流速,北乌礁水道为强流区,表层最大可能潮流流速为2.4 m/s;湾口潮流运动以逆时针方向的旋转流形式为主,湾内的潮流运动以往复流形式为主,长轴走向主要沿着水道方向,与等深线和海岸线平行;四个分潮流表层最大流速分别为1.4 m/s,0.58 m/s,0.12 m/s,0.10 m/s。余流流速大小与潮流强弱有密切的联系,表、中、底层最大余流流速分别为26 cm/s,20 cm/s,16 cm/s,三者在水平方向基本呈北进南出的分布形态。     

舟山本岛南部附近海域潮汐潮流特征分析

文章基于沈家门长期潮位站、长峙岛临时潮位站的观测资料和对舟山本岛南部海域多个站位实测的潮流基础数据,采用调和分析法对潮汐潮流进行特征分析。舟山本岛南部附近海域潮汐类型属于规则半日潮,潮差变化和日不等现象明显,有一定的潮汐浅海作用。潮流类型属于以往复流为主的规则半日浅海潮流,实测潮流中涨落潮流速不等、历时不等现象显著,最大流速、平均流速均是大潮大于小潮,涨潮流历时长于落潮流历时,潮流变化主要受协振波所控制,流向在涨落潮方向波动。     

A numerical study of a tide with four harmonic constituents at the open boundary

The tidal current in Kagoshima Bay is simulated by the two-dimensional subdomain finite-element method. At the open boundary, the sea level is forced to be oscillatory with a linear combination of the four harmonic constituents (M2, S2, K1, O1) of the tide. A calculation having only M2 sea level at the open boundary is also performed and the harmonic constants of M2 are compared with those calculated by the four components.In the calculated velocity vector, a large difference between the two maxima or the two minima in one day appears when the vector is directed to the open sea. On the other hand, when it is directed into the bay, the two extreme velocities are almost equal. In tide-killer residual flow, the flow pattern is almost independent of the tidal age; however, the absolute value of the current velocity depends on the tidal age. The pattern is nearly the same as that calculated by giving only M2 sea level at the open boundary.In relation to the nonlinear interaction, the kinetic energy ratio KER is defined by the ratio of kinetic energy of the induced harmonic components to that of harmonic constituents given at the open boundary. KER is large where the tidal current is disturbed by obstacles,e.g. along the west coast at the mouth of the bay and in the southern sea of Mt. Sakurajima. The distribution of KER seems to be independent of the number of harmonic constituents (one or four) given at the open boundary. The difference of kinetic energy of the M2 tidal constituent between the two calculations.i.e. with the open boundary conditions of four components (M2, S2, K1, O1) and of a single component (M2), is found to be large where the current velocity is large.     

基于高频地波雷达资料的海南中东部近海表层海流特征

利用海南中东部近海海域高频地波雷达观测得到的2019年4月—2020年3月表层海流资料进行潮流调和分析和余流分析。结果表明: 海南中东部近海海域以不规则半日潮流为主, 半日分潮M₂和S₂以往复流为主, 全日分潮O₁、K₁以顺时针旋转流为主, M₂、S₂、O₁、K₁分潮最大潮流流速的比为1 : 0.51 : 0.60 : 0.65, M₂为最主要分潮。最大可能潮流流速分布从西南方向向东北方向逐步增大, 最大值为35cm·s^-1。余流受东亚季风影响较大, 季节变化特征显著, 呈夏季形态(6月—8月)、冬季形态(9月—次年2月)和过渡形态(3月—5月)。夏季形态流向东北, 平均流速29cm·s^-1; 冬季形态持续时间最长, 流向西南, 平均流速36cm·s^-1, 大于夏季形态; 过渡形态为冬季形态向夏季形态的转变期, 流向分布较复杂, 平均流速13cm·s^-1, 明显小于夏季和冬季形态。从全年来看, 西南向流动的时间最长、流速最大, 海南中东部表层海水物质输运自东北向西南。     

锦州湾重矿物在流场中的分异

依据锦州湾12个站点现场实测海流资料（1991年6月和8月二个航次）和潮流场数值模拟结果,获得了该湾潮流和余流的分布规律。并基于41个站点重矿物鉴定资料,给出了重矿物分布规律和矿物类型分区。结果表明,该湾潮流具有潮驻波特征。总的流动趋势为涨潮时从湾口南岸朝西北方向流入湾内,落潮时朝东南向流出湾外,葫芦岛—大酒篓北侧是锦州湾潮流主要通道和强流区,最大涨、落潮流流速在1kn以上。湾内余流随湾形按逆时针方向流动,湾口北部最强余流可达16cm／s。流场的强弱分布与重矿物的类型分区密切相关,经分析研究得出了重矿物与流场之间的定量分配关系。     

A Lagrangian mean theory on coastal sea circulation with inter-tidal transports Ⅱ. Numerical Experiments

The results of the new concept of coastal sea circulation are demonstrated by numerical simulations for the first time. The numerical experiments in three types of rectangular model seas illustrate the dependence of circulation on tidal phases due to the convectively nonlinear effect which is estimated by a newly defined drift dispersion index. Then, the present theory is applied in the Bohai Sea of China. At the Bohai Straits and the Huanghe River mouth area the circulation direction even reverses owing to different initial tidal phases which shows that the theory copes with nonlinearity well. The calculated M2 tideinduced residual circulation shows that a clockwise gyre exists in the center of an anticlockwise gyre in the central Bohai Sea due to the topographic features. In the Bohai Gulf the tide induced circulation shows a 3D structure with outflow at the surface and the inflow at the bottom which can partly explains the spread of the Huanghe River fresh water out of the Bohai Gulf and the inflow of the sediment from the Huanghe River.     

地形变化下渤海湾M2分潮潮致余流的相应变化及其对污染物输运的影响

利用嵌套模式通过流速驱动对渤海湾的潮汐潮流进行了高分辨率数值模拟,分析了开边界条件的选取对渤海湾潮致余流模拟的影响。并用定点观测流速资料验证了在渤海湾流速作开边界条件驱动模式的模拟结果。近年来由于围海造田,使渤海湾海岸线向里推进,岸线变的更加平缓。在渤海湾新旧地形下,对渤海湾环流进行了模拟,分析了地形变化对渤海湾环流的影响。结果表明,渤海湾西北角的顺时针流环在新地形下消失,并表现为较强的逆时针流,湾口双环结构依然存在,但南部流环在新地形下由于受到西部强的逆时针流而变弱,流环半径减小。通过分析潮致Lagrange余流场和调查的污染物浓度分布特征发现,渤海湾的污染物分布特征与Lagrange余流有很强的相关性,Lagrange余流结构影响了污染物的分布特征,新旧地形下余流场的改变也导致了污染物浓度场分布特征上的变化。     

A Lagrangian mean theory on coastal sea circulation with inter-tidal transports Ⅱ. Numerical Experiments

The results of the new concept of coastal sea circulation are demonstrated by numerical simulations for the first time. The numerical experiments in three types of rectangular model seas illustrate the dependence of circulation on tidal phases due to the convectively nonlinear effect which is estimated by a newly defined drift dispersion in-dex. Then, the present theory is applied in the Bohai Sea of China. At the Bohai Straits and the Huanghe River mouth area the circulation direction even reverses owing to different initial tidal phases which shows that the the-ory copes with nonlinearity well. The calculated M2 tide-induced residual circulation shows that a clockwise gyre exists in the center of an anticlockwise gyre in the central Bohai Sea due to the topographic features. In the Bo-hai Gulf the tide induced circulation shows a 3D structure with outflow at the surface and the inflow at the bottom which can partly explains the spread of the Huanghe River fresh water out of the Bohai Gulf and the inflow of the sediment from the Huanghe River.