Montcornet钻孔岩芯的古地磁研究

Montcornet非定向钻孔岩芯的古地磁研究表明,利用岩石不同时期形成的磁性组分,可以对钻孔岩芯的定向提供一种可靠的、快速简捷的方法．通过岩石磁性组构的研究,不仅能验证岩芯的定向,而且对于沉积相中古水流方向,沉积相的划分、分布研究提供重要的基础资料．在盆地分析和油气探测中有可能开发出更广泛的、潜在的应用前景．     

油气田钻井岩芯及岩芯裂缝方位确定的古地磁原理与方法

岩石在现代地磁场中获得的粘滞乘磁可以通过分离乘磁低温分量获得，并且它与现代地磁场方向一致，因此，通过提取岩芯乘磁的低温分量，可以恢复岩芯的现代磁坐标，进而确定岩芯在现代地理坐标中的位置，本文对吐哈油田，长庆油田岩芯及地表露头样品作了系统热磁分析，讨论了乘磁低温分量与现代地磁场关系，建立了岩芯方位古地磁学定向方法。并将这种方法用于长庆油田钻井岩芯定向及裂缝方位确定，通过对长庆油田４０口井的含裂缝岩芯     

塔里木盆地北部中、新生代钻孔岩芯古地磁研究──喜山期岩石重磁化与油气移聚

对来自塔里木盆地北部５口钻井的部分中、新生代沉积岩岩芯样品进行了古地磁研究，通过对重磁化组分和特征剩磁组分与露头样品的比较，确定了井下样品的喜山期严重重磁化；并通过烃类分析和对磁性分选颗粒的扫描电镜观察，发现了与碳氢化合物有关的球形磁铁矿颗粒和具有黄铁矿格架颗粒的球形磁铁矿聚集体，从而认为重磁化与油气移聚相关，据此确认了喜山期的油气移聚．     

塔里木盆地北部中、新生代钻孔岩芯古地磁研究──喜山期岩石重磁化与油气移聚

对来自塔里木盆地北部５口钻井的部分中、新生代沉积岩岩芯样品进行了古地磁研究，通过对重磁化组分和特征剩磁组分与露头样品的比较，确定了井下样品的喜山期严重重磁化；并通过烃类分析和对磁性分选颗粒的扫描电镜观察，发现了与碳氢化合物有关的球形磁铁矿颗粒和具有黄铁矿格架颗粒的球形磁铁矿聚集体，从而认为重磁化与油气移聚相关，据此确认了喜山期的油气移聚．     

海洋油气渗漏烃蚀变带的地球物理检测及在中国海区的应用

针对海洋油气渗漏可以在近地表沉积层中引起的一系列烃蚀变效应，本文讨论了利用不同手段，分层次进行检测的几种方法.利用烃蚀变带所产生的磁异常现象，在平面上圈定油气渗漏的分布范围，进而寻找海底油气藏.同时，钻井岩芯岩屑的磁性质测量结果可以从剖面上预测下伏岩层的含油气性.最终利用X射线衍射方法(XRD)对典型层位岩石样品的物相测量，进行烃蚀变矿物组合分析并通过镜下鉴定作进一步的综合判断.对渤海海域烃蚀变效应的磁法检测研究结果与遥感及其他方法的研究结果有很好的一致性.对南海3口钻井岩芯岩屑的磁性测量结果表明：两口有油气前景而另一口没有异常.这与实际结果十分一致，同时表明该方法在海区同样可以具有良好效果.     

库车坳陷克拉苏河新生代沉积岩磁组构特征与古流向分析

塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏河沿岸发育良好的新生界地层.我们对克拉苏河沿岸新生界剖面分A、B两段进行系统采样,获得定向岩芯样品1700余块. 岩石磁学研究表明,新生代沉积岩中磁性矿物以赤铁矿为主,含有少量磁铁矿;磁组构测试结果显示,两段剖面磁面理均较磁线理发育,最小磁化率主轴近于直立,显示原生沉积组构. A剖面磁化率主轴к₁的偏角指示古流向. 库姆格列木群沉积时的古水流方向为NEE-SWW向,至苏维依组沉积时,流向变为NNE-SSW向. 河流古流向在苏维依组形成时发生急剧变化,说明南天山此时可能发生了明显的隆升,且以北西部隆升为主;B剖面为吉迪克组、康村组和库车组粗粒碎屑岩,磁组构显示к₁-к₂构成的磁面理与层理面小角度相交,к₃呈叠瓦状分布,可以用来指示古水流方向.从吉迪克组至库车组下段,古流向均为NNW-SSE,但逐渐偏东,暗示天山在此期间处于缓慢的隆升期或东西部处于同步隆升,且西部隆升速度快于东部.     

磁组构与构造变形

磁组构通常指磁化率各向异性,即AMS(Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility),是一种重要的岩石组构,是弱变形沉积岩地区灵敏的应变指示计.近年来,AMS在造山带及前陆地区的广泛应用为构造变形研究提供了极大的帮助,同时提升了该方法的理论认识.本文在研读最新相关文献与著作的基础上,结合笔者及研究团队在龙门山地区获得的磁组构研究成果,综述了磁组构在沉积岩地区构造变形研究中的应用进展,并基于现有的研究认识对关键问题进行讨论,提出以下几点认识:(1)磁性矿物分析是AMS研究的关键,应结合多种岩石磁学实验及光学与电子显微构造研究手段展开详细的磁性矿物学分析;(2)磁化率椭球与应变椭球的对应主轴在绝大多数情况下相互平行,但在不同期次、不同种类复杂的磁性矿物组成,或者多期次构造变形的影响下,AMS与应变的关系相对复杂,应比对高场和低温AMS及非磁滞剩磁各向异性(AARM)测试结果,获得不同矿物的优选定向特征,并对获得的组构进行分期;(3)AMS可以揭示造山带及其前陆地区的构造演化历史,并且是分析断层相关褶皱的有限应变特征和变形机制的重要方法,同时也是厘定断裂带变形性状和期次及运动学分析的有效手段;(4)磁组构形成于成岩作用早期或构造变形的最早阶段,能很好地记录褶皱和逆冲作用之前的平行层缩短变形,因此可以揭示同沉积阶段的古构造应力方向.后期足够强烈的构造变形能局部改造或彻底掩盖先存AMS记录,构造流体有关的同构造期结晶矿物或先存矿物的重结晶导致的再定向被认为是其根本原因;(5)斜交磁线理是一种特殊的磁组构类型,反映了区域构造叠加或多期构造变形作用或隐伏斜向逆冲等可能的构造过程,有必要结合多方面的地质证据对其成因作出合理解释.     

风成沉积物磁组构与中国黄土区第四纪风向变化

通过对黄土高原几个剖面黄土样品磁化率各向异性的初步研究，发现了风成沉积物中的磁组构特征，且它的形成受沉积作用控制并与黄土高原形成时的古风场有关，即风成沉积物磁化率椭球体主轴方向及各轴比值与磁性颗粒分布排列方式亦即与空气动力条件相关．阐明了风成沉积物磁组构形成机制及其与古风向的关系，提出一种能够定量研究黄土高原形成时古风场的方法，为研究黄土高原形成演化和第四纪以来气候变化提供了基础数据．     

柴达木盆地北缘中新生代地层的磁组构特征及其沉积——构造学意义

柴达木盆地沉积地层记载着青藏高原东北部的构造演化信息.对该盆地路乐河地区上中生界—新生界地层系统采样,获得千余块定向岩心样品.岩石磁学研究表明样品中的磁性矿物主要为赤铁矿和磁铁矿;磁组构研究表明为初始沉积磁组构特征.磁组构特征指示了自中侏罗统大煤沟组(J2d)至早中新统下油砂山组(N12y)7个地层单位沉积时期,古水流方向共经历了4次阶段性的变化,表明柴达木块体相应地发生了4次旋转.在中—晚侏罗世块体逆时针旋转约22°;至早白垩世,块体又顺时针旋转约65°;在65.5～32 Ma期间块体旋转方向再次改变,逆时针旋转约63°;到32～13Ma阶段块体又发生约50°的顺时针旋转.柴达木块体的旋转及其方向的转换,可能与其南的羌塘块体、拉萨块体和印度板块阶段性北向碰撞挤压紧密相关.拉张环境与挤压环境的多次转换可能与中特提斯的关闭、新特提斯的张开和闭合、高原快速隆升后其边部松弛相联系.     

页岩岩相测井表征方法——以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组为例

页岩油气藏作为重要的非常规油气藏，富含巨大的油气资源潜力，且常形成于深湖-半深湖沉积体系.页岩中复杂的矿物成分以及沉积组构类型对于页岩储层物性、含油性和可动性具有重要的影响，因此“矿物成分+沉积组构”的岩相划分与识别是页岩储层油气勘探开发的关键所在.但由于目前常规测井纵向分辨率有限导致无法实现页岩中毫米尺度的沉积组构精细描述，在页岩“矿物成分+沉积组构”岩相的识别方面尚未形成完整的方法理论体系.本文由此将利用岩心刻度测井的方法，通过岩性扫描测井与微电阻率成像测井相结合的方法，对玛湖凹陷风城组页岩层段的矿物成分和沉积组构类型进行连续识别，实现单井页岩段“矿物成分+沉积组构”岩相类型划分.通过岩相划分结果与现场试油试采资料相对照，发现薄层状与厚层状长石-石英质泥页岩相叠置发育的岩相组合产能最佳，因此可作为风城组页岩层段的优势岩相组合进行深入研究，为后续勘探开发提供参考．     

石英尾砂对濠河中、下游沉积物磁学性质的影响其环境意义

为监测石英尾砂对濠河沉积物的影响,采用环境磁学方法进行研究.在濠河中、下游采集了三条典型沉积物剖面,通过详细的岩石磁学参数与SiO2质量分数(w(SiOz)) 测量,结果表明濠河中、下游沉积物中的主要磁性矿物是磁铁矿.三条典型沉积物剖面在纵向上按磁性参数曲线的变化特征均可分成四个磁性层,第二、第三、第四层沉积物受石英尾...     

同时考虑退磁和剩磁的有限体积法正演模拟

为分析同时考虑退磁和剩磁对磁测数据解释的影响,探讨了利用有限体积法求静磁场数值解的方法.从静磁场中的麦克斯韦方程出发,导出了有限体积法控制方程的离散表达式,对边界条件近似处理后求解方程组得到磁异常.通过与退磁改正计算结果对比,验证了方法的正确性,并分析得到忽略剩磁的相对误差与科尼斯布格比（Q）相关;利用有限体积法计算长方体模型在无地磁场情况下的磁异常和内部磁化强度,从数值模拟上说明剩磁也需要进行退磁改正,并表明退磁作用对剩磁的影响不仅与磁化率相关,而且与剩磁的方向和磁性体的形态相关;组合模型的计算结果对比表明,退磁作用对剩磁的影响还会因为临近强磁性体的作用发生改变.在青海灶火河西工区的应用说明,开展同时考虑退磁和剩磁的解释方法对准确识别强磁性岩体具有实用价值.     

Remanent Magnetization in Portland-Cement-Based Materials

The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the possibility of applying one geophysical method to studying untraditional systems as is the case with Portland-cement-based materials. The research demonstrates how conventional paleomagnetic methodology can be employed in studying the mode of magnetic recording in present-day industrial materials. Portland-cement admixtures such as fly ashes and furnace slags should be discriminated, because those particles interact in soils and sediments in nature. Moreover, a better undertanding of magnetic remanent acquisition in model materials can serve to improve the interpretation of magnetic remanent acquisition in natural rocks formed a long time ago. The magnetic constituents of Portland-cement paste and mortar acquire a magnetic remanence due to their alignment with the earth's magnetic field at the casting place. This magnetization can be measured using ordinary paleomagnetic techniques. The alignment of the individual magnetic particles accounts for the intensity of the magnetic remanence, which can be increased by adding water and by vibration before setting and hardening. Blast furnace slag admixtures also add to the enhancement of the intensity of remanence. The magnetization of Portland-cement-based materials shows a near linear relationship with the water /cement (w/c) ratios employed in the experimental work; the w/c ratios range between 0.2 – 0.6 in pastes and 0.3 – 0.6 in mortar. Stable remanent magnetization was obtained during the first seven days of setting and hardening, a period necessary for magnetic particles to become locked parallel to the earth's magnetic field. The stability of magnetic remanence predicts the usefulness of the methodology in studying the properties of Portland cement and particularly in the control of iron-bearing admixtures.     

Rock-magnetic properties of Neogene sediments, northern flank of Tianshan Mountains

Analyses of rock-magnetic properties of Neogene sediments of the Taxihe section, northern Tianshan Mountains, show that the section can be classified into three categories including lacustrine facies, fluvial facies and alluvial facies, which correspond to the lower, middle and upper of the Taxihe section respectively. The magnetic minerals of the lacustrine facies may be affected by the process of weath- ering, lithogenesis and biolithogenesis besides the source of the sediments. The natural remanence intensities are between 10-3 A/m and 10-2 A/m. The minerals are dominated by magnetite and the high coercive magnetic mineral may be goethite. The magnetic grains are the mixture of PSD SD or SD SP. The natural remanence intensities of the strata of fluvial facies are between 10-2 A/m and 10-1 A/m, about ten times that of the lacustrine facies. The magnetic minerals are mainly magnetite and hematite, and the magnetic grains are mainly PSD. The characteristic remanence (ChRM) carriers are magnetites. In the alluvial facies, the natural remanence intensities are mostly less than 1×10-2 A/m. The magnetic minerals of the series are dominated by magnetite and hematite, almost the same as the fluvial facies. But the difference is that most of the stepwise demagnetization can reveal two components and the ChRM carriers are hematites. The magnetic grains are PSD in terms of the hysteresis parameters.     

A note on magnetic modelling with remanence

The general problem of magnetic modelling involves accounting for the effect of both remanent magnetization and the application of an external magnetic field. However, as far as the disturbing field of a magnetic body in a magnetic environment is concerned, there is an equivalence between the effects of these two causations that allows the remanence to be represented in terms of an equivalent primary magnetic H field. Moreover, due to the linearity of the magnetic field in terms of its causations, the general modelling problem involving an applied magnetic field in the presence of remanence can be simply and more efficiently dealt with in terms of an equivalent primary field acting in the absence of any remanent magnetization.     

Measurement of magnetic properties of steel sheets

Magnetic methods are used in detection of environmental, engineering and military objects fabricated of thin ferromagnetic sheets having volume susceptibilities higher than 100 SI units. Magnetic modelling of such objects would be advantageous, but it requires knowledge of the susceptibility and remanence values of sheet materials, which is scarce. We introduce a magnetometer method for the determination of susceptibility and remanence on thin steel samples. The area of the sample must be so large that its within-sheet magnetization remains below the saturation state. The measurements are made in normal office surroundings in the Earth's magnetic field with an ordinary fluxgate magnetometer. The square-shaped sheet samples measured in this work have an edge length of 17.5 cm and a thickness in the range 0.5–1.0 mm. During the measuring procedure the sample is placed in four positions on a subvertical measurement board. For each position, the magnetic field in the dip direction of the board plane is measured on the opposite sides of the sample. The secondary field values are averaged for each sample position in order to reduce the effect of sample inhomogeneities. With these data, the susceptibility and remanence of the sample in its edge directions are then determined, based on a model curve which is calculated numerically using thin-sheet integral equations. The susceptibilities measured for different steel types (cold rolled and hot-dip zinc-coated steel sheets) varied in the range 200–500 SI units, and the remanence varied in the range 1000–20 000 A/m. No systematic differences were observed between the magnetic properties of various steel types. The repeatability of the susceptibility measurements was good (variations < 5%) but the remanence could be changed by 50% between repeated determinations. The measured susceptibility range signifies that pieces of steel with a typical thickness of 0.5 mm remain below magnetic saturation when their edge dimension is larger than 5 cm. Therefore magnetic modelling of larger steel pieces must be made using the thin-sheet theory with known magnetic properties, whereas smaller saturated pieces can be alternatively modelled as an equipotential system.     

非滞后剩磁各向异性

由于非滞后剩磁各向异性和等温剩磁各向异性的参数直接与岩石中的携磁矿物颗粒有关,它比传统的磁化率各向异性更明确地指示岩石组构,在构造地质研究中有较大应用前景．本文介绍了非滞后剩磁及其各向异性的测定方法,并以一个实例阐述了它在构造地质中的应用．     

SOME NEW MAGNETIC TRANSFORMATIONS*

All magnetic transformations are governed by one simple differential relation between the observed and the transformed quantities. A magnetic map for any component, at any location, and for any given direction of magnetization can be converted into one for which any one, two, or all three parameters differ. Three new magnetic transformations are introduced: (i) reduction to equator, (ii) orthogonal reduction, and (iii) elimination of remanence. The first eliminates (or minimizes) the asymmetry and the lateral shift of the measured total field anomalies, exactly as in Baranov's reduction to pole. The second produces perfect asymmetry so that a symmetrical target lies vertically below the zero anomaly point, midway between the maximum and minimum. When remanence is a contributing factor, the direction of resultant magnetization must be known a priori in all cases, except for transformation of one component into another in the same area. Explicit working formulae are presented for reduction to equator and pole, and orthogonal reduction.     

Magnetite dissolution,diachronous greigite formation,and secondary magnetizations from pyrite oxidation: Unravelling complex magnetizations in Neogene marine sediments from New Zealand

Detailed rock magnetic and electron microscope analyses indicate that the magnetic signature of Neogene marine sediments from the east coast of New Zealand is dominated by the authigenic iron sulphide greigite. The greigite is present as a mixed population of stable single domain and superparamagnetic grains, which is consistent with authigenic growth from solution. This growth can result from pyritization reactions soon after deposition, which also leads to dissolution of most detrital magnetite; however, where constrained by field tests, our data suggest that remanence acquisition can occur > 1 Myr after deposition, and can vary in timing at the outcrop scale. Strong viscous overprints result from oxidation of the iron sulphides, probably during percolation of oxic ground water. This process can sometimes destroy any ancient remanent magnetization. This complex magnetic behaviour, particularly the presence of late-forming magnetizations carried by greigite, means that the remanence in New Zealand Cenozoic sediments, and in similar sediments elsewhere, cannot be assumed to be primary without confirmation by field tests. The reversals test should be employed with caution in such sediments, as patchy remagnetizations can lead to false polarity stratigraphies.     

Remanence correction in magnetic interpretation with the infinitely deep plate model

Summary Conditions are given under which two thick plates, differing in dip, apparent susceptibility, and remanence, will produce similar magnetic anomalies. From these conditions correction formulae are developed. Using these formulae the dip and susceptibility of a plate with remanent magnetization can be obtained from those of non-remanent plate. An interpretation procedure is suggested where the magnetic anomaly is first interpreted by means of a plate without remanence, dip and apparent susceptibility are then estimated by using the correction formulae developed. Thickness, position and depth of the plate are unaffected by the remanence correction procedure. The procedure is independent of the field component measured.