预应力锚索框架梁边坡支护数值模拟

基于贵阳市小河区某公路滑坡,拟采用预应力锚索框架梁进行治理.通过FLAC-3D软件对这一支护体系进行效果评价,得出位于支挡面上部的结构体系受力较大,其中竖梁所受弯矩要大于横梁,运用时宜加强竖梁的设计.支挡面顶部的滑体位移要大于底部,由于锚索不能承受压力,致使框架梁发生转动,因此设计时宜把底部一排的锚索换成全黏结锚杆.锚固长度为6 m时支护效果最佳,增大锚固长度对支护效果没有实质性的提高.     

基于内外功率比的非直线坡面型边坡的稳定系数研究

在边坡稳定性上极限分析中, 由于考虑了材料的理想弹塑性本构关系与相关流动法则, 相比极限平衡法更符合岩土材料的特征。在以往的二维边坡极限分析上限法中, 要求坡面形态为规则的直线, 而无论是天然边坡还是人工边坡, 边坡的坡面形态往往并非规则的直线。此外, 以往的边坡极限上限分析中得到的稳定数N_s=c/γH主要针对土坡的临界高度计算, 且未考虑孔压等外力对边坡施加的外功率。不同于传统极限平衡法采用静力学的平衡条件, 本研究针对非直线型坡面边坡稳定性问题, 假定滑动面为对数螺旋线, 基于极限分析上限定理和虚功原理, 提出了一种边坡发生旋转破坏时旋转中心的确定方法, 推导出了非直线型坡面边坡的重力虚功功率和能量平衡方程的解析解, 并提出了基于内、外功率之比的稳定系数K用以评价边坡的稳定性。通过算例比较了不同形态天然边坡的稳定性和人工削坡对边坡稳定性的影响, 并分析了边坡的坡度(β)、土体的内摩擦角(φ)、黏聚力(c)以及孔压系数(r_u)对稳定系数K的影响规律。对于坡度较大的边坡, 通过削坡改变坡面形态提高了边坡的稳定系数K。稳定系数K随黏聚力的增加而非线性增大, 随孔压系数的增加而降低。当黏聚力相对于孔压系数对边坡稳定性影响更大时, 稳定系数K随内摩擦角的增加而增大; 反之, 稳定系数K则随内摩擦角的增加而减小。以上结果符合对边坡稳定性分析的普遍认知, 验证了模型的合理性。另外, 通过将该方法与传统的Bishop法的计算结果进行对比, 发现安全系数F_s=1与稳定系数K=0的临界状态物理意义相同, 稳定系数K随黏聚力非线性增加, 更符合边坡的渐进破坏过程。      

南友高速路边坡锚固及客土喷播综合防护实践

广西山区较多,高速公路多切坡修建,赤裸的陡立坡面岩石常会顺层面及坡面下滑和崩落,给行车造成极大威胁。以往多采用单纯的锚固或喷素混凝土进行防护,未能达到恢复坡体植被,营造绿色通道的目的,客土喷播植草快速绿化技术应用尚为鲜见。文章通过南宁—友谊关高速公路局部路段边坡防护工程实例,介绍高速公路边坡治理中锚索、锚杆及客土喷播综合防护的施工应用情况,为相同地质条件公路边坡设计提供借鉴。     

软硬互层顺层岩质边坡破坏试验

软硬互层结构的顺层岩质边坡破坏类型复杂、难于防治, 针对此类边坡地质灾害易发、多发的问题, 从坡面角度、岩层倾向及组合形式、节理分布等方面进行了研究。边坡物理模型试验是揭示边坡变形破坏机理的重要手段, 基于相似理论, 以重庆市万州区孙家滑坡为工程依托, 根据滑坡区地质勘探报告设计了室内边坡物理模型试验; 试验通过顶升模型箱模拟重力加载来探究顺层岩质边坡发生破坏时, 前缘坡角和软弱夹层倾角之间的关系; 结合有限元分析软件Plaxis 2D对物理模型进行了多组数值模拟试验, 以验证软硬互层顺层岩质边坡破坏机制。试验结果表明: 对于顺层岩质边坡, 当软弱夹层的倾角在22°左右, 前缘开挖坡角58°左右时, 顺层岩质边坡容易发生滑动, 滑动面为后缘节理面和软弱夹层的贯通面。因此, 顺层岩质边坡稳定性受层面和节理面密度的控制, 当边坡含多层软弱层面时, 易沿层面和后缘节理贯通面发生破坏, 随着软弱面层数增加, 边坡稳定系数逐渐降低。研究成果可以为公路开挖切坡导致的顺层岩质边坡失稳机理研究及其稳定性评价提供理论依据, 为顺层岩质边坡失稳的预测预报提供支撑。      

基于有限元强度折减法的边坡失稳判据统一性研究

采用有限元强度折减法进行边坡稳定性分析时,常用的计算收敛性、塑性区贯通性和特征点位移突变性等3种失稳判据未能体现出很好的统一性。采用Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,针对3个典型边坡(坡角α、坡高H),系统分析了不同单元相对尺寸L/H、剪胀角ψ时各种失稳判据的适用性和统一性。结果表明,3种判据下的边坡安全系数均随单元相对尺寸的减小逐渐逼近Spencer解,但依据计算收敛性得到的边坡安全系数偏差普遍较大;单元相对尺寸较大(L/H≥1/30)时,剪胀角取值对计算的收敛性影响显著,而对塑性区贯通和特征点位移突变时机的影响较小。当单元相对尺寸足够小(L/H=1/60)和ψ=0或φ(内摩擦角)时,3种判据具有良好的统一性;边坡破坏过程出现明显的组合破坏特征,受拉破坏区域和塑性区可以构成较为平滑的潜在滑动面,说明采用单一的压剪屈服破坏准则(如M-C屈服准则)将过高估计边坡的安全系数。     

土质边坡空间临界滑动面搜索的优化算法

将二维均质土坡作为平面应变问题,假定滑动面是一个圆弧,将滑弧圆心与半径转变为后缘剪入点、坡脚剪出点和过后缘点滑弧切线与x轴的交点等3个点的横坐标,然后以这3个参数为变量,给定合理的取值区间,应用黄金分割法搜索二维边坡的最小稳定系数及相应的临界滑动面。进一步假定均质土坡的三维空间滑动面为一旋转椭球体,旋转椭球体的竖向中轴面和二维的圆弧面一致,给定椭球体不同的水平轴半径值,采用以上二维滑动面搜索方法可求出不同水平半径所对应的三维最小稳定系数及相应的椭球面。结果表明:边坡的三维稳定系数没有极小值,但有极限值;对于横向延伸长的无限边坡,三维稳定系数逼近二维稳定系数,当旋转椭球长轴与短轴之比大于3时,二者很接近,边坡稳定性可简化为二维来分析;对于受地形、地下水等条件约束的短边坡,三维效应明显,在考虑实际边界条件的情况下按三维来分析。     

赣南边坡变形破坏模式与防治对策

赣南地质环境复杂,沉积岩、岩浆岩与变质岩交叉并存;岩浆岩广泛分布,岩体破碎;褶皱、断裂构造发育;风化作用强烈,边坡稳定性差。研究这一地区的变形破坏模式,可以科学有效地对边坡进行防治。大量的野外调研显示,赣南边坡常见的类型主要有土质边坡、类土质边坡、岩质边坡和岩土二元结构边坡4类;赣南边坡常见的变形破坏模式主要有:沿原有结构面滑动、沿顶部拉裂-滑动、土体拉裂-崩塌、圆弧形滑动、坡面冲刷5类。沿原有结构面滑动破坏多见于岩质边坡、类土质边坡中;其余破坏模式多发生于土质边坡、类土质边坡、岩土二元结构边坡的土体部分。根据赣南边坡不同的变形破坏模式,分别提出了科学的防治对策;并针对赣南地区降雨量大、降雨持时长等特点,强调了在边坡的施工过程中应及时修建边坡排水系统,及时进行坡面防护。      

用有限元强度折减法评价节理岩质边坡稳定性

以某边坡为例,论述了在ABAQUS软件中实现节理岩质边坡稳定性评价的建模过程。采用具有一定厚度的、低强度实体单元模拟节理组,按连续介质处理,节理组与岩块之间创建相互接触作用,通过不断折减结构面强度参数,以模拟达到失稳状态。通过分析坡顶典型质点场变量与X方向的位移关系,以数值计算不收敛作为边坡失稳评价标准的稳定性安全系数为1.41,以坡顶质点出现明显位移作为失稳标准的稳定性安全系数为1.32,两种判断标准均表明边坡目前处于稳定状态。通过积分等效塑性应变区演化图,模拟得到了强度折减状态下边坡失稳时的潜在滑动面,滑动面直观可视且物理意义明确,无需像极限平衡法一样要事先假定滑动面的位置和形状。     

关于锚索支护技术在柴达木盆地鱼卡公司采矿中的应用

锚索支护主要是将一定长度的低松弛高强度的钢绞线配以专用锚具,用树脂或砂浆进行锚固,通过液压千斤顶在其尾部施加预应力,达到对巷道锚固支护的一项技术。因锚索支护可以独立承担对巷道围岩的控制,该技术主要用于对常规支护的补强和围岩极为破碎的巷道支护,是矿压显现严重巷道的最有效支护方式,可以用于井下任何巷道和硐室,目前已成为青海海西州柴达木盆地海拔3200米的鱼卡公司煤矿7#煤层支护的主要技术手段。本文围绕柴达木盆地鱼卡公司煤矿的地质条件和回采工艺等应用背景,结合鱼卡公司10多年从事锚索支护技术的实际工作,就锚索支护在该采矿中应用进行了介绍和分析,并给出了成功的经验——应用锚索施工的整个工艺过程中存在的问题及其解决的关键技术。这对实际生产应用具有一定的指导意义和实用价值。     

基于塑性力学极限法的赵树岭滑坡稳定性分析

基于塑性力学和极限分析理论,假设坡体处于极限滑动状态时,滑动面各处的岩土体均达到塑性极限状态,各段滑动面以及滑动面斜率改变处的竖直平面,都是速度间断面。在此基础上,通过虚功原理建立内外力功率平衡方程,由此求得基于塑性极限分析法的滑坡稳定性系数表达式。选取三峡库区赵树岭滑坡作为分析实例,根据塑性极限分析法的稳定性系数为1.14,计算结果表明赵树岭滑坡总体稳定,但稳定性富裕度不高。     

Shaking table test of seismic responses of anchor cable and lattice beam reinforced slope

As a combined supporting structure,the anchor cable and lattice beam have a complex interaction with the slope body.In order to investigate the seismic behaviors of the slope reinforced by anchor cable and lattice beam,a largescale shaking table test was carried out on a slope model(geometric scale of 1:20)by applying recorded and artificial seismic waves with different amplitudes.The acceleration and displacement of the slope,the displacement of lattice beam and the axial force of anchor cable were obtained to study the interaction between the slope and the supporting structure.The test results show that:(1)the acceleration responses of the slope at different relative elevations display obvious nonlinear characteristics with increasing of the peak ground acceleration(PGA)of the inputted seismic waves,and the weak intercalated layer has a stronger effect on acceleration amplification at the upper part of the slope than that at the lower part of the slope;(2)the frequency component near the second dominant frequency is significantly magnified by the interaction between the slope and the supporting structure;(3)the anchor cables at the upper part of the slope have larger peak and residual axial forces than that at the lower part of the slope,and the prestress loss of the anchor cable first occurs at the top of the slope and then passes down;(4)the peak and residual displacements inside the slope and on the lattice beam increase with the increase of relative elevation.When the inputted PGA is not greater than 0.5 g,the combined effect of anchor cable and lattice beam is remarkable for stabilizing the middle and lower parts of the potential sliding body.The research results can provide a reference for the seismic design of such slope and the optimization of supporting structure.     

极限平衡方法在夏日哈木镍钴矿山拟建露天采场边坡角优化中的应用

夏日哈木镍钴矿为大型镍钴硫化物矿床,现拟建大型露天采场,边坡采用分台阶式高边坡,最高边坡高度超过600m。该工程具有开挖成本高,边坡一但失稳后果严重的特点。为此需要选择一个即节约经济成本又保障整体边坡稳定的最佳边坡角。本文采取Geostudio软件中的Slope模块极限平衡方法对拟建露天采场假设开挖边坡角的整体边坡稳定性进行分析,提出最佳设计边坡角。　本次边坡角优化的思路：首先根据场地工程地质条件和拟建边坡的高度等因素将拟建边坡划分为5个区,选择典型边坡工程地质剖面并进行工程地质岩体分段,然后通过岩石强度指标折减计算（本文采用费辛柯法、M.Georgi法和经验法）给各分段的岩体赋予凝聚力、内摩擦角等计算参数,采用极限平衡方法（Geostudio软件中的Slope模块法）对不同角度下对各分区边坡的破坏形式及安全系数进行计算,最后提出了各分区边坡的最佳设计边坡角。     

Bearing mechanism of a tunnel-type anchorage in a railway suspension bridge

A tunnel-type anchorage(TTA) is one of the main components in suspension bridges: the bearing mechanism is a key problem. Investigating the deformation characteristics, development law, and failure phenomenon of a TTA under load can provide the theoretical basis for a robust design. Utilizing the TTA of the Jinsha River suspension bridge at Lijiang Shangri-La railway as a prototype, a laboratory model test of the TTA was carried out for three different contact conditions between the anchorage body and the surrounding rock. The stress and deformation distribution law of the anchorage body and its surrounding rock were studied, and the ultimate bearing capacity and failure mode of the TTA were analyzed. The test results show that the compressive stress level is highest at the rear part of the anchorage body. Moving away from the rear portion of the body, the stress decays in a negative exponential function. Based on the load transfer curve, the calculation formula for the shear stress on the contact surface between the anchorage body and the surrounding rock was derived, which shows that the distribution of the shear stress along the axial direction of the anchorage body is not uniform. The distance from the maximum value to the loading surface is approximately 1/3 of the length of the anchorage body, and the stress decreases as the distance from the loading surface increases. Furthermore, the contact condition between the anchorage body and surrounding rock has a great influence on the bearing capacity of the TTA. The increase in the anti-skid tooth ridge and radial anchor bolt can improve the cooperative working capacity of the anchorage body and the surrounding rock, which is approximately 50% higher than that of the flat contact condition. The main function of the anchor bolt is to increase the overall rigidity of the TTA. The contact condition between the anchorage body and the surrounding rock will lead to a change in the failure mode of the TTA. With an increase in the degree of contact, the failure mode will change from shear sliding along the interface to trumpet-shaped inverted cone-shaped failure extending into the surrounding rock.     

京广铁路K1219路基土质边坡深层滑移失稳机制与整治对策

为研究土质边坡深层滑移失稳机制, 以京广铁路下行线K1219+000处路基边坡失稳为例, 通过现场调查测绘、工程地质钻探、原位试验和室内试验、深部位移监测和数值模拟等手段, 详细研究了该土质边坡变形破坏特征、地质力学过程和失稳模式。结果表明: 路基边坡表面裂缝宽度及深度呈坡顶至坡脚逐渐变浅变窄, 变形具有一定的旋转性, 牵引式特征明显, 属于深层滑移拉裂式失稳; 土质边坡经历了因坡脚开挖、抽水引起的应力场和渗流场重新分布阶段、雨水入渗软化导致下滑力不断增大而滑面逐渐迁移扩大加深阶段以及支挡结构抗力失效阶段3个地质力学过程, 其失稳模式包括浅层滑移、浅层滑面向深层迁移、动荷载触发深层滑移失稳3个阶段。在此基础上, 综合确定了滑面位置, 并通过反演方法确定了滑面力学参数。研究采用了刚架式双排抗滑桩的整治方案, 通过理论计算和数值分析, 边坡变形与抗滑桩变形基本一致, 且与监测结果整体吻合, 这表明土质边坡深层失稳理论分析准确且计算的力学参数科学, 整治对策稳妥、可靠。      

平面剪切岩质边坡滑裂面的确定及稳定性分析

由于传统搜索方法对岩质边坡滑裂面的确定无法兼顾效率与精度, 如何迅速准确确定潜在滑裂面仍然是个难题。极限平衡法在岩质边坡稳定性分析中备受认可, 采用岩质边坡平面剪切滑动模型, 以滑裂面的倾角来表征潜在滑裂面的位置; 基于极值法, 推导了极限平衡条件下平面剪切破坏型岩质边坡潜在滑裂面的解析解, 并结合香港秀茂坪路边坡对其准确性进行了验证, 进一步对四川宜宾打营盘山公路多级边坡进行了整体稳定性分析。结果表明: 香港秀茂坪边坡采用本文方法确定的边坡潜在滑裂面倾角与实际滑坡倾角基本一致。实际工程应用中, 采用Slide软件中布谷鸟搜索法和模拟退火法两种搜索方法得到的滑裂面倾角分别为38.0°和37.0°, 本解析法所得倾角为34.8°; 选用Janbu法、Morgenstern-Price法和Sarma法分别计算对应的稳定系数, 结果均为1.04左右, 本文所得稳定系数为1.15, 可见本文方法所得结果基本准确。通过参数敏感性分析发现, 随着黏聚力的增加, 边坡滑裂面倾角越来越小, 稳定系数也随之增加; 而当内摩擦角增大时, 边坡滑裂面倾角和稳定系数也随之增大。      

Cyclic load testing of pre-stressed rock anchors for slope stabilization

The objective of this research was to assess the characteristics of seismic induced damage and the deformation patterns of pre-stressed cement-grouted cables that are used for rock slope stabilization projects subjected to quasi-static cyclic loading. The experimental configuration includes the installation of 15 pre-stressed cables in a slope model made of concrete blocks (theoretically rigid rock mass) on top of a pre-existing sliding surface. The study showed that: (i) The pre-stressed cables exhibited great seismic performance. Rapid displacement of the model blocks was observed after the complete loss of the initial pre-stress load under continued applied cyclic loads and exceedance of the state of equilibrium, which implies the higher the initial pre-stress load, the better the seismic performance of the rock anchor; (ii) The failure of the pre-stressed cables was due to fracture at the connection of the tendons and cable heads under cyclic loading. The sequence of failure had a distinct pattern. Failure was first observed at the upper row of cables, which experienced the most severe damage, including the ejection of cable heads. No evidence of de-bonding was observed during the cyclic loading; (iii) The stress distribution of the bond length for pre-stressed cables was highly non-uniform. High stress concentrations were observed at both the fixed end and the free end of the bond length both before and immediately after the state of equilibrium is exceeded. The results obtained can be used to evaluate the overall performance of pre-stressed rock anchors subject to seismic loading and their potential as rockfall prevention and stabilization measures.     

锚杆不确定性对加固边坡失稳概率的影响

为了探究锚杆不确定性对加固边坡失稳概率的影响, 建立了施加锚杆后的边坡模型, 通过以下两种途径来考虑锚杆的不确定性: 其一是假定锚杆与锚固体之间接触面上的单位表面摩擦力为对数正态分布变量, 其二是引入锚杆与锚固体之间接触面上的单位表面摩擦力衰减系数来考虑运营过程中锚杆的不确定性。采用极限平衡分析法并结合蒙特卡罗抽样法, 计算并对比分析了两种途径下锚固边坡失稳概率变化曲线, 最后以深圳假日酒店基坑边坡支护工程为例, 证明所提方法的有效性。结果表明: 对于途径一, 在相同土体统计参数下, 随着锚杆与锚固体之间接触面上单位表面摩擦力变异系数的增加, 加固边坡的失稳概率缓慢增加, 增幅介于18.03%~41.90%之间。对于途径二, 随着锚杆衰减系数自1.0逐步减小至0, 加固边坡失稳概率迅速增加, 增幅介于55.64%~124.90%之间; 在同一衰减系数下, 加固边坡失稳概率随着锚杆衰减根数的增加而增大。研究结果可以为锚杆施工与运营期间的管理提供决策支持。      

Development of a preliminary slope stability calculation method based on internal horizontal displacements

This paper proposes a horizontal displacement-based approach to determine the potential slip surface of the slope. Firstly, a group of in-situ inclinometers with an appropriate spacing in the horizontal direction is located in the model slope. The equation of horizontal displacement with time for each in-situ inclinometer is fitted during the whole simulation process. Furthermore, the intersection of each inclinometer with potential slip surface is determined by using an optimization model. The slip surface can be obtained by using least square fitting method. Finally, the feasibility and accuracy of the method are validated by a series of numerical simulations. It is noted that the optimization model taking the maximum value of displacement increment gradient as an objective has higher accuracy when compared with other optimization models. This method employed in this study provides a preliminary approach to determine the real-time slope stability based on displacement, which can also be measured by using conventional instruments on site.     

基于共轭梯度搜索的病态问题处理方法

在最小二乘平差准则基础上，把病态平差问题转化为无约束的二次规划问题，并利用优化理论分析病态对平差解的影响。通过共轭梯度搜索算法在可行域中寻找最优步长因子，自动寻找最速下降方向，并给出迭代初值的设置方法。分析近似计算中病态问题与局部最优解的关系，讨论局部最优解的快速迭代方法，并通过实例验证算法的有效性，计算迭代的速度。由于整个过程没有对法方程系数矩阵进行求逆计算，该算法可用于处理大规模系数矩阵高病态的平差问题。     

滑坡堰塞坝堆积形态影响因素离散元分析

滑坡是形成堰塞坝的最主要原因,在地震、降雨、冰雪融水等作用下均可形成滑坡堰塞坝,而滑坡堰塞坝的堆积形态、范围等对评价堰塞坝的稳定性有着重要的影响。通过离散元方法(DEM),系统分析了三维条件下滑动距离、滑面出口宽度、滑面倾角、河床倾角、河谷形状对堰塞坝堆积形态的影响。研究结果表明:滑动距离和出口宽度对坝体高度影响最大;随出口宽度和坡面倾角的增加,坝长和坝宽分别呈线性增大和减小趋势;滑动距离可以有效控制滑体速度,进而影响堆积角大小;河床倾角主要影响坝长;对坝高、坝长、上下游绝对倾角正切值和堆积角正切值进行回归分析表明,数学模型契合程度高,说明其形态可以预测;引入2个参数λ和χ,对堰塞坝堆积特征进行了描述;河谷形状的影响主要体现在随着河谷底部宽度的增大,滑体爬高爬坡能力增强。研究成果对根据实际地形预测滑坡堰塞坝堆积形态进而评估坝体的安全性具有重要意义,可以为进一步开展堰塞湖溃决研究提供一定的参考。