GPS技术在大气探测中的应用

介绍了GPS遥感大气水汽含量技术的类型、实时GPS遥感水汽技术的研究现状以及地基GPS大气探测的基本原理。提出了用非差精密单点定位模式进行实时GPS遥感水汽探测的基本构想和需要解决的关键问题,并对非差精密单点定位的主要误差源进行了简要分析和评述。     

GPS技术在大气探测中的应用

介绍了GPS遥感大气水汽含量技术的类型、实时GPS遥感水汽技术的研究现状以及地基GPS大气探测的基本原理.提出了用非差精密单点定位模式进行实时GPS遥感水汽探测的基本构想和需要解决的关键问题,并对非差精密单点定位的主要误差源进行了简要分析和评述.     

地基GPS反演大气水汽含量实践

随着地基GPS技术日益完善以及GPS在气象学中应用的不断深化,地基GPS探测技术已经成为一种有效的大气水汽探测手段,总结了地基GPS反演大气水汽含量的原理和方法,并通过实例分析了其误差产生的原因,验证了GPS反演大气水汽含量的可行性。     

地基GPS技术探测大气水汽含量的误差分析

随着GPS气象学研究的深入和发展，GPS遥感技术在气象学中的应用日益广泛。其中GPS遥感大气水汽含量的两类技术即地基GPS气象遥感技术和空基GPS气象遥感技术也已日益成熟。本文着重对地基GPS气象遥感技术探测大气水汽含量的基本原理和方法进行了详细阐述，在此基础上对其产生误差的主要因素从三方面即计算天顶静力学延迟的误差；GPS数据对总中性延迟的影响；从天顶湿延迟转换为综合水汽含量时的误差进行了分析。     

从GPS推算大气水汽的误差分析

讨论了从GPS观测数据推算大气水汽值的各种误差，分析了这些误差对大气水汽值的影响。     

MODIS水汽反演用于InSAR大气校正的理论研究

大气效应尤其是大气水汽的影响是InSAR干涉测量中主要的误差源和限制因素之一,因此高精度的InSAR应用迫切需要及时掌握大气水汽含量及其时空变化。本文深入分析了利用MODIS的水汽反演结果进行InSAR干涉测量大气校正的可行性,对MODIS近红外水汽反演结果与地基GPS水汽探测结果进行了比较和分析。同时根据GPS解算结果,利用实例讨论了基于地面气象参数的水汽延迟模拟的效果。     

InSAR大气水汽改正模型的比较应用研究

对基于GPS数据的大气水汽扰动模型(GPS topography-dependent turbulence model,GTTM)和GPS/MODIS集成的大气水汽改正模型进行了比较研究.试验证明,GTTM模型和GPS/MODIS集成模型的改正方法都可以大大降低大气水汽对InSAR测量地面形变量精度的影响.另外,当两种模型都用于改正InSAR观测值时,它们具有很强的互补性.     

利用GPS技术遥感哈尔滨地区大气可降水量的分析

利用2004年6月哈尔滨GPS跟踪站的观测资料和气象资料,对哈尔滨地区的大气综合水汽含量进行反演,根据反演结果得出GPS反演的水汽含量与实际降水以及地面气象元素的对应关系。并对利用GPS技术遥感大气综合水汽含量时应注意的事项提出建议。     

InSAR观测值大气改正方法的研究进展

介绍了国际上InSAR观测值大气改正方法最新的研究进展，应用实例证明了由于大气（尤其是水汽）的影响，传统的InSAR形变量的监测精度往往只能限制在cm级；而利用GPS数据，通过基于地形的GPS扰动模型（GTTM），大幅度削弱了大气对干涉影像的影响，并成功地探测出了美国洛杉矾地区明显的季节性地表形变，形变量精度可提高到5mm左右。通过与GPS／MODIS集成大气改正模型的结果的比较表明，GTTM和GPS／MODIS两种大气改正模型在削弱InSAR观测值大气水汽影响方面具有很强的互补性。     

基于MODIS与GPS的D-InSAR大气延迟改正量提取

受GPS站点密度的限制,利用GPS数据改正D-InSAR中大气延迟误差往往达不到很好的效果。为此,研究了GPS与MODIS联合实现大气延迟改正量提取方法,利用两期GPS观测数据及相应时间的MODIS数据分析GPS-PWV与MODIS-PWV的关系,进一步得到MODIS水汽的校正模型。经过GPS+MODIS算法改正后,大气延迟改正精度为3.618mm,满足形变测量的要求。实验结果表明:在大气状态变化缓慢时,利用GPS结合MODIS数据对D-InSAR大气延迟改正有一定的效果。     

The Role of Ground-Based GPS Meteorological Observations in Numerical Weather Prediction

For lack of sufficient observations, the definition of atmospheric moisture fields (including water vapor and clouds) remains a difficult problem whose solution is essential for improved weather forecasts. Moisture fields are under-observed in time and space, primarily because the distribution of water in the atmosphere is highly variable. Because water is important in weather and climate processes, a significant effort has been expended to develop new or improved remote sensing systems to mitigate this problem. One such system uses ground-based Global Positoning System (GPS) receivers to make accurate all-weather estimates of atmospheric refractivity at very low cost. This largely unanticipated application of GPS had led to a new and potentially significant upper-air observing system for meteorological agencies and researchers around the world (Wolfe & Gutman, 2000). The first and most mature use of GPS for this purpose is in the estimation of integrated (total column) precipitable water vapor above a fixed site (Duan et al., 1996, with improvements by Niell, 1996, and Fang et al., 1998). The techniques currently used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Forecast Systems Laboratory (NOAA/FSL) to collect, process, and distribute GPS water vapor observations are mature and almost ready for transition to operational use. NOAA/FSL has shown that GPS integrated water vapor data can be used effectively in objective (i. e., numerical weather prediction) and subjective weather forecasting. To understand the strengths and limitations of GPS for weather forecasting, it is essential to understant what types of information are currently available to forecasters and modelers, and how models use the data to describe the current and probable future state of the atmosphere. It is also important to understand the current trends in modern weather prediction to ensure that GPS observing system play a significant role in the future. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

GPS水汽在雾霾天气监测中的应用研究

雾霾天气的形成与天气条件密切相关。GPS技术作为一种新的水汽探测手段,能高时效、高时空分辨率、自动实时、全天候地获取空气中的水汽含量。首先统计分析了雾霾的形成原因与变化规律,然后从GPS水汽、雾霾指数与空气相对湿度等方面进行了定性的相关性分析。研究结果表明,GPS水汽与雾霾天气的形成存在一定的相关性,GPS水汽在一定程度上可用于雾霾天气的监测与预报,而且气象部门可依据GPS水汽含量开展人工增雨（雪）来减缓雾霾天气的持续影响,进而为改善空气质量提供科学依据。     

地基GPS技术遥感香港地区大气水汽含量

提出了分段多项式方法计算大气水汽含量,并结合无线电高空气象探测资料,分析并评估了地基ＧＰＳ遥感技术的精度。香港地区的可降水份计算结果表明,地基ＧＰＳ遥感技术的精度为１ ｍ ｍ ～２ ｍ ｍ     

Estimating the motion of atmospheric water vapor using the Global Positioning System

Water vapor is both an important component in the atmosphere for the transport of energy and a noise source for space geodetic observations of the Earth's surface, such as from GPS and interferometric SAR (InSAR) measurements. GPS data collected from ground receivers are sensitive to the total amount of water vapor above the antenna and data from continuously operating GPS receivers are routinely used to estimate delays caused by atmospheric water vapor. Using these time series of atmospheric delay, we have estimated the motion of atmospheric water vapor above GPS networks. The motion above each site is determined by comparing the time series from different sites and estimating relative time offsets in these time series. These are then used to determine the velocity field of the atmospheric delays as they move across the network. We have compared the results with similar estimates inferred from geostationary satellite data and found clear correlation on several occasions. Such results can be useful for improving the understanding of the energy transport in the atmosphere, the spatial interpolation of water vapor, and for calibrating InSAR observations for delays caused by water vapor. Electronic Publication     

Remote sensing of water vapor content using ground-based GPS data

Spatial and temporal resolution of water vapor content is useful in improving the accuracy of short-term weather prediction. Dense and continuously tracking regional GPS arrays will play an important role in remote sensing atmospheric water vapor content. In this study, a piecewise linear solution method was proposed to estimate the precipitable water vapor (PWV) content from ground-based GPS observations in Hong Kong. To evaluate the solution accuracy of the water vapor content sensed by GPS, the upper air sounding data (radiosonde) that are collected locally was used to calculate the precipitable water vapor during the same period. One-month results of PWV from both ground-based GPS sensing technique and radiosonde method are in agreement within 1–2 mm. This encouraging result will motivate the GPS meteorology application based on the establishment of a dense GPS array in Hong Kong.     

Remote sensing of water vapor content using ground-based GPS data

Spatial and temporal resolution of water vapor content is useful in improving the accuracy of short-term weather prediction.Dense and continuously tracking regional GPS arrays will play an important role in remote sensing atmospheric water vapor content.In this study,a piecewise linear solution method was proposed to estimate the precipitable water vapor (PWV) content from ground-based GPS observations in Hong Kong.To evaluate the solution accuracy of the water vapor content sensed by GPS,the upper air sounding data (radiosonde) that are collected locally was used to calculate the precipitable water vapor during the same period.One-month results of PWV from both ground-based GPS sensing technique and radiosonde method are in agreement within 1～2 mm.This encouraging result will motivate the GPS meteorology application based on the establishment of a dense GPS array in Hong Kong.     

4D GPS water vapor tomography: new parameterized approaches

Water vapor is a key variable in numerical weather prediction, as it plays an important role in atmospheric processes. Nonetheless, the distribution of water vapor in the atmosphere is observed with a coarse resolution in time and space compared to the resolution of numerical weather models. GPS water vapor tomography is one of the promising methods to improve the resolution of water vapor measurements. This paper presents new parameterized approaches for the determination of water vapor distribution in the troposphere by GPS. We present the methods and give first results validating the approaches. The parameterization of voxels (volumetric pixels) by trilinear and spline functions in ellipsoidal coordinates are introduced in this study. The evolution in time of the refractivity field is modeled by a Kalman filter with a temporal resolution of 30 s, which corresponds to the available GPS-data rate. The algorithms are tested with simulated and with real data from more than 40 permanent GPS receiver stations in Switzerland and adjoining regions covering alpine areas. The investigations show the potential of the new parameterized approaches to yield superior results compared to the non parametric classical one. The accuracy of the tomographic result is quantified by the inter-quartile range (IQR), which is decreased by 10–20% with the new approaches. Further, parameterized voxel solutions have a substantially smaller maximal error than the non parameterized ones. Simulations show a limited ability to resolve vertical structures above the top station of the network with GPS tomography.     

成都地区地基GPS观测网遥感大气可降水量的初步试验

利用首个成都地区地基GPS观测网2004年7～9月30s间隔的测量数据，通过Bernese GPS SoftwareV4．2解算出30min间隔的天顶总延迟量，结合自动气象站获得的气象资料计算出30min间隔的GPS遥感的大气可降水量。与根据气象探空站探测资料算出的可降水量进行统计对比，确定出本次GPS遥感可降水量试验的精度为3．09mm，两种可降水量时间序列呈现高度的一致性。同时验证了计算对流层加权平均温度的Bevis经验公式在成都地区的适用性。     

GPS反演大气综合水汽含量的影响因素分析

目前地基GPS遥感大气综合水汽含量的可行性已经被众多实验所验证,为进一步改善地基GPS遥感大气综合水汽含量的精度,本文对2004年6月哈尔滨GPS跟踪站的观测数据进行了解算,并结合探空资料计算的水汽结果对各项误差进行了分析。结果表明:广播星历不能用于高精度GPS水汽遥感;5cm的测站坐标误差将引起3mm的水汽误差,截止高度角的不同以及通用模型均会对水汽结果造成不同程度的影响。