青藏高原与全球环境变化研究进展

文章从 4个方面简要介绍了青藏高原与全球环境变化的最新研究进展 :(1)新生代青藏高原的隆升过程与东亚环境演化 ;(2 )末次间冰期以来的气候环境记录及重大气候突变事件 ;(3)青藏高原2ka以来温度、降水变化特征 ;(4 )青藏高原近代气候变化及其环境响应。主要结论有 :第三纪青藏地区曾两次隆升与夷平 ;7MaBP开始高原再次抬升 ,3 6MaBP以来经历了强烈隆起。高原季风的形成演化与高原隆升过程紧密相联 ,2 5MaBP高原季风由浅薄系统变为深厚系统 ,现代季风格局形成。在约 1 1～ 0 8MaBP间青藏高原进入冰冻圈 ,西北地区干旱化、主要沙漠扩展、周边地区新的黄土体系形成均与此有关。高原气候在冰期 /间冰期循环时间尺度上具有升温缓慢、降温迅速的特征。达索普冰芯记录中的CH4 浓度高出极区 15 %～ 2 0 %,并具有很大的波动性。青藏高原最新的一次大湖期时代在 40～ 2 5ka ,代表着一次特强的夏季风暖湿事件。古里雅冰芯研究发现气候突变事件频繁。高海拔地区比低海拔地区对全球气候变化反应更敏感。根据冰芯、湖芯、树轮和历史文献恢复揭示了2ka以来高原温度降水变化特征。百年来青藏高原气候经历了 3次突变 ,2 0世纪 5 0年代以来的变暖趋势超过北半球及同纬度地区。高原冰冻圈 (包括冰川、积雪和冻土 )对近代     

用古植被面貌重建桂林3. 7万年以来的气候变化

末次冰期自37kaB. P.以来至9kaB. P.时段内,对桂林一带的影响主要是降温及降雨量减少,平均气温最低7～ 9℃ ,比现今低10～12℃ ,其间虽有波动,但未发现有冰川的证据。9～ 8kaB. P. ,桂林气候发生突变,在1ka 的时间内,平均气温的变化幅度达12～ 13℃ ; 8kaB.P. 时桂林年均气温升至21～ 22℃ ,比现今高2～ 3℃ ; 3. 69kaB. P. 时,气温升到最高,年均气温达22～ 23℃ ,比现今高3～ 4℃ ,年均降雨量也相应发生一定的变化      

西藏昌都崩勒溶洞石笋7 ka BP以来高分辨δ18O、δ13C记录的气候变化

通过对青藏高原崩勒溶洞石笋进行高精度的230 Th测年和C、O同位素分析,建立了中全新世7ka BP以来西藏昌都地区高分辨率的古气候变化记录。石笋C、O同位素记录揭示出,西藏昌都地区中全新世(约7ka BP)以来的气候演化大致可分为3个气候阶段:7000~4500aBP为暖期阶段,气候总体处于高温暖湿,伴随缓慢降温;4500~2300aBP为降温期阶段,出现持续降温,气候变得干旱;2300aBP至今为升温期阶段,气温及降水均出现波动上升。石笋C、O同位素记录的研究结果表明,中全新世以来研究区存在高温暖湿、快速降温干旱以及后期气候强烈震荡升温的气候过程。通过与董歌洞石笋同位素记录对比表明,崩勒溶洞石笋δ18 O同位素曲线变化的斜率、震荡幅度都要明显高于董歌洞石笋记录,揭示出青藏高原东部季风区的气候波动与全球性冷暖变化具有一致性,但高原石笋同位素记录对气候变化更加敏感。昌都石笋同位素反映的气候变化趋势与低纬地区夏季太阳辐射强度变化正相关,表明太阳辐射强度变化是高原季风影响区气候变化的重要驱动因素。     

陕西洛川地区全新世中期土壤与气候变化*

在洛川城东全新世中期古土壤剖面中采集了66块样品,利用气量法、磁化率测定、颗粒分析和显微镜观察方法,对土壤层中的CaCO₃含量、磁化率、颗粒成分、微结构进行了分析和鉴定。粒度成分显示洛川中全新世土壤可分为两层,中间为薄层黄土层。实验资料表明,洛川中全新世早期土壤CaCO₃含量低,平均为0.34 ％ ,具有显著淋溶土壤的特征; 小于0.005mm的粘粒含量比马兰黄土高约12 ％ 。粘化层(Bt层)中光性粘土胶膜有一定的发育,而且可见少量块状粘土胶膜存在,表明该层古土壤具有粘粒迁移和粘粒淀积的特征,指示中全新世早期发生的成壤作用比洛川现今成壤作用显著强。由此可以确定,中全新世早期土壤类型应为淋溶褐土, 当时夏季风活动增强,气候比现今明显温湿,年平均降水量至少比现今多100mm余。中全新世晚期古土壤CaCO₃平均含量为2.5 ％ ,淀积型粘土胶膜发育差,以残积粘土为主。中全新世晚期古土壤比早期土壤发育弱,但比该区现代土壤发育强,土壤类型应为典型褐土,当时气候也比现代温湿。中全新世中期6000~5000年间为气候冷干和沙尘暴活动加强的环境恶化期。研究结果对揭示黄土高原中部全新世中期土壤性质和气候变化具有重要意义。     

桃江—城步断裂的活动与天龙山岩体位置的讨论

湘中印支期高坪岩体和天龙山岩体,大致呈东西向展布,南北出露宽度基本一致。但天龙山岩体明显偏北,大有脱离东西向分布向北东“飘移”之势。笔者对桃江—城步断裂的野外勘查与研究查明,天龙山岩体可能是高坪岩体的一部分,印支晚期岩体形成时,它们是一个整体。现在的天龙山岩体,可能是燕山早期桃江—城步断裂对高坪岩体肢解的结果。     

四川攀枝花昔格达组下伏砾石层成因和时代探讨与古金沙江河谷发育

本文主要描述和讨论了四川省攀枝花市沿金沙江分布、并以炳草岗地龙箐剖面为代表的昔格达组湖相沉积下伏的砾石层的沉积特征及其河流相成因.根据前人对昔格达组湖相沉积的磁性地层学研究结果,为4.2/3.28～2.6/2.12/1.78 MaBP的上新世中、晚期或至早更新世早期,表明其下伏厚达50 m的砾石层的形成时代约为4.2～4.5/5 MaBP的上新世早期.早上新世金沙江河流相砾石层在接近金沙江谷底位置的发现,表明金沙江很早就已经从青藏高原主夷平面下切了2000 m以上、已在接近其现今谷底的位置上存在.这对于探讨古金沙江的河谷发育及其与青藏高原隆升的关系,具有重要的指示意义.     

白垩纪至早第三纪的极端气候事件

地球科学界正在将预测未来气候变化的研究重点放到地球过去突然发生的气候变暖事件。白垩纪至早第三纪发生的极端气候事件被认为是最接近于现今的地球系统,对其研究有利于理解现今地球系统过程在碳循环快速搅动时的响应。这些气候事件主要包括：古新世-始新世最热事件（PETM,～5 5 MaBP）、早阿普第晚期和森诺曼-土仑界线的大洋缺氧事件（OAE1a,～120 Ma;OAE2,～93．5 MaBP）。PETM事件是中白垩世以来一次突然变暖事件,在10 ka年以内深海温度增加～5 ℃,表层海水温度增加 4～8 ℃,而δ¹³C至少发生 3．0‰的负偏移。目前普遍认为PETM事件是由于海洋气水化合物（CH₄）的巨量释放造成的。大洋缺氧事件（OAEs）记录了海洋环境下有机质的大量埋藏,代表了碳循环和海洋生物系统的重大搅动事件。综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）将极端气候确定为优先研究领域,将采取特定的钻探策略,在世界大洋范围内获取最低限度蚀变的新生代至白垩纪沉积物,研究精度要求达到米兰柯维奇的天文调谐时间尺度,其最终目标是定量描述过去全球气候变化,并为未来气候变化预测提供依据。     

青藏高原新生代以来气候环境演化的粘土矿物学特征

为探究青藏高原的气候环境演化, 对青藏高原不同部位的盆地沉积物的粘土矿物特征进行深入系统的研究.结果表明, 古新世阶段—始新世阶段时期, 青藏高原古气候以行星风系居主导地位, 青藏高原北部以温暖和季节性干旱为特征.柴达木地区在~36 Ma的降温事件则明显早于全球降温事件(~34 Ma)近2 Ma.在渐新世(34~23 Ma)期间, 古气候以干旱炎热为特征, 但气温相对要低于始新世.在中新世—上新世(23.0~2.6 Ma)期间, 青藏高原北缘的柴达木、循化盆地均在~21.5 Ma发生气候变冷事件, 而8~7 Ma的气候变化事件遍及整个青藏高原.在藏南的吉隆盆地、青藏高原西北部的叶城盆地, ~1.8 Ma之前的盆地沉积物中仍然有相当高含量的蒙脱石, 说明这些地区在~1.8 Ma之前, 虽然总体上气候变冷、变干, 但仍然处于一种相对湿润的气候环境.      

藏北改则康托盆地逆冲推覆构造磷灰石裂变径迹年代学制约

对采自羌塘地块南部改则地区康托盆地的碎屑岩及火山岩进行磷灰石裂变径迹年代学测试及AFT热历史模拟,获得77±6Ma、62±5Ma、44±3Ma、35±2Ma四组磷灰石裂变径迹年龄,平均径迹长度介于11.6±2.0~13.3±1.9μm之间。AFT热历史模拟结果指示,研究区自晚白垩世至现今主要历经了3次构造抬升冷却过程:晚白垩世(100~65Ma)快速隆升剥蚀阶段,其降温速率和隆升速率分别为1.46~4.26℃/Ma、0.05~0.14mm/a,该事件为新特提斯洋洋壳沿雅鲁藏布江俯冲作用的响应;始新世中期(50~35Ma)快速隆升剥蚀阶段,该阶段降温幅度相对以第一次较小,该构造事件与印度大陆的向北俯冲具有成因联系;20Ma至现今的快速抬升冷却阶段为青藏高原整体拉张走滑构造环境所影响,其隆升速率和降温速率分别为3.25~6.0℃/Ma、0.03~0.2mm/a。     

江汉盆地始新世中、晚期古气候定量重建初探

依据江汉盆地明钾1孔中、晚始新统系统的孢粉资料, 应用化石孢子花粉亲缘植物的生态位估算孢粉组合所反映的古气候特征.气候参数曲线的变化趋势显示江汉盆地始新世中期气候参数与现今北纬2 2°~ 2 6°的数值相接近, 为中-南亚热带湿润半湿润气候.晚期气温较前期低1~ 4℃, 相当于现今北纬2 3°~ 2 8°处的数值, 为北-中亚热带气候.但是, 气候构型与现今截然不同, 具有气温高、年较差小、降水波动大的特点.始新世中期1月均温比今高5~ 9℃, 表明冬季风作用尚不明显, 晚期略显冬季风的影响.气候的降温发生在孔深2 10 0m处, 主要表现为1月均温的下降和年较差增长, 因而孢粉组合中落叶阔叶树种增多.年降水量波动强烈, 一般于30 0~ 170 0mm之间, 这有利于盐类矿物的迁移和堆积.降水量低于10 0 0mm时, 麻黄灌木花粉增多, 且与膏盐堆积深度相一致.高山深盆的干热环境是本区盐类矿物沉积的主要原因, 年降水量波动强烈且偏低, 有利于盐类的持续堆积, 从而有别于现今西北地区的盐类堆积.      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997