武汉地铁三号线土层盾构开挖引起的地表沉降研究

为了研究红黏土的变形特性,使用常规固结仪和自制收缩仪,对压实桂林红黏土进行了无荷载条件下4次膨胀和收缩试验。结果表明:红黏土的胀缩变形过程是不可逆的;随着干湿循环次数增加,膨胀试验试样高度变化较小,收缩试验试样高度逐渐增大,膨胀变形和收缩变形均呈逐渐减小趋势;稳定后膨胀率和收缩率均逐渐减小,收缩系数不断减小,最终趋于一个较稳定数值;采用绝对膨胀率、绝对收缩率、相对膨胀率、相对收缩率等参数可以定量分析干湿循环作用下压实红黏土的胀缩变形程度及其变化规律。     

干湿循环下压实红黏土胀缩特性试验研究

为了研究红黏土的变形特性,使用常规固结仪和自制收缩仪,对压实桂林红黏土进行了无荷载条件下4次膨胀和收缩试验。结果表明:红黏土的胀缩变形过程是不可逆的;随着干湿循环次数增加,膨胀试验试样高度变化较小,收缩试验试样高度逐渐增大,膨胀变形和收缩变形均呈逐渐减小趋势;稳定后膨胀率和收缩率均逐渐减小,收缩系数不断减小,最终趋于一个较稳定数值;采用绝对膨胀率、绝对收缩率、相对膨胀率、相对收缩率等参数可以定量分析干湿循环作用下压实红黏土的胀缩变形程度及其变化规律。     

呼和浩特地区压实红黏土收缩开裂特性研究

红黏土在工程应用中易随环境温、湿度的变化产生收缩变形甚至开裂现象,从而诱发产生诸多工程问题。在工程应用中掌握红黏土的收缩与开裂性能,才能及时做出有效的防治措施。为此,以内蒙古地区典型红黏土为研究对象,在明确其击实特性的基础上,分析了红黏土在不同击实次数条件下的收缩特性并结合图像处理技术进一步阐释了压实红黏土裂缝形态的发展规律。试验结果表明:红黏土的最大干密度随着击实次数的增加呈线性增加,最佳含水率随着击实次数的增加呈线性减小的特征;红黏土失水率曲线随干燥时间呈指数规律变化,干燥初期,试样水分迅速蒸发呈线性变化,随着干燥时间的延续水分蒸发量逐渐减少,失水率曲线趋于稳定;随着击实次数的增加试样收缩率增大,收缩指标（径向线缩率、轴向线缩率以及体积收缩率）随干燥时间呈指数规律变化。红黏土收缩几何因子小于3,表明其轴向收缩大于径向收缩,红黏土收缩具有各向异性的特点;红黏土的裂缝特征参数（平均裂缝宽度、裂缝总长度、裂隙率）也随击实次数的增加而增大。试样击实次数的增加破坏了土体的黏粒结构,导致土体对结合水最大吸附能力减弱,降低了土体的持水能力,从而使土体的失水率、收缩率以及裂隙率增大。因此,在工程应用中增加击实次数以期改善红黏土的收缩与抗裂性是低效不经济的。     

压实红黏土失水收缩过程的孔隙演化规律

失水收缩是诱发黏性土体开裂的主要因素之一,揭示收缩开裂的内在机制对预防工程灾变具有十分重要的意义。以压实红黏土为研究对象,开展自然风干条件下4种初始干密度试样的自由收缩试验。依据试样收缩曲线的特征,确定了4个特征含水率点,包括饱和含水率、比例收缩阶段中间含水率、缩限以及残余收缩阶段中间含水率。试样从饱和含水率状态风干到上述特征含水率点后立刻用液氮冻干法干燥,并通过孔隙分析仪测定该脱湿状态下的孔隙分布特征,着重探明细观孔隙体积与宏观总体积收缩的对应过程。结果表明：失水过程的前阶段（偏湿时）团聚体间的孔隙优先收缩,表现为大孔隙体积峰值半径随着含水率的降低而减小,小孔径的孔隙体积则增多;而当达到残余阶段后团聚体内的孔隙会发生收缩,表现为小孔隙的体积峰值会减小;随着含水率进一步降低,土体进入零收缩阶段,团聚体间和团聚体内的孔隙均不会发生变化。整个失水过程中孔隙总体积明显减小,与所测得的宏观变化规律相吻合。     

卢氏膨胀岩在干湿循环作用下的胀缩特性研究

为研究卢氏膨胀岩的胀缩特性,开展了干湿循环作用下膨胀岩的胀缩特性试验研究,并在膨胀岩经历干湿循环后利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和氮吸附试验（NA）,从微观的角度分析了膨胀岩吸水膨胀失水收缩的现象,并解释了胀缩特性改变的原因。研究结果表明：卢氏膨胀岩膨胀率随干湿循环次数增加而增大,绝对膨胀率增加25%;收缩曲线出现明显的“收缩拐点”,一般在收缩总时间的20%时出现,这时膨胀岩失水状态由自由水的散失转变为结合水的散失;在膨胀岩第1次胀缩过程中出现裂缝,裂缝为贯通状;在之后的胀缩过程中出现的裂缝较浅且随干湿循环次数的增加裂缝发育逐渐稳定;在干湿循环次数达到6～8次后,卢氏膨胀岩胀缩率达到稳定值,绝对膨胀率稳定在17%,绝对收缩率稳定在9%;微观方面随干湿循环次数的增加,膨胀岩的微观结构中黏土颗粒聚集形态由紧密状态转变为松散状态。此外,试样的孔隙特征随干湿循环次数的增加表现出孔隙总体积逐渐增大、孔径逐渐减小、比表面积逐渐增大的规律。     

干湿循环下南阳膨胀土的土水和变形特性

对初始状态相同南阳膨胀土试样进行1～6次干湿循环,选取其中的1、3、6次循环后的试样,采用饱和盐溶液蒸汽平衡法测定其含水率、孔隙比、饱和度等与吸力的关系,并对比分析干湿循环对南阳膨胀土的持水能力影响。在1～6次干湿循环过程中,以环刀为参照物拍摄每次烘干后试样上表面照片,用数字图像处理提取图像中的裂隙与收缩面积,以此分析试样烘干过程中裂隙与收缩与干湿循环次数的关系。试验结果表明,干湿循环过程中相同吸力的试样含水率略降低、孔隙比略增大、持水能力略降低,烘干过程中试样收缩面积增大,裂隙展开面积增大,但上述性质变化幅度都随干湿循环次数增加而减小。试验成果为研究膨胀土的持水能力和湿胀干缩变形性质随干湿循环的变化规律提供实测数据。     

红黏土工程性状的干湿循环效应试验研究

为研究湿热多雨气候条件诱发的干湿循环过程对红黏土长期性能的影响规律,对制样过程中干湿循环含水率变化幅度控制技术进行改进,制备不同干湿循环次数以及含水率变化幅度试样。利用固结排水三轴剪切与压缩试验,研究了干湿循环次数与干湿循环含水率变化幅度对压实红黏土工程性状的影响规律。结果表明,压实红黏土的黏聚力 与内摩擦角 均随干湿循环次数 的增加而衰减,首次干湿循环之后衰减效应最显著,其后较弱并趋于稳定, 的衰减程度小于c,且在低围压下的抗剪强度随干湿循环衰减更加显著;压缩模量E1-2随N的总体衰减规律与强度参数类似,但衰减幅度小于c而大于 ;随着干湿循环含水率变化幅度增大,压实红黏土c与E1-2略有减小, 基本不变,压实红黏土含水率在 4%变化范围内,具有相对稳定的力学特性。该研究表明,红黏土不宜直接用于填筑路床与边坡表层的填料,可以作为上下路堤堤心的填料,但必须采取防排水工程措施与边坡防护措施。     

膨胀土强度干湿循环试验研究

通过南宁地区原状膨胀土干湿循环试验,探讨了膨胀土抗剪强度与含水率、循环次数、循环幅度等循环控制参数的关系。研究结果表明：膨胀土抗剪强度随干湿循环次数增加而衰减,最终趋于稳定,强度稳定值与稳定时所需循环次数均随含水率变化幅度的增加而减小。在此基础上,利用压汞试验测定了膨胀土干湿循环过程中的孔径分布,发现干湿循环对土的粒间联结产生不可逆的削弱,使得土体形成更大的孔隙空间,在高含水率时主要表现为集聚体间孔体积增加,在低含水率时集聚体内孔体积增加,从而降低土的抗剪强度。     

膨胀土干湿循环过程孔径分布试验研究及其应用

采用压汞法对膨胀土干湿循环过程孔隙大小分布的演化规律进行了试验研究,结果表明,随着循环次数的增加,膨胀土的总孔隙体积、孔隙率和平均孔径等微结构参数均递增;分析了试验结果产生偏差的原因,其一是干湿循环过程中膨胀土试样的体积收缩,其二是孔隙形状和测试压力有限的影响,在此基础上对试验数据进行了合理修正。结合毛细管模型,利用修正的孔径分布曲线推算了膨胀土干湿循环过程中的土-水特征曲线,并分析了干湿循环过程中基质吸力的变化规律：以含水率28%为分界点,含水率大于该值时基质吸力随循环次数N的增加而线性递增,含水率小于该值时基质吸力随循环次数N的增加而线性递减;在此基础上,建立了基质吸力与循环次数之间的关系,为解释膨胀土力学特性的干湿循环效应开辟了一条新途径。     

膨胀土干缩变形特性试验研究

膨胀土是一种典型的问题性土,对气候变化非常敏感,在干旱气候条件下,极易发生体积收缩变形,引发各种工 程地质问题。为了研究膨胀土的干缩变形特性,开展了一系列室内干燥试验,测定了膨胀土的收缩特征曲线,重点分析 了初始含水率和干密度对干缩变形过程的影响,并进一步探讨了水泥固化抑制膨胀土干缩变形的效果和机理。结果表 明：（1） 膨胀土的干缩变形过程存在三个典型阶段：正常收缩、残余收缩和零收缩;（2） 初始含水率越高,试样蒸发速 率越快,且干缩变形完全后试样孔隙比越小而最终收缩应变越大,干缩变形越明显;（3） 初始干密度越大,试样蒸发速 率和最终体积收缩应变越小,提高初始干密度对试样干缩变形具有一定的抑制作用;（4） 在膨胀土中掺入适量的水泥能 显著降低试样的体积收缩应变,对干缩变形具有良好的抑制效果;（5） 膨胀土的干缩变形具有明显的各向异性特征,并 且与初始状态有关。     

Desiccation Induced Shrinkage of Compacted Lateritic Soil Treated with Blast Furnace Slag

A reddish brown lateritic soil treated with up to 15% blast furnace slag was compacted with three compactive efforts, (standard Proctor, West African Standard and modified Proctor) with moulding water contents ranging between 10 and 20% of weight of dry mixture. Compacted samples were extruded and allowed to dry in the laboratory for 30 days with measurements taken every 5 days to monitor volumetric changes due to drying. Four specimens compacted on the wet side of optimum using standard proctor effort; at the various slag treatments after 10 days of drying were subjected to four cycles of drying and three cycles of wetting. The results obtained showed that the changes in mass and volumetric shrinkage were rapid within the first 5 days of drying. These changes were proportional to the moulding water contents and were unaffected by the compactive effort. The volumetric shrinkage strain increased with increasing moulding water content and compactive efforts. As the water content relative to the optimum increased towards the wet side, the volumetric shrinkage strain increased and it decreased towards the dry side. For all compaction energies, the initial degree of saturation increased and regardless of the slag content, the volumetric shrinkage strain increased. As the slag content increased, the initial degree of saturation at which the permissible 4% volumetric shrinkage occurred increased. Slag content had marginal effects on the volumetric shrinkage strain as no clear trend was established. For each slag treatment the volumetric shrinkage strain did not vary significantly with increasing number of drying cycles.     

非饱和残积土的土-水特征曲线试验及模拟

土-水特征曲线是指基质吸力与含水率或饱和度的关系曲线。土-水特征及其相关数学模型可用于非饱和土性质如渗透系数和抗剪强度模型的建立。通常,土-水特征曲线仅有脱湿曲线。笔者详细讨论了初始含水率、干密度、竖向应力及干湿循环对脱湿曲线的影响。采用滤纸法测试了厦门地区残积土的土-水特征曲线(SWCC)及滞回环。结果表明,初始含水率对SWCC影响较小,最优含水率干侧试样SWCC的进气值小,滞回环小;湿侧试样的进气值大,滞回环大;最优含水率试样的滞回环居中。初始干密度对SWCC有显著影响,低干密度试样SWCC进气值小,脱湿速率快;高干密度试样SWCC进气值高,脱湿速率低。滞回环的大小随着初始干密度的减小而增大。不同竖向应力下SWCC变化较大。随着竖向应力的增加,进气值增大,脱湿速率减小,滞回环减小并趋于稳定。第1次干湿循环对SWCC影响最大,随着循环次数的增加,进气值减小,滞回环减小并趋于稳定。由于残积砂质黏性土SWCC的过渡区和残余区不易区分,残余含水率难以确定,因此,提出5种剔除残余含水率参数的修正SWCC模型,计算分析得出,修正Gardner模型最适合厦门地区残积土的SWCC建模。     

Analysis of Swelling and Shrinkage Behavior of Compacted Clays

The impact of the variation in compaction condition on the swelling and shrinkage behavior of three soils has been examined. Two natural soils, namely red soil and black cotton soil, and one artificially mixed soil sample of commercial bentonite with well-graded sand, were studied. Compaction curve for Standard Proctor conditions were plotted and four compaction conditions were selected. Experimental results showed that clay mineralogy dominates over compaction conditions in influencing the swelling and shrinkage behavior of the tested soils. Monitoring of void ratio (e)−water content (w) relations during shrinkage showed that soil specimens generally shrunk in three distinct linear stages. A small reduction in void ratio occurred on reduction in water content during the first shrinkage stage and was termed as initial shrinkage. In second stage, void ratio decreased rapidly with reduction in water content and was termed as primary shrinkage. In third and final stage, reduction in water content is accompanied by a marginal change in void ratio and it’s called residual shrinkage. Irrespective of initial compaction conditions studied, the transition from primary to residual shrinkage for all the specimens occurred within a narrow range of water content (10–15%).     

干湿循环下滑带土强度特性与微观结构试验研究

库区水位周期性波动,巨大的水位变幅使库岸滑坡滑带土处于干湿循环变化之中,而干湿循环作用影响土体的强度特性。基于此,以三峡库区某典型库岸滑坡滑带土体作为研究对象,对经历不同干湿循环次数的土样进行环剪试验、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）试验和核磁共振（NMR）试验,分析干湿循环作用下滑带土强度特性和微观结构变化规律,并初步探讨干湿循环对滑带土强度影响的微观机制。试验结果表明：干湿循环作用下,滑带土残余强度的劣化特性十分明显,且前3次干湿循环导致土体强度衰减幅度较大,之后衰减趋势减弱,土体强度逐渐趋于稳定,同时,黏聚力的劣化效应大于内摩擦角;随干湿循环次数的增加,以叠聚状、凝块状为主的团粒逐渐分散、解体,颗粒间连接由面?面接触逐渐向面?边、面?角接触演化,表现为土体内孔隙数量增多,土颗粒形态变化,粒间距离增加,微小孔隙逐渐向大孔隙演变;干湿循环作用下,滑带土内亲水性黏土矿物吸水膨胀、失水收缩而引发土颗粒、孔隙及胶结物等微结构变化是导致滑带土残余强度劣化的内在原因。     

干湿循环作用下压实黏土力学特性与微观机制研究

针对干湿循环作用下填埋场封场覆盖系统压实黏土防渗结构损伤等问题,系统开展了干湿循环作用下（室内模拟填埋场气候环境）压实黏土力学特性及微观结构特征试验研究,从微观层次揭示了压实黏土在干湿循环作用下变形特性和强度衰减内在本质。研究结果表明：随着干湿循环次数的增加,压实黏土初始变形段区间割线模量增加,末段区间割线模量大幅度降低,变化幅度随初始压实度的增加而增加;同时,压实黏土剪切强度呈减小趋势,但减小幅度随初始压实度和围压的增加而减小。经过3次干湿循环后,压实黏土发生不可逆的体积收缩,体积收缩比例随压实度的增加而减小,低压实黏土和高压实黏土的体积收缩20.5%和11.5%。同时,低压实黏土和高压实黏土的大孔体积增加25.7%和53.9%,微裂隙体积增加3.1%和41.7%,增加幅度随初始压实度的增加而增加。压实黏土不可逆的体积收缩致使土体更加密实,从而导致压实黏土初始切线模量和强度增加。同时,大孔体积增多和微裂隙的发育,导致压实黏土剪切强度和末端切线模量降低,干湿循环对不同压实度黏土力学特性影响是二者的综合表现。     

Influence of the initial water content and dry density on the soil–water retention curve and the shrinkage behavior of a compacted clay

The paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effects of the initial water content and dry density on the soil–water retention curve and the shrinkage behavior of a compacted Lias-clay. The initial conditions after compaction (initial water content and initial dry density) have been chosen on the basis of three Proctor tests of different compaction efforts. According to the eight chosen initial conditions clay samples have been compacted statically. The relation between total suction and water content was determined for the drying path starting from the initial conditions without previous saturation of the specimens. A chilled-mirror dew-point hygrometer was used for the suction measurements. For the investigation of the shrinkage behavior cylindrical specimens were dried to desired water contents step-by-step without previous saturation. The volume of the specimens was measured by means of a caliper. Based on the test results the influence of different initial conditions on the soil suction and the shrinkage behavior is analyzed. The soil–water retention curves obtained in terms of the gravimetric water content are independent of the initial dry density. At water contents above approximately 11–12.5% a strong influence of the compaction water content is observed. At smaller water contents, the soil–water retention curve is independent of the compaction water content. The results of the shrinkage tests show that the influence of the compaction dry density on the shrinkage behavior is negligible. Similar to the drying behavior of saturated samples a primary and a residual drying process could be distinguished. The primary drying process is strongly influenced by the initial water content. In contrast, the rate of the volume change of the residual drying process is unaffected by the initial water content.     

三趾马红土失水收缩裂缝演化规律研究

黏性土失水收缩开裂对人类工程活动影响显著。通过设计室内试验监测装置,对重塑三趾马红土开展干燥脱湿试验,并运用数字图像定量处理技术获得其干缩裂缝演化的动态定量数据,发现其裂缝演化规律与传统规律（裂缝面积、平均宽度在干燥过程中始终增长,最终趋于稳定）有所不同,表现为试样裂缝在干燥中期出现收缩现象,呈现裂缝的自愈性。随后提出裂块理论深入分析了此现象的产生机制,并引入愈合度概念,研究了不同初始含水率下试样裂缝的愈合规律,结果表明：（1）初始含水率对试样裂缝愈合度影响显著,初始含水率越低,试样裂缝越早开始愈合且最终愈合度越大;（2）干密度1.7 g/cm3的试样在40℃脱湿条件下,试样最终愈合度与初始含水率呈良好的线性关系。     

Influence of wetting–drying cycles on swell–shrink behaviour of GPA-reinforced expansive clay beds

ABSTRACT

Granular pile-anchor (GPA) technique is an innovative tension-resistant foundation technique which can effectively ward off the dual swell–shrink problem posed by expansive clays. The other tension-resistant foundation techniques are drilled piers, belled piers and under-reamed piles. Laboratory scale model studies and field scale experiments on GPAs revealed that swelling of expansive clay beds could be effectively controlled by GPA technique. This paper presents results obtained from laboratory scale model studies on GPA-reinforced expansive clay beds subjected to alternate cycles of wetting and drying. Swelling and shrinkage of the clay beds were monitored for three wetting–drying cycles (N) spanning a time period of 300 days. The clay beds were reinforced with varying number of GPAs (n = 0, 1, 2 and 3). Swelling (mm) and shrinkage (mm) of the clay beds in a given wetting–drying cycle decreased with increasing number of GPAs. Further, swelling (mm) and shrinkage (mm) significantly decreased with increasing number of wetting–drying cycles (N) also. For a given number of GPAs (n), swelling and shrinkage decreased with increase in depth from the top of the clay bed too.