全站仪与计算机数据通讯

本文介绍徕卡（ＬＥＩＣＡ）、日本尼康（ＮＩＫＯＮ）、索佳（ＳＯＫＫＩＡ）、拓普康（ＴＯＰＣＯＮ）、宾得（ＰＥＮＴＡＸ）、瑞典捷创力（ＧＥＯＤＩＭＥＴＥＲ）全站仪与ＰＣ—Ｅ５００袖珍计算机、惠普ＨＰ１００／ＨＰ２００掌上机、ＩＢＭ台式计算机联机使用，介绍了全站仪的数据格式、通讯程序和使用方法。     

应用遥感及地理信息系统进行植被制图

利用卫星遥感数据制作复杂地形环境的植被图面临的最主要问题是精度，单纯对遥感数据（ＴＭ或ＳＰＯＩ）进行监督或非监督分类的精度低于５０％。本文选择美国亚利桑那州ＳａｎｔａＣａｔａｌｉｎａ山脉的ＰｕｓｃｈＲｉｄｇｅ作为研究区，分析地理信息系统模型在改善植被分类精度中的作用。结果表明，通过结合辅助数据和应用地理信息系统模型，其精度可以从３７．４１％提高到７１．６７％（ＳＰＯＴ数据，非监督分类），或从５０．０７％提高到６１．５０％（ＴＭ数据，监督分类）。同时表明用ＳＰＯＴ数据进行山区植被制图的效果好于ＴＭ数据。     

中国近海TOPEX／POSEIDON卫星测高数据处理的初步结果

本文分析处理了ＴＯＰＥＸ／ＰＯＳＥＩＤＯＮ卫星１～８２周期的测高数据。重新计算了逆气压改正数；利用共线法计算的ＴＯＰＥＸ和ＰＯＳＥＩＤＯＮ之间相对偏差估值为１９．９±１ｃｍ；将编辑后的海面高与Ｂａｓｉｃ和ＲａＰＰ计算的平均海面高进行比较，发现二者之间存在明显的系统偏差。     

南中国海TOPEX/POSEIDON轨迹交叉点测高数据的潮汐调和分析

讨论了由卫星测高数据进行潮汐分析的混叠问题和分潮的可分辨性;用ＴＯＰＥＸ／ＰＯ－ＳＥＩＤＯＮ海面重复轨迹交叉点测高数据计算南中国海１２个分潮（Ｓａ,Ｓｓａ,Ｍｍ,Ｍｆ,Ｑ１,Ｏ１,Ｐ１,Ｋ１,Ｎ２,Ｍ２,Ｓ２,Ｋ２）的调和常数;用不同方法验证了计算结果的精度,分析表明,分潮的振幅精度和潮高精度已达到±２ｃｍ,四个较大分潮（Ｏ１,Ｐ１,Ｋ１,Ｍ２）的迟角误差不超过±７°。其中Ｏ１,Ｋ１,和Ｍ２与验潮站实测值的最大偏差小于７°;给出了最大的全日和半日分潮（Ｋ１,Ｍ２）的潮波图。     

SA对GPS静态相对定位的影响

我们对在ＧＰＳ卫星上实施“选择用户”（ＳＡ）对南加州常设ＧＰＳ大地测量阵（ＰＧＧＡ）测站的日常相对定位的影响，已进行了实验检测。ＰＧＧＡ于１９９０年２月开始工作。日常数据采集由Ｓｃｒｉｐｐｓ海洋学研究所（ＳＩＯ）和喷气推进实验室（ＪＰＬ）从设置在ＪＰＬ，ＳＩＯ和ＰｉｎｏｎＦｌａｔ观测站的三台Ｒｏｇｕｅ ＳＮＲ－８接收机，以及设置在加利福尼亚，马萨诸塞和佛罗里达的ＣＩＧＮＥＴ踊跟踪站的上的三台Ｍｉｎ     

利用直接线性变换模型对SPOT图像进行精纠正

本文给出一个简单而严密纠正ＳＰＯＴ图像的公差及其精度评估。该方法对地球自卖座则视引起的像坐标系统畸变进行了几何校正，而后进行直接线性变换，其在系统误差通过平差进行改正。采用模拟和实际数据做了若干实验对这一新方法进行了评估，模拟数据是通过欧拉参数，卫星漂移，速度矢量及作为时间函数的传感器姿态角，来模拟ＳＰＯＴ卫星轨道通用模型产生的，结果表明：如果控制控制点误差较小，用６个控制点可以达到子像素极精度。     

用T／P测高数据确定中国海域及其邻海的海面高及海面地形

描述了利用Ｔ／Ｐ卫星测高数据确定中国海域及其邻海的海面地形。处理了Ｔ／Ｐ５９～８２周（Ｃｙｃｌｅ）１９９４年第８３ｄ～３１１ｄ的数据，将５９～８２周数据分成两部分分别估计海面高，并分析了海面高变化。结果与Ｂａｓｉｃ和Ｒａｐｐ１９９２年确定的海面高作了比较。利用Ｓｈｅｐａｒｄ曲面拟合方法给出了３０′×３０′平均海面高结果，分别以ＯＳＵ９１和ＷＤＭ９４地球重力场模型作为参考重力场，计算了相应的３０′×３０′平均海面地形。     

SPOT预处理级图像变换方法的研究

在分析ＳＰＯＴ预处理级图像（ＩＡ、ＩＢ、ＩＡＰ）特点的基础上，提出了在一定精度范围内，将ＩＢ级图像像坐标变换为ＩＡ级或ＩＡＰ级图像像坐标的两种变换方案。试验结果表明，两种变换方案皆具有较高的变换精度，但方案２的精度优于方案１的精度，且已用于生产作业。     

基于KLT／TW和谱特征矢量量化三维谱像数据压缩

提出了基于ＫＬＴ／ＷＴ和谱特征矢量量化（ＳＦＣＶＱ）三维谱像数据压缩的新方法。在对多光谱图像数据进行Ｋａｒｈｕｎｅｎ－Ｌｅｏｖｅ变换（ＫＬＴ）消除谱相关性,再应用小波变换（ＷＴ）对ＫＬＴ后的多光谱图像数据进行消除空间相关性。采用ＳＦＯＶＱ编码对每个谱像数据进行压缩,获得较高的压缩性能。实验结果表明：ＫＬＴ／ＷＴ／ＳＦＣＶＱ方法和ＫＬＴ／ＷＴ／ＶＱ压缩方法比在同样压缩比（ＣＲ）条件下,峰值信噪比（Ｐ     

SPOT卫星图像辅助数据的两点注记

本文推证了利用SPOT卫星图像辅助数据计算观察角β和卫星到景像中心距离D的计算公式,并根据SPOT卫星资料验证和分析了该公式的正确性及其精度。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。