北羌塘盆地中部上侏罗统研究新进展

北羌塘盆地腹地自然条件恶劣 ,地层研究难度极大。经在北羌塘盆地腹地东湖、河湾山、长水河及半岛湖等地进行了详细的岩石地层及生物地层研究工作 ,依据岩石特征和生物化石特征 ,将上侏罗统二分 :下部灰岩层为索瓦组 ,含 L acunosella triobatiformis- Pentithyris vulgaris、Radulopecten fibrosus- Gervillella aviculoides组合 ,其时限为牛津期 ;上部灰岩、碎屑岩互层为白龙冰河组 ,具 Radulopecten scarburgensis、R.moondanensis、Cladophylliaqeibulaensis、Stylosmilia chaputi化石 ,其主体时限为基默里奇期—提塘期 ,顶部可能跨入早白垩世。白龙冰河组的确立 ,是北羌塘盆地上侏罗统岩石地层与生物地层研究上一个新进展     

探讨塔里木盆地巴楚断隆的正反转构造

巴楚断裂位于塔里木盆地中央隆起带西段,经历了古生代拉张断陷,中,新生代挤压隆升的正反转构造演化历史,早古生代,巴楚地区位于克拉通内坳陷的南翼,晚古生代,西段为－ＮＷ向的低隆,东段仍是阿瓦提凹陷的一部分;中生代形成断隆雏形,新生代形成现今西高东低,北高南低的前缘断块隆起,其主要构造反转期为第三纪,巴楚断隆的发育极大地受南到北两凹陷沉降的影响,其成因主要是由于板块碰撞和走滑断裂活动所形成的剪切挤压所致     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界泥岩在油气成藏中的作用

泥岩可以作为烃源岩提供油气来源,也可以作为盖层保存油气。此外,泥岩在形成异常超压、控制地层流体分布方面也有着特殊的作用,对油气成藏有着非常重要的意义。鄂尔多斯盆地整体处于低压状态,但受泥岩排烃、欠压实影响,局部地层超压。由于区域上的直接盖层厚度较小,超压泥岩是区域油气保存的重要保障,预示着油气勘探的有利区带。盆地地层水外来补给较少,受厚层泥岩的封堵作用,矿化度和pH值整体较高,造成本区成岩作用阶段明显晚于同期同深度的其它区域地层。后期受泥岩中粘土矿物脱水作用影响,泥岩中的水释放使地层水矿化度有所降低,也形成了本区特殊的气水倒置的成藏结构。     

Terrane tectonics in the formation of the groundwater runoff in the active water-exchange zone of mountainous river valleys in the cryolithozone

The significant role of the drainage area’s geological background in the formation of the groundwater runoff in the active water-exchange zone was revealed for the first time on the basis of long-term observations of streams of the Upper Kolyma River region during the autumn-winter low-water period, when the rivers are fed only by the groundwater recharge. The analysis of all the available data made it possible to define the characteristic periods in the autumn-winter low-water season. The waters of the seasonally thawed layer play the dominant role in the river’s recharge in September; the suprapermafrost water, in January; and the subgelisol water (nonfreezing water streams) during the 30-day-long period of the minimal flow. The quantitative parameters of the groundwater runoff corresponding to its module during this period reflect the water influx to the active water-exchange zone. It is established that the latter is minimal in the In’yali-Debin synclinorium, which consists of sedimentary rocks formed in deepwater trough environments. Their subsequent transformation proceeded under the action of subduction-accretionary and shear strains. The water availability in the active water-exchange in the Ayan-Yuryakh anticlinorium zone is substantially higher, although the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic sedimentary formations of this area were also deposited in deepwater trough settings, but their subsequent evolution was related to the uplift of the anticlinorium. The maximal watering is observed in the active water-exchange zone of the Omulevka terrane, which is composed of Paleozoic terrigenous-carbonate and carbonate formations. The differences in the hydrogeological regimes of the terranes may be significant with respect to their geoecology.     

祁连山区黑河上游俄博岭多年冻土区活动层碳储量研究

为了探索在全球气候变化背景下多年冻土区碳储量现状, 通过野外实地勘探和室内实验, 对黑河上游俄博岭多年冻土区地貌特征及不同海拔活动层内的碳储量进行考察和估算. 结果表明: 黑河上游俄博岭冰缘现象显著, 土壤季节冻融过程活跃, 且活动层中碳储量丰富. 在研究区约2.5×10⁶ m² 的范围内, 活动层平均厚度约为1.1 m, 活动层土壤有机质平均含量约为72.1%, 碳储量估算约为1.57 Mt C. 活动层不同深度处有机质含量呈现不同的变化规律. 随着活动层深度增加, 土壤有机质的含量逐渐降低, 在多年冻土上限附近有机质含量较高. 另外, 活动层有机质含量随着海拔和土壤含水量的不同而变化, 同时多年冻土区微地形和地质条件也对有机质含量具有重要的影响.     

“青藏高原南部空白区基础地质调查与研究”计划项目新成果、新进展

通过2 0 0 4年度各相关图幅的大力工作,在基础地质、矿产和资源等方面取得了大量实际材料,综合研究区域构造地层格架、青藏高原地质图和青藏高原南部火山岩及其地球动力学意义等,取得重要进展和新认识,在矿产资源、旅游和人文景观等方面也取得重要阶段性成果。     

南海北部陆坡构造坡折带中的天然气水合物

构造坡折带是由同沉积构造长期活动引起的沉积斜坡明显突变的地带,对盆地充填的可容纳空间和沉积作用可产生重要的影响,构造坡折带和油气资源分布有着较为密切的关系。本文首次把“构造坡折带”概念引入到天然气水合物调查研究中,认为:构造坡折带是天然气水合物发育和赋存的重要构造单元。论文从海底坡降、断层发育以及温压场环境等角度讨论了构造坡折带对天然气水合物的控制作用,发现BSR发育位置的海底坡降一般在10×10-2～30×10-2之间;利用论文中设计的相对构造强度的算法计算了南海北部陆坡D区的相对构造强度,发现相对构造强度的次高值区有利于水合物赋存;根据高分辨率地震数据计算的构造坡折带的温压场环境,发现构造坡折带中连续变化的温压场环境能够使游离气运移到适宜的温压场中并形成水合物。在对上述研究进行总结归纳的基础上,初步提出了南海北部陆坡构造坡折带中天然气水合物的成藏模式。     

国际埃迪卡拉系年代地层学研究进展与发展趋势

埃迪卡拉系为国际地层表新增的新元古界最上部的系级年代地层单位,层型剖面被确定为南澳大利亚弗林德斯山脉依诺拉马河剖面,其底界点位（GSSP）选定为埃拉逖那冰成杂砾岩（Elatina diamictite）之上盖帽碳酸盐岩努卡利那组（Nuccaleena Formation）的下界（Gradstein et al．,2004;Knoll et al．,2004）。我国修定后的震旦系与埃迪卡拉系完全相当,底界以南沱冰碛岩之上盖帽碳酸盐岩的下界为界。本文综合国际地层委员会新元古代地层分会以及相关国家和地区近年来在埃迪卡拉系年代地层学领域研究的新进展、存在问题以及未来发展趋势作一概要介绍,以期引起国内晚前寒武纪地层古生物学者的广泛关注。     

安徽淮北平原浅层地下水水质特征分析

以安徽淮北平原浅层地下水中的水质状况为研究对象,有针对性地采集了浅层地下水水样151个,应用多种方法测试了26种水样指标。综合分析结果表明:安徽淮北平原浅层地下水色度、浊度超标率小于10%;pH均值为7.6,为中性偏碱性水;HCO3—Na.Ca、HCO3—Na、SO4—Na、HCO3.SO4—Na.Mg等4种水化学类型占62.9%;硬度和TDS均值分别为481mg/L,641mg/L;Fe、Mn超标率分别为50.8%,46.9%;F-均值为1.4mg/L,低洼地势含氟矿物的溶解是导致F-局部偏高的主要原因,最高可达4.1mg/L;CODMn变化范围为1.0～3.5mg/L,有机污染程度低;三氮浓度随深度的增加而减少,农药化肥的过量使用是导致NO3--N和NH4+-N超标的主要原因,NO2--N超标19.1%,且与Fe2+浓度呈正相关关系(相关系数为0.933)。主成分分析发现,地下水的交换吸附作用、溶滤作用,原始沉积环境以及农业生产活动是影响其水质的主要因素。     

金湖凹陷阜宁组二段混合沉积研究

金湖凹陷是苏北盆地的主要含油气凹陷,阜宁组二段沉积时期广泛发育陆源碎屑与湖相碳酸盐的混合沉积,结合研究区内岩芯、录井、测井等资料对金湖凹陷阜二段的混合沉积进行了系统研究。其中,金湖凹陷阜二段沉积时期,混合沉积微观上表现为陆源碎屑组分与碳酸盐组分混合沉积形成混积岩,宏观上表现为陆源碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩层系、陆源碎屑岩—混积岩层系、碳酸盐岩—混积岩层系和混积岩层系;混积类型主要发育渐变式和复合式混合沉积,少量发育突变式混合沉积。通过对比分析区域地质背景、岩石学特征、沉积环境等,建立了阜二段混合沉积相模式。对研究区的混合沉积控制因素进行了讨论,认为其主控因素为阜二段沉积时期的海侵作用,同时构造作用、气候条件、湖平面变化、物源等也对研究区混合沉积有重要的影响。     

黄河源区第四纪地质研究的新进展

通过对黄河源区的钻孔、自然露头的研究, 建立了黄河源区的第四纪地层层序。第四纪地层可划分为下更新统、中更新统、上更新统和全新统。下更新统为河湖相沉积; 中更新统主要有湖积物、冰碛物和冰水沉积物; 上更新统主要有湖积物、冰碛物、冰水沉积物、洪积物和河流沉积物; 全新统主要由河流沉积物、洪积物和湖积物构成。黄河源区的冰期可划分为3期, 即末次冰期、倒数第二次冰期、倒数第三次冰期, 末次冰期又可分为2个冰阶。黄河源区的湖泊演化可划分为早更新世、中更新世和晚更新世—全新世3个阶段: 早更新世的湖泊范围小; 中更新世的湖泊范围明显扩大, 在位置上也较早更新世的湖泊南移; 晚更新世的湖泊经历了两次的扩张—收缩变化, 到了全新世, 除现今还发育的几个湖泊外, 大多数地区的湖水已退出, 基本上转变为河流环境。在晚更新世末期到全新世初期, 封闭黄河源区的多石峡被切开, 湖水外泄, 现今的黄河形成了, 同时发生了袭夺长江水系的水流。     

Ethnic processes and trends in the ethnic composition of the population in the USSR

The paper deals with the processes of ethnic consolidation, ethnic and linguistic assimilation and inter-ethnic integration taking place in the USSR. The author shows the influence of consolidation and assimilation processes over the trends in the numerical strength of individual peoples and the resulting change in the country's ethnic composition as this is reflected in the Soviet population censuses of 1926, 1959, 1970, and 1979.     

西藏纳当地区永珠组构造变形特征

西藏纳当地区石炭系永珠组主要为浅变质的砂板岩组合,断层和褶皱非常发育的特征。依据岩石和构造特征可以把区内永珠组分成上、中、下三段。永珠组形成于拉张的被动大陆边缘向裂谷转换的次深海环境,并于中晚二叠世至晚三叠世期间经历了三个构造演化阶段。     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

燕山地区中元古代常州沟组潜穴化石

在燕山地区中元古代常州沟组中发育有大量的潜穴化石，潜穴产于常州沟组中部的泥质粉砂岩中。潜穴呈个体较大的直管状，垂直层面保存。这是我国迄今为止发现的最古老的遗迹化石，表明在距今近1800Ma前就已出现古老的后生动物，这对于研究后生动物的起源及演化具有重要意义。     

微亮晶（臼齿）碳酸盐成因及其在元古宙地球演化中的意义

本文应用多种技术方法,对微亮晶碳酸盐岩的成岩作用及其成因从宏观至微观进行了分析。根据岩石矿物学、地球化学和有机地球化学等研究证明,它是早期成岩过程中,在超高压的大气 CO_2,水平急剧下降的转折期,快速石化作用形成的具等粒结构μm级的微亮晶方解石集合体。MT 碳酸盐岩微亮晶成岩作用有两种类型:一是主要发生在海底沉积软泥中,在其底基质软泥中经差异压实作用形成褶皱肠状及复杂形的 MT 构造;二是直接在海水中或重力流搬运过程中形成的微亮晶球粒(核)。简言之,MT 碳酸盐岩石是在地球早期浅海环境下,由于微生物自养作用形成的地球化学成因产物。微亮晶碳酸盐岩是约束古大气圈和古海洋环境变化的最灵敏标志。通过详测 MT 丰度值和编制地球古大气圈 CO_2水平演化模式等,在前寒武纪发现有太古宙末期、早元古宙末期、中元古宙中期和新元古宙早-中期四个 MT 碳酸盐岩发育高峰值期,证明全球古大气圈 CO_2水平发生过四次不连续性、跳跃式下降周期,直到晚新元古宙未,全球雪球事件的发生,导致了 MT 碳酸盐岩的消失。其后,才进入显生宙的 CO_2低水平状态。MT 碳酸盐岩具有重要的油气资源远景,应予以重视。     

会东-东川地区平顶山组金矿化层位与找矿方向

通过对播卡、新田、小溜口金矿矿化层位的对比研究,认为其矿化层位同属于汤丹群平顶山组。金矿赋矿地层平顶山组为成矿提供了主要物质来源,播卡金矿、新田金矿属于构造蚀变岩型金矿床。认为会东-东川地区平顶山组的找金工作,应以地层、岩浆岩、断裂、蚀变为重要线索。新田矿区及其外围、播卡金矿区控矿剪切破碎带南延地段、小溜口-人民凹-燕子岩地区有继续寻找同类型矿床的潜力。     

Predicting Terrestrial Flagstone Reservoirs in the Sha-I Member of the Qibei Depression in the Dagang Oilfield

There are few 3-D seismic profiles and drillings in the middle part of the Qibei depression in the Dagang oilfield, and more than 70% of the 2-D seismic profiles were completed before the 1980s. Meanwhile, changes in the terrestrial formations in this region have been large and complex. These factors have made it difficult to predict reservoirs in this area. The purpose of this paper is to establish a methodology for predicting potential gas and oil reservoirs. Our research combines sequence stratigraphy, well-logs, and seismic analysis to elucidate the prediction of flagstone reservoirs in the S1 (Sha-I) Member in the middle of the Qibei depression. Previous research indicates that these rocks were deposited in an environment that had a semiarid, northern subtropical, and warm, humid climate. The objective strata currently consist mainly of lake fades, deeper lake facies, and shore-shallow lake facies. The study reveals that the lower section of the S1 Member is an important objective region for explora     

环境中硒形态分析方法的研究进展

硒的形态研究是了解环境中硒的毒性、生物可利用性、迁移和生物地球化学循环等方面的基础,其研究方法一般分为直接和间接法。本文总结了环境中硒形态的研究方法,特别是对环境样品中常用的硒形态分析技术——连续化学浸提技术作了全面详细的讨论,并综述了其它硒形态分析方法的最新动态。