干旱内陆灌区土壤水盐模型

研究干旱内陆区土壤水分运移规律以及土壤盐分运移规律,有助于合理利用水资源,减少潜水无效蒸发,防止土壤盐碱化。根据水量平衡和盐量平衡原理,建立了土壤水盐模型,计算土壤水盐迁移量,并对干旱内陆区土壤水盐运移规律做了初步研究。     

土壤水分与溶质运移机制的分形理论研究进展

土壤中水分和溶质运移一直是土壤-水环境系统中的研究热点,也是目前仍未得到很好解决的问题.将分形理论应用于土壤水分溶质运移机制的研究,探讨其领域中的众多复杂问题,是一种全新的思路和方法.在对土壤结构定量化的分形表征进行简要阐述的基础上,重点介绍了分形理论在水分特征曲线和水力传导度等土壤水分运动基本参数的分形模型、土壤水分运移过程模拟、土壤溶质运移的非费克现象、弥散度的尺度效应以及溶质运移机制研究方面所取得的一系列成果,并就分形理论今后在土壤水分、溶质运移研究中的应用作了展望.     

含盐冻土物理力学性质研究现状与进展

综述和评价了含盐冻土物理力学性质研究的文献和进展,包括冻融过程中水盐迁移机理、冻胀机理、盐渍冻土物理力学参数和冻融循环对含盐土力学性质影响等方面的研究,总结归纳了含盐土研究的主要结论和目前存在的问题,在此基础上提出了冻融过程中含盐冻土物理力学性质研究的重点,如水盐迁移、冻胀-盐胀机理和盐渍化冻土结构性等. 鉴于对含盐土研究中所存在的问题,今后应从以下方面着手深入研究：将室外试验纳入到含盐土物理力学性质的研究中,对含盐土研究中试验样品尽量以原状土代替,以野外试验研究补充完善室内试验;应用定量研究含盐土的微观结构和孔隙特征来描述土体的宏观物理力学性质,通过不同试验方法结合寻求更加适合土壤微结构图像处理的新方法;对仪器设备改进,采取合理有效的方法加强盐渍化冻土水盐运移参数试验.     

内陆盆地的盐分布与平衡分析研究

在总结已有研究成果和系统分析水文、土壤、灌溉、水盐监测资料的基础上,应用系统分析方法、水盐运移理论和水盐平衡原理,通过对盆地、流域、灌区、农田和土壤剖面等不同层次盐分分布与盐平衡分析计算,分析了内陆盆地不同层次的“干排盐”形成与特征,认为干排盐是必不可少的,必须系统地考虑不同层次干排盐出路与动力条件,才能有效地治理灌区盐渍化问题。     

天津滨海地区土壤剖面盐渍化特征及其影响因素

土壤盐渍化是由自然或人类活动引起的一种环境风险,对工农业生产具有重要影响。本次研究在天津滨海地区布置了6条具有代表性的土壤盐渍化剖面,选取其中4个剖面进行了为期两年的按月采样监测。研究发现,除了BHY6土壤剖面由于长年耕种,表现为平衡型土壤剖面形态之外,其余基本表现为底聚型土壤盐渍化剖面形态;从剖面中下部直到底部浅层地下水位附近,土壤中阳离子以Na+为主,阴离子以Cl-或Cl-+HCO-3为主,尤其在浅层地下水矿化度显著偏高(达盐水程度)的地区,土壤中Na+、Cl-所占比例具有绝对优势,具有滨海盐土的基本发生特征;气候因素、浅层地下水矿化度及埋深、表层土壤植被都是滨海地区土壤盐渍化的重要影响因素。表层土壤表现出春季积盐、夏季脱盐、秋冬季缓慢积盐的特征,浅层地下水矿化度越高、埋深越浅,其土壤剖面含盐量越高;果林地和长期耕种的土地可以降低土壤盐分的活性,有效抑制盐分的累积,降低滨海地区土壤盐渍化程度,保护和改良土壤。     

粘性土壤溶质运移新模型的应用

将Moldrup等提出的模拟水流和溶质运移的运动平均斜率模型和运动浓度斜率模型联合,模拟了重粘土在入渗和蒸发条件下的水盐动态并与特征-有限差分数值模型的计算结果进行了比较。在模拟过程中新模型显示出更加高效的优点,这对粘性土壤地区盐渍化趋势的长期预报具有重要的实际意义。     

干旱半干旱区土壤含盐量和电导率高光谱估算

以新疆南疆地区渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲不同盐渍化程度的土壤为研究对象, 将土壤样品的含盐量与电导率数据和使用ASD FieldSpec Pro FR光谱仪测得土壤样品高光谱数据作为本研究原始数据. 首先, 对原始土壤光谱反射率曲线进行Savitzky-Golay滤波以消除光谱曲线噪声可能引起的误差, 对得到的光谱曲线进行对数、 倒数等15种光谱变换; 其次, 对土壤样品含盐量与电导率关系进行分析, 并通过两者与土壤光谱反射率不同光谱变换形式的相关性比较分析, 遴选出一阶微分、 对数倒数一阶微分、 连续统去除和连续统去除一阶微分四种相关性较好的变换形式; 最后, 以此变换形式对含盐量和电导率进行建模, 并对二者进行了高光谱估算精度的比较. 结果表明: 渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲的含盐量与电导率的相关性较高, 达到0.9975; 电导率与四种不同光谱变换形式之间的相关性要优于含盐量, 特别在一些土壤盐渍化的敏感波段尤为突出; 无论是含盐量还是电导率, 多元逐步回归模型均优于一元线性模型, 且以电导率建立的两种回归模型的决定系数均高于含盐量. 研究表明, 土壤电导率对高光谱信息的反应比含盐量更敏感, 同时, 以电导率建模的估算精度比含盐量更高. 因此, 以电导率替代含盐量进行土壤盐渍化高光谱估算研究是一种精度更高、 速度更快的方法, 可为提高土壤盐渍化高光谱估算提供理论依据.     

土壤在冻融过程中水－热－盐耦合运移数学模型之初探

在土壤溶液冻结温度与其含量和溶盐离子组成的关系约束下，土壤中水分、热流和溶盐运移的基本方程、初始条件和边界条件构成了土壤在冻融过程中水－热－盐耦合运移的数学模型。随着专项研究的深入，模型尚需进一步修正与完善。     

电磁感应仪EM38用于土壤盐渍剖面分类与评价研究

结合电磁感应仪EM38测量与田间采样,文章分析了黄河三角洲典型区域土壤电导率的剖面分布特征,建立了磁感式表观电导率与土壤电导率间的(多元)回归解译模型,探讨了不同分类方法对土壤盐渍剖面分类结果的准确性,并对典型盐渍剖面类型进行了评价。结果表明:研究区土壤盐分具有较强的表聚性与变异强度;土壤电导率与磁感表观电导率EMh、EMv间呈极显著的相关关系,EMh对浅层土壤电导率的解译精度较高,而EMv对深层土壤电导率的解译精度较高;EMv/EMh法和理论函数法对土壤盐渍剖面的分类结果均具有较高的精度,且理论函数法分类结果的准确性明显优于EMv/EMh法;研究区土壤盐渍剖面可划分为表聚型、底聚型与均匀型,在数量上以表聚型及底聚型为主,其中表聚型与均匀型属于积盐型剖面,底聚型属于脱盐型剖面。该结果对研究黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化的发生、机理、预测与评估该地区土壤盐渍化的发生、发展具有重要意义。     

吉林省松嫩平原土壤盐渍化过程中的地下水作用

吉林省松嫩平原从补给区到排泄区，地下水盐度逐渐增高，土壤盐渍化程度逐渐加重。作者采用3个模型(区域地下水流系统模型、风化—溶滤模型和蒸发—沉积模型)来模拟盐渍化的发生发展过程，这些模型与区内的地下水运移、土壤岩石的风化和沉积地质过程相一致，其中地下水是盐的迁移、聚积和排泄的主要地质载体。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。