浙江省海洋碳汇资源及潜力评估

在实现“双碳”目标背景下,研究浙江省海洋碳汇资源及潜力对于浙江省努力打造海洋碳汇交易“浙江样板”、抢占全国海洋碳汇交易战略“高地”具有重要意义。文章将浙江省海洋碳汇资源分为海水养殖碳汇与滨海湿地碳汇2个部分,分别测算当前碳汇能力和未来碳汇增长潜力。其中,海水养殖碳汇采用2010—2021年浙江省海水养殖贝藻类产量数据,基于《海洋碳汇经济价值核算方法》测算碳储量;滨海湿地碳汇采用碳密度与湿地面积乘积法测算碳储量。研究结果表明：目前贝藻类养殖碳汇是浙江省海洋碳汇的主体,而滨海湿地碳汇规模较小;贝藻类养殖碳汇近年来增长较为稳定,而滨海湿地碳汇拥有巨大的增长潜力;贝藻类养殖碳汇可以通过优化经营规模等方式提高养殖产量,滨海湿地碳汇可以通过增加红树林种植面积等方式提高碳储量,从而增强碳汇能力。     

气候变化背景下海南东寨港红树林生态系统的脆弱性评估

鉴于红树林生态系统对气候变化背景下海平面上升和极端台风事件有高度敏感性,应用1980—2018年的海洋大气观测资料和实地调查数据,分析了海口东寨港地区的海平面、温度和台风最大风速的变化特征,并基于IPCC气候变化综合风险的理论框架,构建了"暴露度-敏感性-适应性"的脆弱性评价指标体系和估算方法,评估了海平面上升和台风事件背景下东寨港红树林生态系统的脆弱性主要特征。结果显示:①东寨港红树林生态系统的致灾影响因子主要为该地区沿海海平面的快速上升,其上升速率可达4. 6 mm/a,远高于全球和中国沿海平均值;其次为1993年之前和2006年之后,在海口地区250 km范围内出现的热带气旋或台风事件;②东寨港红树林脆弱性指数的平均值为0. 31,属于中度脆弱等级,其中三江片区的红树林脆弱性相对最高,演丰片区最低。构建的评价指标体系可较好地反映出海平面快速上升和热带气旋或台风影响下红树林生态系统的脆弱性特征。     

印度尼西亚北苏拉威西红树林生态系统碳库研究

近年来的研究指出红树林在海岸带碳固定和碳储存方面发挥着重要的作用。尽管印度尼西亚的红树林面积在全球占很大的比重，对于该地区红树林的有机碳储量和土壤有机碳来源的认识仍有限。本研究调查了印度尼西亚北苏拉威西海洋型的Wori红树林中生态系统有机碳储量及其空间分布特征，以及土壤有机碳的来源，以期加深该地区红树林“蓝碳”功能的认识。研究结果显示，Wori红树林0-50cm深度土壤中有机碳储量为15.4 kg/m²，占生态系统碳储量的主要部分（65%）。红树植物生物量和生态系统碳储量分别为8.3 kg/m²和23.7 kg/m²。土壤有机碳储量在不同离岸距离的采样站位中未表现出显著的空间分布差异，而生物量碳储量则在外滩最高。¹³C稳定同位素分析结果表明红树林土壤中蓄积的有机碳主要来源于红树林有机质，而潮水中的悬浮有机质和红树林外缘的海草并不构成红树林土壤有机碳的重要来源，它们的贡献者都低于20%。研究结果进一步证实了热带地区海洋型红树林湿地在碳储存以及红树植物对碳固定方面的重要性。     

广东、广西和海南滨海湿地遥感制图与分析

滨海湿地是介于陆地生态系统和水生生态系统之间的特殊生态系统，是珍贵的湿地资源，具有重要的生态系统功能。掌握滨海湿地的分布状况对于我国滨海湿地自然资源的保护和管理意义重大。文章基于2018—2019年“哨兵2号”卫星10 m分辨率多光谱影像，完成广东、广西和海南滨海湿地的遥感制图；对岩石海岸、砂石海滩、淤泥质海滩、潮间盐水沼泽、红树林、河口水域、河口三角洲/沙洲/沙岛、海岸性咸水湖、海岸性淡水湖、浅海水域共10个亚类建立解译标志，通过目视解译，对滨海湿地进行分类和统计。研究结果显示：广东、广西和海南滨海湿地面积共计1 377 140 hm2，各地滨海湿地面积与岸线长度基本呈正相关，海岸线越长，滨海湿地面积越大，各地典型滨海湿地的类型也不相同。     

红树林生态修复固碳效果的主要影响因素分析

红树林是具有重要碳汇功能的生态系统,其保护和修复成为海洋领域应对气候变化的重要手段.适宜的生境条件是红树林生态修复成功与否的关键因素,而红树植物物种和种植措施等也决定了修复后生态系统结构和功能的发展.本研究综述了红树林生态修复固碳功能的特点,分析了生境条件、物种和种植措施等因素对红树林生态系统固碳效果的影响,以期为红树...     

中国红树林资源状况及其药用研究调查 Ⅱ.资源现状、保护与管理

对中国红树林物种组成、资源状况和分布特征进行了调查和评价.结果表明,中国红树林天然分布南界为海南三亚(18°12′N),北界为福建福鼎(27°20′N)(人工引种北界为浙江乐清28°25′N).中国红树林区系有红树植物20科26属37种.广东、广西和海南沿海是中国红树林的主要分布地区.近50 年来,红树林面积先是锐减(1950年,48 266 hm2;1997年,14 877 hm2),2000年后略有回升(2002年,22 024.9 hm2;2008年,23 081.5 hm2).合理评估红树林湿地生态效价,完善红树林保护区制度,推进红树林湿地生态修复工程,构建红树林湿地保护网络系统,是中国红树林资源保护性开发利用的可行对策.     

土地利用变化对盐城滨海湿地土壤有机碳库的影响

以盐城滨海湿地为例,基于遥感影像提取土地利用变化信息,估算了1987-2007年盐城滨海湿地表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳储存量和滨海湿地土壤固碳能力现状。结果表明:表层土壤有机碳储量1992年较1987年略有增长,1992~2002年间下降33.3%,2002~2007年间增加30.5%。自然湿地面积减少是湿地土壤有机碳储量减少的主要原因,而互花米草入侵和围垦造田造成了湿地土壤有机碳储量增加。农田、芦苇滩、碱蓬滩、互花米草滩和光滩有机碳埋藏速率分别为12.90、0.30、0.80、2.92和1.68×104 t/a。滩涂围垦造田在短期内有利于滨海湿地土壤有机碳储量增加,但淤泥质滨海湿地生态系统在淤长过程中的自然演替过程,能使整个湿地具有更高、更持久的固碳能力。本研究建议合理控制围垦速率,才能在获取经济社会利益最大化的同时,保证湿地土壤有机碳储量持续增加。     

滨海蓝碳碳汇项目开发现状及推动我国蓝碳碳汇项目开发的建议

市场机制是实现蓝碳及蓝碳生态系统价值的有效途径,对于发挥蓝碳生态系统在应对气候变化方面的作用具有积极意义。本文梳理了当前碳市场中蓝碳碳汇项目的发展机遇和项目开发的现状,并就我国蓝碳碳汇项目开发面临的问题进行分析并提出建议,以期为推进蓝碳碳汇项目开发和市场发展提供科学参考。当前,清洁发展机制（Clean Development Mechanism, CDM）和核证碳标准（Verified Carbon Standard, VCS）都已开发了蓝碳碳汇项目或可用于蓝碳碳汇项目的方法学,并开发了多个CDM、VCS和Plan Vivo Standard认证的红树林碳汇项目。我国已成功开发并交易了首个蓝碳碳汇项目“湛江红树林造林项目”,并且将继续推动蓝碳碳汇项目的开发和交易市场的发展。但我国在碳汇项目开发上存在项目规模小、证明项目额外性时具有一定的不确定性、蓝碳资源管理机构作为碳减排量所有者和交易主体自主支配碳汇收益受到限制等不利因素。对此,建议可通过加强营造蓝碳碳汇项目开发的良好环境,充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用以及政府的引导作用,吸引社会资本参与生态保护修复,鼓励社会资金投资或购买项目生产的效益,拓宽蓝碳生态系统保护修复资金渠道等措施,推进我国蓝碳碳汇交易市场的发展。     

湛江红树林湿地沉积物有机碳分布特征及影响因素

红树林生态系统位于海洋与陆地的交界处,具有重要的生态服务功能。红树林湿地是重要的碳库,对全球碳平衡有重要影响。然而,由于受到人口增长、社会经济发展和城市化进程加快等人类活动和全球气候变化的影响,红树林正在加速消失。文章以广东湛江市国家级红树林自然保护区为研究区,通过分析红树林沉积物中的有机碳含量及分布特征,讨论人类活动(如,人工养殖)在湿地碳循环中的影响。本研究在研究区内获取15个样品,利用重铬酸钾氧化—还原容量法测定了沉积物中有机碳含量。结果表明:研究区内沉积物有机碳(TOC)含量介于0.68%～2.50%,同时TOC含量与研究区内人工养殖场排污口的距离有密切关系:离排污口越近,TOC值越低;离排污口越远,TOC值越高。此外,研究区内红树林TOC含量与其他红树林湿地TOC含量相比明显偏低,可能与养殖排污抑制红树林的生长和繁殖,从而使其TOC含量明显减少有关。     

环渤海湿地盐地碱蓬对碳、氮、磷吸收通量的研究

主要调查环渤海湿地的盐地碱蓬对碳、氮、磷的吸收通量。调查表明,环渤海湿地的盐地碱蓬面积为7 397 hm2。2009年7月、10月和11月盐地碱蓬总生物量(干重)分别为2.104×104t、2.615×104t和1.523×104t。7月、10月和11月,盐地碱蓬对碳的吸收通量分别为6 577 t、8 538 t和5 713 t;对氮的吸收通量分别为201.2 t、278.6 t、177.7 t;对磷的吸收通量分别为17.00 t、32.40 t、16.60 t;盐地碱蓬对碳、氮、磷的最大吸收通量均为10月。     

The state of legislation and policy protecting Australia's mangrove and salt marsh and their ecosystem services

Saline coastal wetlands, such as mangrove and coastal salt marsh, provide many ecosystem services. In Australia, large areas have been lost since European colonization, particularly as a result of drainage, infilling and flood-mitigation works, often starting in the mid-19th century and aimed primarily towards converting land to agricultural, urban or industrial uses. These threats remain ongoing, and will be exacerbated by rapid population growth and climate change in the 21st century. Establishing the effect of wetland loss on the delivery of ecosystem services is confounded by the absence of a nationally consistent approach to mapping wetlands and defining the boundaries of different types of coastal wetland. In addition, climate change and its projected effect on mangrove and salt marsh distribution and ecosystem services is poorly, if at all, acknowledged in existing legislation and policy. Intensifying climate change means that there is little time to be complacent; indeed, there is an urgent need for proper valuation of ecosystem services and explicit recognition of ecosystem services within policy and legislation. Seven actions are identified that could improve protection of coastal wetlands and the ecosystem services they provide, including benchmarking and improving coastal wetland extent and health, reducing complexity and inconsistency in governance arrangements, and facilitating wetland adaptation and ecosystem service delivery using a range of relevant mechanisms. Actions that build upon the momentum to mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon – ‘blue carbon’ – could achieve multiple desirable objectives, including climate-change mitigation and adaptation, floodplain rehabilitation and habitat protection.     

Biomass accumulation and organic carbon stocks of Kandelia obovata mangrove vegetation under different simulated sea levels

Mangrove forests are vulnerably threatened by sea level rise (SLR). Vegetation organic carbon (OC) stocks are important for mangrove ecosystem carbon cycle. It is critical to understand how SLR affects vegetation OC stocks for evaluating mangrove blue carbon budget and global climate change. In this study, biomass accumulation and OC stocks of mangrove vegetation were compared among three 10 year-old Kandelia obovata (a common species in China) mangrove forests under three intertidal elevations through species-specific allometric equations. This study simulated mangrove forests with SLR values of 0 cm, 40 cm and 80 cm, respectively, representing for the current, future ~100 a and future ~200 a SLR of mangrove forests along the Jiulong River Estuary, China. SLR directly decreased mangrove individual density and inhibited the growth of mangrove vegetation. The total vegetation biomasses were (12.86±0.95) kg/m2, (7.97±0.90) kg/m2 and (3.89±0.63) kg/m2 at Sites SLR 0 cm, SLR 40 cm and SLR 80 cm, respectively. The total vegetation OC stock decreased by approximately 3.85 kg/m2 (in terms of C) from Site SLR 0 cm to Site SLR 80 cm. Significantly lower vegetation biomass and OC stock of various components (stem, branch, leaf and root) were found at Site SLR 80 cm. Annual increments of vegetation biomass and OC stock also decreased with SLR increase. Moreover, significant lower sedimentation rate was found at Site SLR 80 cm. These indicated that SLR will decrease mangrove vegetation biomass and OC stock, which may reduce global blue carbon sink by mangroves, exacerbate global warming and give positive feedback to SLR.     

粤港澳大湾区红树林时空分布演变及现存林龄遥感分析

红树林作为热带、亚热带以红树植物为主体的海岸带生态系统,是重要的海岸湿地类型之一。本文使用多源、多时相遥感数据,形成了1969-2020年粤港澳大湾区岸线、围填海、养殖区、红树林分布数据图集,并利用联合红树林识别指数(CMRI)对大湾区现存红树林进行时序分析得到红树林林龄数据集。结果表明,通过多源遥感数据解译得到现存红树林数据集,结合CMRI时序数据可以建立现存红树林变迁历史,进而有效估算红树林林龄。粤港澳大湾区红树林的时空分布发生了明显变迁,现存红树林面积约为3 316 hm²,大湾区内部各地区存量林龄差异较大,整体林龄均值为20 a。近50年间,岸线整体向海移动,岸线变迁、围填海和养殖区变化显著影响红树林面积、空间分布及林龄大小,人工种植是近20年红树林恢复的主因。     

Spatiotemporal variations in the organic carbon accumulation rate in mangrove sediments from the Yingluo Bay,China, since 1900

Mangroves can not only provide multiple ecosystem service functions, but are also efficient carbon producers,capturers, and sinks. The estimation of the organic carbon accumulation rate(OCAR) in mangrove sediments is fundamental for elucidating the role of mangroves in the global carbon budget. In particular, understanding the past changes in the OCAR in mangrove sediments is vital for predicting the future role of mangroves in the rapidly changing environment. In this study, three dated sediment cores from interior and fringe of mangroves in the Yingluo Bay, China, were used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal variations of the calculated OCAR since 1900 in this area. The increasing OCAR in the mangrove interior was attributed to mangrove flourishment induced by climate change characterized by the rising temperature. However, in the mangrove fringe, the strengthening hydrodynamic conditions under the sea level rise were responsible for the decreasing OCAR, particularly after the1940 s. Furthermore, the duration of inundation by seawater was the primary factors controlling the spatial variability of the OCAR from the mangrove fringe to interior, while the strengthened hydrodynamic conditions after the 1940 s broke this original pattern.     

我国滨海湿地生态修复领域规范的现状与分析

滨海湿地是地球上十分重要的一类生态系统, 可为人类社会提供诸如调节气候、降解污染、碳汇氮汇等众多生态服务功能。近年来, 由于气候变化和围填海等开发活动的影响, 我国滨海湿地面积锐减, 功能退化, 面临多种生态问题。为应对滨海湿地退化及日益凸显的生态环境问题, 滨海湿地保护和修复工作逐渐受到重视, 滨海湿地生态修复工程项目的数量和规模也随之急剧增加。滨海湿地生态修复技术规范对滨海湿地生态修复工作具有重要意义, 然而我国滨海湿地生态修复领域规范体系尚不完善, 导致滨海湿地生态修复项目实施无序以及生态修复成效低等问题。本文全面搜集了我国滨海湿地生态修复领域规范, 对检索到的规范进行分类统计与分析, 从而揭示其存在的问题, 主要包括规范体系系统性不足、生态修复理念滞后、规范之间缺乏协调性、规范可操作性差、规范更新迟滞等。针对存在的问题提出了相应的对策建议, 为完善我国滨海湿地生态修复领域规范体系、不断推进我国生态文明建设进程提供参考。     

福建漳江口本土红树植物秋茄替代互花米草生态修复效果定量评价

本文从生物群落结构、非生物环境质量及生态系统功能三个方面构建了滨海湿地生态修复效果定量评价指标体系,并对福建漳江口本土红树秋茄替代入侵种互花米草生态修复效果进行了定量评价。结果表明:秋茄可有效抑制互花米草的生长,其生长指标在4年修复样地和约15年修复样地的评分等级分别为"差"和"好",即红树植物生长缓慢,至少需要十余年的时间才能恢复到60%以上;修复工程的开展并未对底栖动物多样性产生显著影响,两修复样地评分均为"优";沉积物生源要素生态风险评价显示,漳江口滨海湿地受到较严重的氮污染,碳、磷含量也超过了正常范围;生态系统功能指标方面,4年样地评分低于0.8,属"劣"的级别,而约15年样地评分为2.32,属"中"的级别,其中食物网功能达到"优"的级别。两修复样地综合评分等级则为"差"和"中",表明虽然红树植物替代结合物理手段能够抑制互花米草生长,但其植物群落结构和生态系统功能的修复所需年限较长,需要投入很大的人力和资源。     

Nutrient fluxes in a semi-arid microtidal mangrove wetland in the Gulf of California

Nutrient (C, N and P) fluxes were monitored in a microtidal semi-arid mangrove system, which links a semi-enclosed shallow coastal lagoon with the Gulf of California. We assessed the role of the mangrove ecosystem as a nutrient sink/source and determined how mangrove litterfall rates, tidal regime and climate factors influence these fluxes. Despite high seasonal differences in DOC, POC, N-NO₃⁻ and TP levels, nutrient concentrations were only marginally influenced by either hydrological variables or the concentration of these fractions in the adjacent lagoon. The carbon budget appeared to be balanced throughout the study. Retention rates in the mangrove system were related to litterfall rates. Export of DIN was observed mainly in the wet season due to the low nitrogen assimilation efficiency of the system. Import of organic nitrogen was related to the high retention efficiency of particulate organic nitrogen. Phosphorus fractions were imported and retained in the mangrove supporting previous findings that mangroves are phosphorus sinks. Finally, through a simple meta-analysis we tested the quantitative importance of main variables (tidal flow, tidal elevation, tidal range, rainfall, mangrove catchment area, litterfall) controlling mangrove nutrient dynamics. Although results suggest that generalizations can be made about factors regulating nutrient export from mangroves, the lack of statistical significance highlights the relative importance of the local environment for the magnitude of nutrient exchange in mangroves. Future research should focus on finding mechanistic models to explain these general patterns, taking into account the main biogeochemical processes and their roles in coastal ecosystem ecology.