罗布泊富钾卤水矿床地球化学空间分布特征

罗布泊是我国最重要的成盐成钾盆地之一,富钾卤水资源丰富。在14年的工业开采过程中,不同矿层卤水的地球化学特征持续处于变化中。为了加强对不同矿区富钾卤水的地球化学空间分布特征的认识,合理开发利用卤水资源,本文应用克里金插值法,对2017年采集的89个常观孔卤水样品进行了空间分析,绘制了K~+、Cl~-、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Li~+、B~(3+)、SO_4~(2-)等值线图,并对其空间分布特征进行了综合分析,结果显示:K~+、Cl~-、Mg~(2+)、Li~+、B~(3+)等离子具有较为一致的分布趋势,其高值区主要分布在罗北凹地及腾龙矿区北部,低值区主要分布于罗北凹地北部及矿区西南部,而SO_4~(2-)分布趋势则相反;由于受周缘地区淡水补给的影响,矿区西南部、北部及东南部出现淡化现象,但是淡水只影响到W_1、W_2层,W_3层未见明显淡化现象;2017年罗布泊矿区K~+平均含量为8.83g/L,除受淡水影响区域外,矿区内大部分地区样品KCl品位均高于1%的工业单独开采品位,与开采前KCl品位相比,目前罗北凹地W_1储层KCl平均品位约下降了9.7%左右。     

罗布泊盐湖深部卤水钾盐找矿取得新进展

正罗布泊位于中国塔里木盆地东端,是全球最大的干盐湖之一,蕴藏着丰富的盐类矿产资源。自1995年在罗布泊北部发现罗北凹地超大型卤水钾盐矿床以来(王弭力等;1996;1998;2001),经过十余年的勘探评价,已经基本查明浅部(150 m)钾盐资源。然而,随着罗布泊钾盐资源大规模的开发利用,后备资源问题日益突出,寻找新的钾资源接替区,对     

罗布泊盐湖钾盐矿床形成的地球化学研究

文章阐述了罗布泊盐湖主要钾盐矿床富钾卤水的化学特性。采用元素地球化学技术、同位素地球化学技术，研究晶间卤水的起源、补给方向、富集机理等卤水演化过程，揭示出罗布泊盐湖晶间卤水主要起源于大气降水，盐分的富集以蒸发作用为主。开展罗布泊不同钾盐矿区的对比研究，探讨了卤水物质来源、卤水演化过程及阶段的差异。硫同位素确定了卤水硫酸盐和固体硫酸盐的同源性，且硫物质的演化以溶解、沉积作用为主。     

四川盆地卤水分布及开发前景展望

四川盆地卤水分布广泛 ,自震旦系至白垩系各层系均有分布。卤水具低孔渗、高承压、品质优和气水同产等特点。卤水分高浓卤水、淡卤水和中浓卤水三类 ,均不同程度的含有Br-、I-、K+ 、B3 + 、Li+ 、Sr2 + 、Rb+ 等有益组分 ,皆为国家紧缺或紧俏物质 ,其含量多数可达工业品位 ,构成优质化工原料水 ,经济价值极高 ,开发利用前景广阔。     

罗布泊钾卤水矿床成矿地质背景

罗布泊地区的找钾工作已取得突破性进展，一个大型-超大型的钾盐矿远景区已经确定。该矿位于罗布泊北部的罗北凹地一带，为钾卤水矿床，赋存于第四纪盐系统地层中，其形成和当地第四纪以来的地质变化关系密切。罗北凹地从早更新世中期开始成为盐湖中心，直至中更新世末一直以盐类沉积为主，虽没有形成固体钾盐矿，但当时卤水已基本处于析盐的最后阶段，钾含量较高，在适当的地质条件下盐层中保存了当时的卤水，形成钾卤水矿床。     

罗布泊盐湖晶间卤水运动特征及其动力学分析

根据地下水运动的一般规律，阐述了罗布泊盐湖钙芒硝储卤层及富钾卤水的特性，并讨论了该卤水层的变化特性。在罗布泊干盐湖区采用^14C测年技术、人工放射性同位素技术和化学示踪技术，研究晶间卤水循环速率、卤水渗流方向及渗透流速与实际流速，揭示罗布泊盐湖晶间卤水处于缓慢的流动及交替状态。探讨了新构造活动、古气候变化、地层静压力作用、深部地层水及大气降水补给作用等因素对罗布泊盐湖晶间卤水运动的控制和影响，提出了晶间卤水的运动模式。     

昌邑北部地下卤水资源开发利用及建议

通过对昌邑北部胶莱河与潍河之间地下卤水资源的调查研究,发现在卤水开发利用中存在卤水综合利用程度低、资源浪费严重、缺乏统一规划管理等问题,并针对存在的问题提出了依靠科技进步,提高卤水综合利用水平,控制开采规模,实行淡季限产停产等措施,以保护和合理开发利用资源。     

新疆罗布泊盐湖深部钾盐找矿新进展

罗布泊是世界最大干盐湖之一,罗布泊超大型钾盐矿床从1995年发现至今,经历了找钾远景预测、勘查、系统科学研究、扩大找矿及开发利用快速推进的过程,浅部(200m以浅)钾盐资源量已基本查明,但没有一个穿透第四系的较深地质科学钻井。通过区域气候条件、盐类矿物分布、碎屑岩层储卤等方面与柴达木盆地西部的对比分析以及罗布泊地堑式断陷带储卤的发现,提出罗布泊深部具有钾盐成矿远景。在罗布泊罗北凹地西北部实施盐湖深部钾盐找矿第一深井(LDK01井),首次发现钾芒硝、钾锶矾、红钾铁盐等盐类矿物;在深部地层碎屑岩层中发现钾盐矿物钾石盐、光卤石等,地层中KCl含量高达2.86%,揭示地层深部存在低品位固体钾矿,确定为一种新类型钾矿,即碎屑岩型钾矿,为罗布泊深部钾盐找矿拓展了方向和空间;深层碎屑岩地层储集卤水,卤水KCl平均品位1.50%,揭示出罗布泊盐湖深部存在富钾卤水。重力探测发现罗布泊盆地西部发育次级凹地,初步确定凹地中心第四系沉积厚度大于1200m。结合地质分析,预测库鲁克塔格山前断陷盆地和罗北盆地为进一步寻找深部隐伏钾盐矿床的重要靶区。综合遥感、物探、物性特征等资料及研究成果,估算罗北凹地深部钾盐预测资源量为1.60×108t,并提出罗北凹地西部及附近区域的深部地层中还蕴藏有丰富的钾盐资源,罗布泊深部找钾潜力巨大。该成果对深化认识罗布泊盐湖的形成演化及满足钾肥生产企业大规模开发均具有重要意义。     

罗布泊断陷带内形成富钾卤水机理研究

罗布泊干盐湖位于新疆塔里木盆地东部。1995年以来,在罗布泊发现了超大型规模钾盐矿床,钾盐资源主要赋存于罗北凹地等盐系地层中。近年来调查发现,在罗布泊分布有地堑式张性断陷带,不仅控制成钾凹地的形成,其本身也储集卤水,蕴藏有一定规模的卤水钾盐资源。地球物理（EH-4）测量显示,断陷带深达1 000 m处有卤水存在的信息;断陷带内钻孔卤水化学分析结果揭示,下部卤水比重高于上部,卤水中氯化钾含量也呈“下高上低”的态势,这与盐湖蒸发析盐序列不一致或正相反。文章认为,卤水垂向对流是导致卤水化学特征垂向分异的机理,即,在罗布泊盐湖演化过程中,断陷带内出现较小规模的洼地或盐湖,湖表水蒸发浓缩形成卤水,上部卤水比重不断增加,并沿张性断裂逐渐向下部或深部流动、渗透,形成了卤水的对流;由于罗布泊地堑式断陷带长达30～50 km,向下延长深度可达1 000 m,这些都说明罗布泊断陷带内可以形成和储集一定规模的富钾卤水,它们应该成为今后罗布泊盐湖钾盐资源扩大找矿的新空间。     

新疆罗布泊盐湖氢氧锶硫同位素地球化学及钾矿成矿物质来源

罗布泊罗北凹地第四系上部盐层中蕴藏丰富的卤水,卤水中则富含钾（ＫＣｌ平均品位为１．４０％）。文章通过对罗布泊卤水氢、氧、锶及硫同位素等分析及与塔里木盆地（河流）、柴达木盆地等地区对比研究,确定了罗布泊富钾卤水源于地表水,可能主要是塔里木盆地南北缘河流水;卤水中的硫钾等物质组分主要来源于南天山、塔里木盆地西北、西南部中新生代石膏钙芒硝石盐矿床或地层及其古代地层卤水。由于第四纪期间塔里木盆地西部抬升。     

1976-2017年青藏高原可可西里盐湖面积动态变化及成因分析

青藏高原湖泊是全球气候变化的敏感指示器。近56年来,可可西里地区气候呈显著暖湿化趋势,其中气温上升速率为0.33℃·（10a）^-1（R=0.746,P<0.01）,降水增加速率为23.4mm·（10a）^-1（R=0.422,P<0.01）。近40年来,盐湖面积总体呈增大趋势,其中,1976-2011年溃堤前盐湖面积以1.63 km²·a^-1的速率扩大,溃堤后以8.51 km²·a^-1的速率持续扩大。总体来看,近40多年来,盐湖面积先后经历了缓慢增大（1976-2011年）→急剧增大（2012-2013年）→稳定增大（2014-2017年）三个阶段。盐湖面积前期缓慢扩大的主要原因是可可西里地区气候暖湿化的结果,而后期面积急剧扩大的主要原因是因为2011年9月15日盐湖上游的卓乃湖溃堤,导致下游的3个湖泊（库赛湖、海丁诺尔湖和盐湖）串连成一体;冰川和冻土融水可能是引起可可西里盐湖面积扩张的原因,但并非主要原因。后期盐湖面积还将呈稳定增大趋势。盐湖面积扩大导致盐湖湖水淡化,周边草地受到淹没破坏的面积不断扩大,这种变化不仅对其周边草地生态环境产生破坏,还可能对可可西里周边重大工程设施产生不利影响。鉴于盐湖面积今后还将持续增大,并对其周边重大工程设施产生不利影响。因此,应用多源卫星资料对盐湖进行长期持续的跟踪观测仍将是相关政府部门关注的重点。     

西藏扎布耶碳酸盐型盐湖卤水相化学研究

中国盐湖资源丰富,且水化学类型齐全。西藏扎布耶盐湖位于西藏高原腹地,该湖卤水水化学类型为碳酸盐型,已处于盐湖演化晚期,是一个固液共存的盐湖矿床,具有很好的工业开发价值。笔者分别在15℃、25℃下对该卤水进行了等温蒸发实验,研究了在此两个温度下卤水中各元素富集行为和盐类矿物析出规律。并通过讨论其与国内外碳酸盐型和硫酸盐型锂盐湖的卤水蒸发路径和矿物析出异同,指出扎布耶盐湖具有其独特的卤水蒸发析盐路径。在本实验中低温有利于卤水中锂的富集,而高温有利于硼的富集,碳酸锂和钾盐交叉析出,低温时钾的矿物主要为钾石盐,高温时主要为钾芒硝,高温有利于获得高品位的碳酸锂混盐。     

干盐湖区隐伏控卤构造遥感识别研究——以马海盐湖为例

马海盐湖是柴达木盆地一个重要的成钾盐湖,本研究对该盐湖区隐伏控卤构造开展遥感识别研究,利用LANDSAT光学遥感数据和PALSAR雷达遥感数据,采用了光学遥感假彩色合成影像解译和雷达遥感数据干涉分析,解译了研究区的构造,识别出研究区一级构造三条,二级的构造若干条.并通过在干盐湖区遥感构造识别及构造应力分析,判定了2条一级压性构造和1条一级张性构造,对解译的构造进行野外查证,压性构造和张性构造野外特征明显,同时受构造几何形态影响,同一断裂不同部位断裂性质会发生变化,张性应力的位置除与构造性质有关外,也与构造几何特征有关,并进行了野外查证.本次研究结合已知卤水矿和浅表给水度和含钾率的分析,最终圈定出两个具有潜力的遥感预测靶区.     

罗布泊罗北凹地矿区卤水开采工艺及工程布置探讨

罗布泊罗北凹地卤水开采工艺及工程布置构想为:在现有的条件下开采埋深在90m以上的四层卤水;选择井采;在渗透系数小、含卤层较薄的区域各采卤点采用单井小流量,而在渗透性能好、补给条件相对好的采卤点采用大流量两井或三井进行采卤方式。罗北凹地实行大规模井采已近一年时间,已启用50眼采卤井,目前工作正常,经全面水位观测,区内水位降落漏斗呈椭圆状且水位呈整体均衡下降趋势,与数值模拟结果近似,符合总体要求。     

Magnetostratigraphy and ~(230)Th dating of a drill core from the southeastern Qaidam Basin:Salt lake evolution and tectonic implications

The Qarhan Salt Lake area is the Quaternary depocenter of the Qaidam Basin, and carries thick lacustrine sediments, as well as rich potassium and magnesium salt deposits. The abundant resources and thick sediments in this lake provide an ideal place for the study of biogas formation and preservation, salt lake evolution, and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we attempt to construct a paleomagnetic and ~(230)Th age model and to obtain information on tectonic activity and salt lake evolution through detailed studies on a 1300-m-long drill core(15DZK01) from the northwestern margin of the Qarhan Salt Lake area(Dongling Lake). Based on gypsum ~(230)Th dating, the age of the uppermost clastic deposit was calculated to be around 0.052 Ma. The polarity sequence consist of 13 pairs of normal and reversed zones,which can be correlated with subchrons C2r.1r-C1n of the geomagnetic polarity timescale(GPTS 2012)(from ~2.070 Ma to ~0.052 Ma). Sedimentary characteristics indicate that Dongling Lake witnessed freshwater environment between ~ 2.070 Ma and 1.546 Ma. During this period, the sedimentary record reflects primarily lakeshore, shallow-water and swamp environments, representing favourable conditions for the formation of hydrocarbon source rocks. Between 1.546 Ma and ~ 0.052 Ma, the Dongling Lake was in sulphate deposition stage, which contrasts with the central Qarhan Salt Lake area, where this stage did not occur in the meantime. During this stage, Dongling Lake was in a shallow saltwater lake environment, but several periods of reduced salinity occurred during this stage. During the late Pleistocene at ~0.052 Ma, the Dongling Lake experienced uplift due to tectonic activity, and saltwater migrated through the Sanhu Fault to the central Qarhan Salt Lake area, resulting in the absence of halite deposition stage. The residual saline water was concentrated into magnesium-rich brine due to the lack of freshwater, and few potassium salt deposits occur in the Dongling Lake area.     

再论察尔汗盐湖矿床的构造演化

柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖的成盐建造可分为:浅部构造层(Q₂—Q₄);中部构造层(R—Q₁);深部构造层(K以前)。其成盐作用可分为:泛湖阶段(Q₁);盐渍阶段(Q₂);盐沼阶段(Q₃);干盐湖阶段(Q₄)。从地层建造、变形特征、继承关系、富盐程度讨论了构造层次的生成关系。由成盐物质侧向补给的盐筛效应、垂向补给的构造膜效应讨论了构造的成盐规律,并确立了盐湖不完全对称地堑式的沉积模式。     

新疆乌勇布拉克盐湖的形成及硝酸钾矿床特征

详细论述乌勇布拉克盐湖的沉积的全过程,并将其划分成3个阶段,每阶段沉积物都有自己的特点,但总体趋势是由机械沉积过渡到化学沉积,通过蒸发试验和“干盐湖”理论进一步确定钾硝石矿产牛在当代干盐湖向沙下湖转化阶段．乌勇布拉克盐湖固相、液相KNO3矿体特征具有代表性,对其他盐湖钾盐找矿有指导意义．     

Numerical Modelling of Dissolving and Driving Exploitation of Potash Salt in the Qarhan Playa ? A Coupled Model of Reactive Solute Transport and Chemical Equilibrium in a Multi-component Underground Brine System

Firstly, the macroscopic chemical equilibrium state of a series of chemical reactions between intercrystal brine and its media salt layer （salt deposit） in Qarhan Salt Lake was studied by using the Pitzer theory. The concept of macroscopic solubility product and its relation with accumulated ore dissolving ratio were presented, which are used in the numerical model of dissolving and driving exploitation of potassium salt in Qarhan Salt Lake. And secondly, with a model forming idea of transport model for reacting solutes in the multi-component fresh groundwater system in porous media being a reference, a two-dimensional transport model coupled with a series of chemical reactions in a multi-component brine porous system （salt deposits） was developed by using the Pitzer theory. Meanwhile, the model was applied to model potassium/magnesium transport in Qarhan Salt Lake in order to study the transfer law of solid and liquid phases in the dissolving and driving process and to design the optimal injection/abstraction strategy for dissolving and capturing maximum Potassium/ Magnesium in the mining of salt deposits in Qarhan Salt Lake.     

Numerical Modelling of Dissolving and Driving Exploitation of Potash Salt in the Qarhan Piaya——A Coupled Model of Reactive Solute Transport and Chemical Equilibrium in a Multi-component Underground Brine System

Firstly,the macroscopic chemical equilibrium state of a series of chemical reactions between intercrystal brine and its media salt layer (salt deposit) in Qarhan Salt Lake was studied by using the Pitzer theory.The concept of macroscopic solubility product and its relation with accumulated ore dissolving ratio were presented,which are used in the numerical model of dissolving and driving exploitation of potassium salt in Qarhan Salt Lake.And secondly,with a model forming idea of transport model for reacting solutes in the multi-component fresh groundwater system in porous media being a reference,a two-dimensional transport model coupled with a series of chemical reactions in a multi-component brine porous system (salt deposits) was developed by using the Pitzer theory. Meanwhile,the model was applied to model potassium/magnesium transport in Qarban Salt Lake in order to study the transfer law of solid and liquid phases in the dissolving and driving process and to design the optimal injection/abstraction strategy for dissolving and capturing maximum Potassium/ Magnesium in the mining of salt deposits in Qarban Salt Lake.     

Numerical Modelling of Dissolving and Driving Exploitation of Potash Salt in the Qarhan Playa——A Coupled Model of Reactive olute Transport and Chemical Equilibrium in a Multi-component Underground Brine System

Firstly, the macroscopic chemical equilibrium state of a series of chemical reactions between intercrystal brine and its media salt layer (salt deposit) in Qarhan Salt Lake was studied by using the Pitzer theory. The concept of macroscopic solubility product and its relation with accumulated ore dissolving ratio were presented, which are used in the numerical model of dissolving and driving exploitation of potassium salt in Qarhan Salt Lake. And secondly, with a model forming idea oftransport model for reacting solutes in the multi-component fresh groundwater system in porous media being a reference, a two-dimensional transport model coupled with a series of chemical reactions in a multi-component brine porous system (salt deposits) was developed by using the Pitzer theory.Meanwhile, the model was applied to model potassium/magnesium transport in Qarhan Salt Lake in order to study the transfer law of solid and liquid phases in the dissolving and driving process and to design the optimal injection/abstraction strategy for dissolving and capturing maximum Potassium/Magnesium in the mining of salt deposits in Qarhan Salt Lake.