石油烃降解细菌对正烷烃的降解作用研究

报道使用气相色谱法测定了石油烃降解 细菌对柴油的正烷烃的降解作用。结果表明,石油烃降解细菌对正烷烃有明显的降解作用, 混合菌株的降解率明显高于单菌株的降解率;在20℃的条件下,经过21d后,绝大部分的正 烷烃被降解。总的降解率为94.93%, 其中细菌的降解率为75.67%, 理化因子降解率为19.26% ;温度对正烷烃的降解率有明显的影响,在10℃时,其降解速度较慢,20℃降解加快,35℃ 温度使正烷烃的降解速度最快。     

南极石油烃降解嗜冷菌的筛选及其降解特性的研究

从385株南极海洋细菌中筛选出2株石油烃降解菌NJ276和NJ341,并对其降解特性进行了初步研究。以柴油为唯一碳源进行降解实验的结果表明,它们在5℃时20 d内对柴油的降解率分别达到23.47%和32.15%,在15℃时20 d内降解率分别达到43.95%和62.47%,其降解能力随着培养温度的升高而显著增强;石油烃降解残油组分的GC-MS分析结果表明,柴油经过嗜冷菌NJ276降解后的残油组分中能检测到C15～C21七种烷烃,经过嗜冷菌NJ341降解后的残油组分只能检测到少量C16,C17和C18三种烷烃。对它们进行16S rDNA基因序列的同源性和系统发育分析结果表明,菌株NJ276属于假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoaltero monas),菌株NJ341属于科尔韦尔氏属(Colwellia)。     

南极石油烃降解嗜冷菌的筛选及其降解特性的研究

从385株南极海洋细菌中筛选出2株石油烃降解菌，并对其降解特性进行了初步研究。以柴油为唯一碳源进行降解实验的结果表明，南极嗜冷菌NJ276和NJ341在5℃、20d内对柴油的降解率分别达到23．47％和32．15％，在15℃、20d内降解率分别达到43．95％和62．47％，其降解能力随着培养温度的升高而显著增强；石油烃降解残油组分的GC～MS分析表明，柴油经过NJ276降解后的残油组分中能检测到C15～C21七种烷烃，柴油经过NJ341降解后的残油组分只能检测到少量C16,C17和C18三种烷烃。对它们进行16S rDNA基因序列的同源性和系统发育分析表明，菌株NJ276属于假交替单胞菌属（Pseudoalteromonas），NJ341属于科尔韦尔氏属（Colwellia）。     

嗜盐石油烃降解菌的筛选及原位修复效果研究（英文）

石油开发导致的污染令人堪忧,因此,在石油污染场地对土著石油烃降解菌进行分离鉴定,并进行石油的微生物降解研究是十分必要的。在天津大港油田分离出三株石油烃降解菌株,利用16sRNA基因序列相似性分析确定三株菌株分别为Pseudomonassp.和Bacillussp.。通过单因素实验确定了各菌株最适宜的降解条件为:#1菌株最适宜的温度30°C、pH7.2、盐度3%;#2菌株最适宜的温度35°C、pH7.5、盐度3%;#3菌株最适宜的降解温度37°C、pH7.5、盐度5%。菌株按照2:1:2的比例投加时原油降解率最高。通过正交试验分析,在接菌量10%、原油浓度0.2%、pH7.0、N:P为3:1、盐度3.5%、温度35°C的条件下,原油降解率最高,可达到71.03%。     

海洋油污染微生物降解的研究Ⅲ.海洋微生物对石油烃的降解作用

本文叙述了选自厦门海区分离的10株烃降解菌在25℃7天中对8种烃及其混合烃的降解作用,采用气相色谱法测定其降解率.实验结果表明,不同菌株对8种烃的降解率不同,表现了菌属间的差异:烷烃的降解率高于芳烃,所有菌株都能降解正十六烷,而对芳烃的降解率较低,但在混合烃中它的降解率高于单一芳烃的降解率;碳数少的烃类降解率高于碳数多的;联合菌株比单一菌株对混合烃的降解率有一定促进作用;烃浓度是影响降解率的重要因素.     

潮间带沉积物厌氧烃降解细菌的多样性及Desulfovibrio subterraneus ND17的分离鉴定

潮间带作为海陆交界处,易受到来自海洋的石油污染,且各类石油烃进入沉积物后的降解过程尚不清楚。前人在各类生境中对好氧微生物烃降解方面已有较多研究,但对近海潮间带环境中的厌氧烃降解鲜有报道。本研究对青岛女岛湾潮间带沉积物深层样品以混合烃（中长链烷烃、多环芳烃）为碳源,硫酸盐作为电子受体进行厌氧富集培养。富集菌群的细菌多样性表明在混合烃作为碳源的作用下,优势菌群转变为脱硫叠球菌科（Desulfosarcinaceae）、脱硫杆菌科（Desulfobacteraceae）等具有石油烃降解潜力的硫酸盐还原菌。经分离纯化得到一株厌氧烃降解菌ND17,与地下脱硫弧菌属模式种Desulfovibrio subterraneus HN2T 16S rRNA基因序列的相似度为99.93%。进一步实验表明,菌株ND17在厌氧条件下对二十四烷和菲的降解率可分别达到53.9%和35.7%。这也是首次对脱硫弧菌属单菌在厌氧条件下进行石油烃降解的研究。脱硫弧菌作为一种广泛分布在厌氧环境的细菌,本研究为进一步认识其在海洋石油污染环境中的修复潜力提供了支撑。     

辽河口湿地耐盐石油降解菌作用效果与条件优化研究

采用投加过氧化氢、吐温-80和活性炭纤维等方法对筛选、分离自辽河口湿地石油污染土壤样品的耐盐高效石油降解菌的优化条件进行研究。结果表明,过氧化氢的最佳投加量为150mg/L;吐温-80的最佳投加量为160mg/L;活性炭纤维的最佳投加量为6g/L。3种优化条件下石油降解率均有增加,培养1周后,耐盐菌株在10℃下的石油降解率在40%以上,而在最适温度30℃下的石油降解率达到80%以上。     

海洋微生物对石油烃降解的研究：Ⅰ.浙江省海岛海域石油烃降解细菌的…

本文报导了浙江省海岛海域中石油烃降解细菌的丰度分布及其种群组成。在整个浙江海域所布设的１０２个站位中，９６％的站位可以分离到石油烃降解细菌、其数量分布范围在３．０×１０＾２－１．１×１０＾５个／ｄｍ＾３，低值出现在南麂列岛附近海域；在杭州湾南部水域所布设的２６个站位中１００％的站位可以分离到石油烃降解细菌，其数量分布范围在４０×１０＾２－１．２×１０＾５个／ｄｍ＾３；石油烃降解到石油烃降解细菌其数     

海洋石油降解菌群的固定化及石油降解特性

为克服岸滩溢油生物修复过程中海浪冲刷等不利环境对石油降解菌(群)岸滩定植的影响,本文利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)和海藻酸钠作为载体对石油降解菌群DC10进行固定化,通过研究细菌固定化微球的机械性能、传质性能及石油降解特性等参数,确定石油降解菌群的最优固定化条件。实验结果表明:6%PVA,2%海藻酸钠及0.5%活性炭制备的凝胶可以通过蠕动泵方便快捷制备细菌固定化微球,其粘度小、易成型、机械强度高。海洋石油降解分析表明,与游离菌体(FB)相比,固定化菌群12d石油降解率提高了近7%;GC-MS分析显示,石油烷烃和芳烃降解效果显著。实验证明,石油降解菌群DC10经过固定化处理,其石油降解活性提高,连续降解能力增强,该研究为溢油岸滩的生物修复提供新的技术方法。     

北戴河滨海湿地根际石油降解菌的筛选及功能分析

以北戴河碱蓬-芦苇滨海湿地采集的5个根际土壤样品为研究材料,使用以原油为唯一碳源的选择培养基富集培养石油降解菌,采用重量法评价降解效率,通过GC-MS分析研究高效降解菌的降解特性,利用排油圈法测定降解菌的表面活性剂产生能力。研究结果表明,初筛获得22株石油降解菌,在25℃降解21d的条件下对石油的降解率为17%～38%,其中qhd2B降解率最高,为38%,其中8株具有较好的产表面活性剂的能力。16s测序结果经BLAST比对,所分离获得的22株菌中,8株菌属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria),13株菌属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria),有一株拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)丽水菌属(Yeosuana)。选取石油降解率在31%以上菌株进行GC-MS分析,结果显示其对大部分烷烃和多环芳香烃都有较好的降解效果。其中菌株qhd2B对烷烃和芳烃的总降解率分别为79.9%和76.7%,是一株优良的石油降解菌。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,