振冲挤密法加固砂类土地基在海岸工程中的应用

为了有效控制软土地基上海岸建筑物的工后沉降和不均匀沉降，各种软基处理方法在海岸工程建设中得到了越来越广泛的应用。结合海岸工程软土地基处理实例，对振冲挤密法的地基加固机理、加固砂类土地基时的设计参数、施工及加固后地基的检测等进行了探讨，结果表明，振冲挤密处理砂类土地基是行之有效的，并对今后的施工和设计提出了一些参考性建议。     

青岛港液体化工码头区软基处理方法的对比分析研究

使用层次分析法,对青岛港港池浚深挖泥吹填形成的液体化工码头的软基处理方法进行优选。结合土质特点等因素,分区进行不同工艺的分析,建议真空预压法和强夯法进行地基处理。两种方法的地基处理资料对比表明,真空预压法为首选处理工艺。     

真空预压处理港口吹填区软土地基的应用研究

根据工程地质实际情况设计施工工艺,把握施工技术的要点,确保密封系统的密封效果,减少膜下真空度的损失,是应用真空预压技术处理港口吹填区大面积软土地基的关键。结合威海港威海湾港区新港作业区的工程实例,对应用真空预压技术进行港口吹填区大面积软土地基处理的施工工艺、技术要点等做了详细论述,并实时监测了真空预压过程中膜下真空压力、孔隙水压力、表层沉降及分层沉降等的变化,掌握其发展规律,用于判断真空预压技术处理软土地基处理的效果。通过对各项监测数据的对比分析,得出了提高该技术处理软土地基效果的相应的结论,可供类似工程参考借鉴。     

青岛保税区地基强夯处理研究

通过青岛保税区地基强夯试验，观测分析了区内海相沉积含砂淤泥质土在夯击能量作用下垂向及水平方向的变形及孔隙水压力产生、消散规律，对区内软土地基可夯性进行评价分析。试验结果对沿海地区淤泥质土加固处理具一定的借鉴意义     

不同软基处理方法适用性比较

总结分析了国内外现有的软土地基处理的各种方法。通过对采用不同方法进行软基处理的工程实例处理效果的定量对比，发现不同软基处理方法的适用性差异很大，多数工程中仅用一种方法很难达到设计要求，而两种或多种方法联合则可望取得更好的效果。     

真空预压联合碎石桩加固港口吹填堆场地基的试验研究

在港口工程建设中,快速加固超软弱的吹填地基,采用真空预压法是一个经济有效的方法,再联合以碎石桩加固则能进一步提高地基的承载力、减少地基工后沉降.通过真空预压联合碎石桩加固地基的现场试验以及观测资料的分析,得出真空预压联合碎石桩加固后地基的承载力特征值由原天然地基的60 kPa左右提高到220 kPa,计算结果表明打碎石桩后的地基变形模量Esp与真空预压后的Ea相比提高了1倍,联合碎石桩加固后的地基沉降量比仅经过真空预压的地基减少1/3.     

强夯法加固港口粘性土吹填地基的试验研究

对某港口5个强夯夯击小区的试验结果表明,经强夯法加固后,粘性土吹填地基的力学性质有明显提高。采用250~300 t.m的夯击能、5.6~8点/100 m2的夯点布置和回填土垫层厚度控制在1.2 m内的地基加固方案,能够满足地基承载力150 kPa和工后残余沉降小于30 cm的应力和变形要求。     

大型油罐软土地基现场试验与数值分析

以阿尔及利亚储罐软基处理工程为背景,介绍了振冲碎石桩与充水预压加固软土地基的现场试验,通过对储罐地基充水预压期间所作的实测资料进行分析,论述了该项技术加固油罐地基的效果,探讨了地基沉降、环墙内侧土压力、孔隙水压力等的变化发展规律;针对油罐外深层的增量位移,利用轴对称有限元方法进行数值模拟和分析,辅助分析了地基变形。分析结果表明:振冲碎石桩与充水预压联合加固处理软弱地基是合理可行的,该油罐平面倾斜、非平面倾斜满足规范的地基变形允许值,有限元数值模拟可以应用于辅助分析地基变形。     

软弱地基码头的快速建造方法

文中介绍了软基快速建造码头的方法与技术。在含水量高、孔隙比大、渗透系数小、埋藏深厚、承载力与抗剪强度低、灵敏度高的软弱地基上,采用软基快速筑堤方法和鲎式硬壳堤坝技术,22 d时间完成码头建造,投入使用1 a多时间,一直未出现裂缝等问题。     

港口疏浚泥在海涂围垦工程中资源化利用研究

针对巴艚渔港和华润浙江苍南发电厂工程产生的大量疏浚量,提出疏浚量在江南海涂围垦工程资源化利用方案.通过对巴艚渔港工程地质条件和粒度成分分析,并进行疏浚泥落淤试验,提出了疏浚泥吹填软基真空预压联合堆载加固实施方案,并利用有限元技术对真空预压联合堆载处理软基进行沉降计算,结果表明:本工程疏浚泥可以在海涂围垦工程中资源化利用...     

The Gulf of California: Review of ecosystem status and sustainability challenges

The Gulf of California is unique because of its geographical location and conformation. It hosts diverse ecosystems and important fisheries that support industry and provide livelihood to coastal settlements. It is also the site of interests and problems, and an intense interaction among managers, producers, and conservationists. In this report, we scrutinize the abiotic (hydrography, climate, ocean circulation, and chemistry) and biotic (phyto- and zooplankton, fish, invertebrates, marine mammals, birds, and turtles) components of the marine ecosystem, and some particular aspects of climate variability, endemisms, harmful algal blooms, oxygen minimum layer, and pollution. We also review the current conditions and conflicts around the main fisheries (shrimp, small and large pelagic fishes, squid, artisanal and sportfishing), the most important human activity in the Gulf of California. We cover some aspects of management and conservation of fisheries, especially the claimed overexploitation of fish resources and the ecosystems, and review proposals for creating networks of marine protected areas. We conclude by identifying main needs for information and research, particularly the integration of data bases, the implementation of models and paleoreconstructions, establishment of monitoring programs, and the evaluation of fishing impacts and management actions.     

海水养殖池沉积物中重金属形态和生物酶活性的关系研究

以连云港市对虾养殖池表层沉积物为研究对象,采用Tessier连续萃取法,研究了表层沉积物中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Mn)的赋存形态和酶(脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶)活性的相关性。结果表明,重金属Cu和Zn以有机-硫化物结合态为主要的赋存形态,Pb以铁锰氧化物态为主要的赋存形态,Cd以可交换态(平均33.47%)和碳酸盐结合态(平均31.16%)为主要存在形态,Cr和As主要以残渣态存在,Mn的铁锰氧化物态比例最高。脲酶的活性范围为0.45—8.96mg/(g·24h),碱性磷酸酶活性范围为2.45—6.69mg/(g·24h),过氧化氢酶活性范围为0.14—2.36m L/(g·min),转化酶活性范围为0.45—10.45mg/(g·24h)。脲酶活性与Cd、As的可交换态、Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cu、As的铁锰氧化物态、Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn的有机硫化物态之间显著相关;碱性磷酸酶活性与Zn、Cd的铁锰氧化物态显著相关;过氧化氢酶活性与Cd的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态及残渣态、Cu、Cd、As的铁锰氧化物态、Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn的有机硫结合态之间显著相关;转化酶活性与Cu、Cd、As的可交换态、Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cu、Cd、As的铁锰氧化物态、Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn的有机硫化物态、Cd、As的残渣态之间显著相关。酶活性可以用来指示海水养殖池沉积物中重金属的形态转化过程。     

Limits and barriers to adaptation to climate variability and change in Bangladeshi coastal fishing communities

Limits and barriers to adaptation restrict people’s ability to address the negative impacts of climate change or manage risks in a way that maximises their wellbeing. There is a lack of evidence of this on small-scale fishing communities in developing countries. This study identifies and characterises limits and barriers to adaptation of fishing activities to cyclones and examines interactions between them in two fishing communities in Bangladesh, using household questionnaires, oral history interviews, vulnerability matrices and focus group discussions. The limits include physical characteristics of climate and sea like higher frequency and duration of cyclones, and hidden sandbars. Barriers include technologically poor boats, inaccurate weather forecast, poor radio signal, lack of access to credit, low incomes, underestimation of cyclone occurrence, coercion of fishermen by the boat owners and captains, lack of education, skills and livelihood alternatives, unfavourable credit schemes, lack of enforcement of fishing regulations and maritime laws, and lack of access to fish markets. These local and wider scale factors interact in complex ways and constrain completion of fishing trips, coping with cyclones at sea, safe return of boats from sea, timely responses to cyclones and livelihood diversification. The findings indicate a need for further detailed research into the determinants and implications of such limits and barriers, in order to move towards an improved characterisation of adaptation and to identify most suitable means to overcome the limits and barriers.     

管角螺消化系统的组织学研究

本研究采用解剖学及组织学方法对管角螺消化系统的结构进行了系统分析．结果表明,管角螺的消化系统由消化道和消化腺两大部分组成．消化道包含吻、食道、嗉囊、胃、肠、直肠及肛门;消化腺由唾液腺、肝及食道腺组成,其中肝为最大消化腺．唾液腺细胞分为粘液细胞和分泌细胞;食道腺细胞由排泄细胞和杯状细胞组成．在光学显微镜下,消化道的管壁由外向内依次为：外膜、肌层、粘膜下层和粘膜层4层;唾液腺、肝及食道腺均为复管状腺．管角螺的肝由肝被膜和许多盲管（肝小管）组成,肝管的组织结构与消化道基本相同,内有单层纤毛柱状上皮,可观察到肌层和管腔。     

Physical,biological, geochemical and sedimentological controls on the ichnology of submarine canyon and slope channel systems

Sediments of the continental slope are commonly bioturbated by endo- and epibenthic organisms, particularly in and around submarine canyons and channels. This study reviews the architecture and depositional environments associated with canyons and channels on the continental slope, and assesses the key physical and chemical conditions encountered in and around these conduits. Hydrodynamic energy, concentration and quality of organic carbon, dissolved oxygen concentration and sedimentation rate are identified as key controls on the composition of benthic ecosystems in slope environments. Submarine canyons and channels focus a variety of turbid and clear-water currents, all of which serve to increase the concentration of oxygen, labile organic carbon and other nutrients, which tend to elevate the abundance and biodiversity in the seafloor sediments, compared with those of the surrounding slope. Ancient slope channel and canyon systems reflect some of the variation in ichnological assemblages that is seen in modern analogues, although processes of erosion and trace fossil preservation mean that the benthic environment is often incompletely preserved in the ancient record. By integrating current understanding of sedimentology, oceanography, biology and ichnology of slope environments it is possible to provide a first order summary of the inter-relationships between ichnology and depositional environments on the continental slope. The combination of these data has the potential to improve our understanding of changes in deep marine benthic ecosystems through geological time, and to further the use of ichnology in assessing hydrocarbon reservoir presence, quality and performance from bioturbated slope, canyon and channel-levee hydrocarbon reservoirs.     

中国海带养殖现状与发展趋势

中国海带养殖规模与养殖产量均世界首位,并形成了一个集育苗、养殖、食品加工、藻类化工与生物制品开发于一体的链式产业,有关工作为我国海水养殖业的发展奠定了重要的理论、技术与实践基础.在国家高度重视资源与环境协调发展和渔业经济结构调整的深刻背景下,高新技术的研究与应用将是保障海带养殖产业优质、健康和高效发展的关键.     

Assessment of Impact on Seafloor Features in INDEX Area

Observations on seafloor features from subbottom profiling and seabed photography data show that the undisturbed and natural conditions before the benthic disturbance undergo a substantial change after operation of the disturber. The effects can be seen in the form of deep trenches and grooves, formed by the action of the sleds and the pumping of the sediment along its path, as well as sediment piles on either side of the track. Biological traces such as fecal coils, casts, tubes, burrows, and trails get obliterated in the areas of disturbance and resedimentation. The smooth, uniform nature of the seafloor observed in predisturbance phase shows microtopographic changes in and around the disturbed area as a result of sediment excavation and resettlement. Vertical mixing as well as lateral transport of sediment alter the geological, biological, physical, and chemical conditions on the seafloor, which need to be monitored over time to assess the process and the time taken for restoration of environmental conditions.     

海洋样品中~(231)Pa和U,Th同位素的联合分离测定

本文结合已报道的U,Th分离方法和~(231)Pa分离条件建立了Th-Pa-U联合分离流程和测试技术,并用以分离测定一个锰结核和一个深海沉积物样品中的~(231)Pa,U和Th同位素含量的深度分布。用~(231)pa_(ex),~(230)Th_(ex)和~(230)Th_(ex)/~(232)Th法分别计算该锰结核的生长速率为1.5,0.9和1.5mm/Ma。U,Th和~(231)Pa的化学回收率(％)分别为40—80,80—92和60—86。     

人参醇提物及沉淀对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的：探讨人参醇提物及其沉淀对小鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法：利用环磷酰胺制备免疫低下小鼠模型,以人参水提物为对照,观察人参醇提物及其沉淀对小鼠肠道菌群的影响;肠道菌群数据采用Flash 1.2.11、Qiime 1.9.1、Mothur 1.30.2及PICRUSt 1.1.0等软件分析。结果：通过样本多样性指数分析,发现小鼠十二指肠、结肠、直肠所在部位肠道菌群结构差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。群落组成分析得知,小鼠肠道菌群差异较大的是Firmicutes(厚壁菌门),Bacteroides(拟杆菌门),Proteobacteria (变形菌门)与 Epsilonbacteraeota,Actinobacteria(放线菌门),Tenericutes(柔壁菌门)等。物种差异分析显示,免疫低下模型小鼠直肠部位的Epsilonbacteraeota数量显著增多(P=0.02),表明菌群失调;人参能调节肠道菌Epsilonbacteraeota失衡,其功效由大到小依次为人参水提物、醇提物及其沉淀。功能预测显示,肠道菌群结构改变,其对应的基因功能信息也改变,免疫低下模型小鼠直肠菌群结构与数量改变,引起RNA processing and modification, Chromatin structure and dynamics, Energy production and conversion 等方面基因改变。结论：免疫低下小鼠肠道菌群结构与功能改变,人参的不同提取物及其沉淀对小鼠肠道菌群有一定的影响。     

The early life history of fish in coastal waters of northern New Zealand: A review

Studies on the early life history of fish in New Zealand started during the 1950s off the Northland coast. Since then taxonomy, seasonality in abundance, and vertical and horizontal distribution patterns have been described as well as aspects at the level of individuals, such as age, growth, and condition. I discuss the findings and issues that have developed from these studies and illustrate three undescribed presettlement reef fish. Results indicate that different taxonomic groups typically have different vertical and horizontal distribution patterns as well as different temporal patterns of abundance. This implies that general models of how “larval fish” behave are unrealistic. As a result, the importance of physical and biological processes that may influence the distribution and survival of ichthyoplankton will vary among categories of fish (such as pelagic and reef fish) and taxonomic groups within these. Based on knowledge of the distribution pattern of some species, there is considerable scope for focusing future research on specific groups offish in terms of ontogenetic changes in morphology, sensory abilities, growth, diet, condition, interrelationships with other plankters, and, in the case of reef fish, onshore transport.