低纬子午环轴准直器稳定性的改善

本文介绍了低纬子午环设置轴准直器测定枢轴不规则影响的必要性以及对其光轴指向稳定性的要求,分析了存在不稳定现象的原因,叙述了消除不稳定现象的方法和实施的效果,最后给出了枢轴不规则影响的量极和修正精度。     

用轴准直器测定枢轴误差

研制高精度的子午环,必须考虑水平旋转轴枢轴不规则的影响。本文提出了在低纬子午环上设置轴准直器,实现枢轴误差的精确测定。     

低纬子午环的轴准直器与枢轴不规则的测定

本文论述了因枢轴不规则和两个叉臂的温差引起水平轴指向漂移的影响；详细叙述了用轴准直器测定和修正这种影响的方法；并且给出了测定轴准直器参数的方法。精度估计表明，在低纬子午环上使用了电水准器和轴准直器后，对枢轴的加工精度降低了一个数量级，并且降低了对轴系稳定性的要求，然而测量和修正这些误差的精度却是很高的。     

DCMT枢轴误差的光电测定

枢轴误差是影响天体位置测量精度的重要因素.对于现代子午环的高精度天体测量而言,枢轴误差的精确测定是必不可少的.利用DCMT的自校准光源的像,并采用V形光栅的光电扫描直接测定DCMT枢轴误差在赤经和赤纬上的分量。通过几次测量结果的比较表明,该方法具有很高的测量精度与重复性.     

中星仪的机械改装和检测

本文叙述了把蔡司中星仪改装成为能灵活地在子午方向和卯酉方向交替观测的试验仪器的情况。指出仪器改装是成功的,达到了预期的要求。文中还叙述了在这架仪器上为适应新方法的需要而进行的自动化装置试验,以及检测望远镜枢轴不圆度的情况。     

中丹水平子午环水平轴的稳定性

对中丹水平子午环水平轴的稳定性进行研究。中丹合作的水平子午环本身有自校准系统,利用此系统对我们仪器的水平轴误差(即经典仪器的枢轴误差)进行了测定。我们用目视测微器进行测量,据我们的统计,读数误差为0.10″～0.15″(随人而异)。根据本文公式(12)对观测结果进行归算,我们对水平轴的系统误差以及重复精度进行了估计。事实上,根据我们仪器的特点,影响观测精度的是水平轴的重复性。本文着重对重复性进行了详细的研究,测试结果表明,仪器水平轴的稳定性能良好。     

进动不规则性对SS433短周期现象的影响

本文在文献［１］的基础上考虑进动不规则性，采用改进的阻尼正弦模型来计算ＳＳ４３３短周期变化的振幅、周期和多普勒频移残差分布轮廓的理论曲线，并将此曲线和残差分布轮廓作方差分析进行比较．结果表明：（１）在进动不规则性情形下，短周期变化的周期没有变化，振幅有微小变化；（２）理论曲线和残差分布轮廓吻合较好，这说明残差分布轮廓与进动不规则性有关；（３）短周期现象中的拍仍然存在，只不过受到不同程度的畸变影响.     

进动不规则性对SS433短周期现象的影响

本在献［１］的基础上考虑进动不规则性，采用改进的阻尼正弦模型来计算ＳＳ４３３短周期变化的振幅、周期和多普勒频移残差分布轮廓的理论曲线，并将此曲线和残差分布轮廓作方差分析进行比较。结果表明：（１）在进动不规则性情形下，短周期变化的周期没有变化，振幅有微小变化；（２）理论曲线和残差分布轮廓吻合较好，这说明残差分布轮廓与进动不规则性有关；（３）短周期现象中的拍仍然存在，只不过受到不同程度的畸变影响。     

含平流双温吸积盘的振荡不稳定性研究

从流体动力学方程出发,用微扰法得出含平流双温吸积盘的径向、环向不稳定性的色散方程．并对平流和径向粘滞力对双温吸积盘的影响进行了较详细的讨论．结果表明：平流和径向粘滞力对声模有较大的影响,且不改变粘滞模和热模的稳定性质．而环向扰动对吸积盘的各种模有着较明显的作用．这一模型有利于解释活动天体的周期和准周期光变现象．     

自引力磁均分和磁守恒吸积盘模型的稳定性分析

对自引力磁均分和磁守恒两种模型的径向振荡稳定性的研究表明：在同时考虑自引力和磁场作用的情况下,吸积盘在磁均分和磁守恒模型中均存在着三种振荡模式,其中粘滞模式总是稳定的,磁声模式是不稳定的,中性模式在图中较长波段范围趋于稳定,在较短波段范围是不稳定的．这些结果有利于解释活动天体的Mark421和Pks2155—304的长周期光变现象．同时阐明了自引力在两种模型中对三种模式的影响有相同的趋势,而对磁场则分别起着相反的作用．这个结论表明磁均分吸积盘模型在解释光变现象时更为有利．     

On the origin of the solar system and the exceptional position of the Sun in the Galaxy

The solar system's position in the Galaxy is an exclusive one, since the Sun is close to the corotation circle, which is the place where the angular velocity of the galactic differential rotation is equal to that of density waves displaying as spiral arms. Each galaxy contains only one corotation circle; therefore, it is an exceptional place. In the Galaxy, the deviation of the Sun from the corotation is very small — it is equal to ΔR/R _⊙≈0.03, where ΔR=R _c ?R _⊙,R _c is the corotation distance from the galactic center andR _⊙ is the Sun's distance from the galactic center. The special conditions of the Sun's position in the Galaxy explain the origin of the fundamental cosmogony timescalesT ₁≈4.6×10⁹ yr,T ₂?10⁸ yr,T ₃?10⁶ yr detected by the radioactive decay of various nuclides. The timescaleT ₁ (the solar system's ‘lifetime’) is the protosolar cloud lifetime in a space between the galactic spiral arms. The timescaleT ₂ is the presolar cloud lifetime in a spiral arm.T ₃ is a timescale of hydrodynamical processes of a cloud-wave interaction. The possibility of the natural explanation of the cosmogony timescales by the unified process (on condition that the Sun is near the state of corotation) can become an argument in favour of the fact that the nearness to the corotation is necessary for the formation of systems similar to the Solar system. If the special position of the Sun is not incidental, then the corotation circles of our Galaxy, as well as those of other galaxies, are just regions where situations similar to ours are likely to be found.     

Perturbations by the oblateness of the Earth and by the planets in the motion of the Moon

Perturbations in the motion of the Moon are computed for the effect by the oblateness of the Earth and for the indirect effect of planets. Based on Delaunay's analytical solution of the main problem, the computations are performed by a method of Fourier series operation. The effect of the oblateness of the Earth is obtained to the second order, partly adopting an analytical evaluation. Both in longitude and latitude are found a few terms whose coefficient differs from the current lunar ephemeris based on Brown's theory by about 0.01. While, concerning the indirect effect of planets, several periodic terms in the current ephemeris seem to have errors reaching 0.05.As for the secular variations of and due to the figure of the Earth and the indirect effect of planets, the newly-computed values agree within 1/cy with Brown's results reduced to the same values of the parameters. Further, the accelerations in the mean longitude, and caused by the secular changes in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbite and in the obliquity of the ecliptic are obtained. The comparison with Brown shows an agreement within 0.3/cy² for the former cause and 0.02/cy² for the latter. An error is found in the argument of the principal term for the perturbations due to the ecliptic motion in the current ephemeris.Proceedings of the Conference on Analytical Methods and Ephemerides: Theory and Observations of the Moon and Planets. Facultés universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Namur, Belgium, 28–31 July, 1980.     

On the model of the accumulation of the moon compatible with the data on the composition and the age of lunar rocks

It is suggested that the overall early melting of the lunar surface is not necessary for the explanation of facts and that the structure of highlands is more complicated than a solidified anorthositic ‘plot’. The early heating of the interior of the Moon up to 1000K is really needed for the subsequent thermal history with the maximum melting 3.5 × 10⁹ yr ago, to give the observed ages for mare basalts. This may be considered as an indication that the Moon during the accumulation retained a portion of its gravitational energy converted into heat, which may occur only at rapid processes. A rapid (t < 10³ yr) accretion of the Moon from the circumterrestrial swarm of small particles would give necessary temperature, but it is not compatible with the characteristic time 10⁸ yr of the replenishment of this swarm which is the same as the time-scale of the accumulation of the Earth. It is shown that there were conditions in the circumterrestial swarm for the formation at a first stage of a few large protomoons. Their number and position is evaluated from the simple formal laws of the growth of satellites in the vicinity of a planet. Such ‘systems’ of protomoons are compared with the observed multiple systems, and the conclusion is reached that there could have been not more than 2–3 large protomoons with the Earth. The tidal evolution of protomoon orbits was short not only for the present value of the tidal phase-lag but also for a considerably smaller value. The coalescence of protomoons into a single Moon had to occur before the formation of the observed relief on the Moon. If we accept the age 3.9 × 10⁹ yr for the excavation of the Imbrium basin and ascribe the latter to the impact of an Earth satellite, this collision had to be roughly at 30R, whereR is the radius of the Earth, because the Moon at that time had to be somewhere at this distance. Therefore, the protomoons had to be orbiting inside 20–25R, and their coalescence had to occur more than 4.0x10⁹ yr ago. The energy release at coalescence is equivalent to several hundred degrees and even 1000 K. The process is very rapid (of the order of one hour). Therefore, the model is valid for the initial conditions of the Moon.     

On the theory of the oblateness of the Sun

In this paper we first emphasize why it is important to know the successive zonal harmonics of the Sun's figure with high accuracy: mainly fundamental astrometry, helioseismology, planetary motions and relativistic effects. Then we briefly comment why the Sun appears oblate, going back to primitive definitions in order to underline some discrepancies in theories and to emphasize again the relevant hypotheses. We propose a new theoretical approach entirely based on an expansion in terms of Legendre's functions, including the differential rotation of the Sun at the surface. This permits linking the two first spherical harmonic coefficients (J ₂ and J ₄) with the geometric parameters that can be measured on the Sun (equatorial and polar radii). We emphasize the difficulties in inferring gravitational oblateness from visual measurements of the geometric oblateness, and more generally a dynamical flattening. Results are given for different observed rotational laws. It is shown that the surface oblateness is surely upper bounded by 11 milliarcsecond. As a consequence of the observed surface and sub-surface differential rotation laws, we deduce a measure of the two first gravitational harmonics, the quadrupole and the octopole moment of the Sun: J ₂=−(6.13±2.52)×10⁻⁷ if all observed data are taken into account, and respectively, J ₂=−(6.84±3.75)×10⁻⁷ if only sunspot data are considered, and J ₂=−(3.49±1.86)×10⁻⁷ in the case of helioseismic data alone. The value deduced from all available data for the octopole is: J ₄=(2.8±2.1)×10⁻¹². These values are compared to some others found in the literature. Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005238718479     

Accounting for the viscosity of the fluid core in the problem of the physical libration of the moon

A two-component theoretical model of the physical libration of the Moon in longitude is constructed with account taken of the viscosity of the core. In the new version, a hydrodynamic problem of motion of a fluid filling a solid rotating shell is solved. It is found that surfaces of equal angular velocity are spherical, and a velocity field of the fluid core of the Moon is described by elementary functions. A distribution of the internal pressure in the core is found. An angular momentum exchange between the fluid core and solid mantle is described by a third-order differential equation with a right-hand side. The roots of a characteristic equation are studied and the stability of rotation is proved. A libration angle as a function of time is found using the derived solution of the differential equation. Limiting cases of infinitely large and infinitely small viscosity are considered and an effect of lag of a libration phase from a phase of action of an external moment of forces is ascertained. This makes it possible to estimate the viscosity and sizes of the lunar fluid core from data of observations.     

On some problems concerning the calculation of the form of the magnetopause and the electric field on the magnetopause in the framework of the continuum medium model

In order to understand the reason of the existence of the electric field in the magnetosphere, and for the theoretical evaluation of its value, it is necessary to find the solution of the problem of determination of the magnetosphere boundary form in the frameworks of the continuum medium model which takes into account part of the magnetospheric plasma movement in supporting the magnetospheric boundary equilibrium. A number of problems for finding the distribution of the pressure, the density, the magnetic field and the electric field on the particular tangential discontinuity is considered in the case when the form of discontinuity is set (the direct problem) and a number of problems for finding the form of the discontinuity and the distribution of the above-mentioned physical quantities on the discontinuity is considered when the law of the change of the external pressure along the boundary is set (for example, with the help of the approximate Newton equation). The problem which is considered here, which deals with the calculation of the boundary form and with the calculation of the distribution of the corresponding physical quantities on the discontinuity of the 1st kind for the compressible fluid with the magnetic field with field lines which are perpendicular to the plane of the flow in question, concerns the last sort of problems. The comparison of the results of the calculation with the data in the equatorial cross-section of the magnetosphere demonstrates that the calculated form of the boundary, the value of the velocity of the return flow and the value of the electric field on the magnetopause, agree satisfactorily with the observational data.     

Third Integral and the Dynamics of the Galaxy in the Neighborhood of the Sun

Observational data on the dynamics of stars in the neighborhood of the sun indicate the existence of a third integral besides the integrals of the angular momentum and energy. The Poincaré integral is proposed as a third integral. The consequences of this assumption are derived and compared with available astrophysical data.