太湖东岸平原中全新世气候转型事件与新石器文化中断

来自苏州草鞋山遗址年代学,生物地层学和沉积学的分析结果表明,本区新石器文化演进与全新世气候突变的事件有关。高分辨率,连续的孢粉,粒度和磁化率记录证实,崧泽文化是在暖湿气候条件下出现和繁荣的,发生在５３６５ａＢ．Ｐ左右的一次干旱事件使之走向衰落,而出现在全新世大西洋期与亚北方期过渡阶段的一次气候转型事件中断本区文明达２００年之入。５１６０ａＢ．Ｐ．以后,气候转为暖干,经历了一次干旱事件后,良渚文化发     

试论未来极端气候事件发展趋势的不确定性

极端气候事件是在一定时间尺度上发生的不同于气候系统平均状态的气候突变.早第三纪的最热事件（PETM）,第四纪中国黄土高原古土壤S4、S5记录的暖湿事件,砂黄土L9、L15记录的干冷事件等都是在轨道时间尺度上发生的极端气候事件.末次冰消期的YD冷事件、全新世9次冷事件是在千—百年尺度上发生的极端气候事件.这些极端气候事件出现于地球气候系统不同的冷暖背景下,它们的成因机制和表现形式有很多不确定性.20世纪以来发生的干旱、洪水、飓风、雪灾、沙尘暴等极端气候事件,无法用持续增加的温室气体的变化来解释.关于极端气候事件发生频率和强度随＂全球变暖＂而增加的结论也存在一定程度的不确定性.因此,简单地将现代极端气候事件统统归因于＂气候变暖＂既不科学也不合理.深入研究各个时间尺度上发生的极端气候事件的波动性、周期性和不确定性特征,有助于科学预测未来气候变化背景下极端气候事件的发展趋势.     

山东全新世典型气候事件的区域响应及其对海岱文明发展的影响

8.2 ka B.P.、5.5 ka B.P.和4.0 ka B.P.事件为全新世3次典型的气候突变事件。本文以海岱文化区的主体——山东作为研究区域,综合分析全新世古气候变化、新石器考古文化等方面的资料,研究认为3次气候事件在研究区具有不同的响应方式,对海岱文明的影响也各不相同。其中,8.2 ka B.P.和5.5 ka B.P.事件均以干冷为特征,分别对研究区后李文化的产生和大汶口文化的发展起到了促进作用;4.0 ka B.P.事件是一次洪水与干冷事件前后接踵的组合事件,它通过不同的影响机制导致了研究区各个区域的史前文明在4.0 ka B.P.事件前后普遍发生衰退。     

江汉平原钟桥遗址地层揭示的史前洪水事件

通过野外考古调查研究,利用对钟桥遗址疑似古洪水层和研究区现代洪水沉积物的锆石微形态、粒度、磁化率、Rb/Sr等地球化学指标的比较、AMS¹⁴C技术和考古器物断代,发现钟桥遗址在4800~4597 cal. a BP、4479~4367 cal. a BP和4168~3850 cal. a BP分别经历了三次古洪水事件并相应堆积了古洪水沉积层;结合江汉平原及其周边地区众多遗址的古洪水沉积层时代对比证据,揭示了屈家岭文化中晚期（4900~4600 cal. a BP）和石家河文化末期至夏代（4100~3800 cal. a BP）两次大洪水事件在江汉平原地区非常普遍。对史前洪水发生环境背景的进一步分析,反映江汉平原在5000~4500 a BP及4000 a BP前后的时段气候表现得不稳定,古洪水事件与气候环境变化驱动的江汉平原湖群扩张存在一定的联系,并影响区域新石器文化兴衰过程。同时,其它证据也表明该区社会发展过程和环境变化过程特别是古水文过程的矛盾在石家河文化末期已特别突出,发现具有全球意义的4000 a BP前后气候异常引起的大洪水事件是江汉平原地区石家河文化消亡的重要环境因素;而石家河文化末期该区内部或同中原以及其它地区间的冲突,都加速了石家河文化的崩溃。这些研究成果,提供了可靠的大禹时代史前洪水证据来说明其对新石器文化兴衰的社会影响,对于揭示4000 a BP气候事件中区域气候水文变化的响应规律,亦具有重要的科学意义。     

气候学

气候成因、要素与气候变化P534.632005042987“DarkAges”冷事件研究进展=Progressinthestudyon“DarkAges”coldevent/赵引娟,钟巍…∥冰川冻土.—2005,27(2).—254～261以历史文献资料、树木年轮、冰芯等记录为依据,论证了“DarkAges”时期发生过一次以冷干为特征的气候突变此次气候突变在中国及世界其它地区均有所反映,可以推断此次气候突变在北半球比较明显甚至具有全球性,它对人类社会的发展造成了灾难性的影响.到目前为止关于“DarkAges”时期气候突变的原因有许多争议,有待于进一步的研究证实.图5表1参22(洪明)Bi P467200504298…     

太湖流域公元960年以来的气候干湿变化研究

利用史料和文献建立了太湖流域公元960-1992年的逐年干湿等级序列，对此序列进行了周期分析和突变分析。分析表明，本区近千年来的历史干湿气候变化是一种复合振动，其主周期是准100年，另外还有多个周期，这些周期与天体活动密切相关。统计还发现1247-1263年附近由干变湿和1618-1635年附近由湿变干的两次非局地性气候突变事件。其中，14、15世纪是太湖流域近千年来最湿润的时期，它可能是东亚地区大范围气候变湿波动的体现。     

末次冰消期以来中国湖泊沉积记录的古气候演化及其驱动机制研究

末次冰消期是全球气候与环境出现较大变化的时段,其间发生了一系列气候突变事件,在全球不同地区以不同方式回应着这些事件的变化过程。综述了末次冰消期以来青藏高原高寒干旱区、西北干旱区、云贵高原湿润区以及东部平原地区的湖泊沉积记录的古气候演化特征,探讨了气候变化的驱动机制,并提出未来该研究领域亟待深入开展的工作,包括拓展高分辨率湖泊沉积记录的气候演化时间序列研究,提升学科交叉和与其他地质记录的对比研究,加强中国第四纪湖泊数据库和全球气候变化研究,以及加强水汽来源示踪研究。     

塔里木盆地南缘历史时期气候环境变化的过程与特征

根据塔里木盆地南缘具较高分辨率的湖沼相沉积物碳酸盐δ^13C和粒度等记录，恢复出2162-850BC期间为一相对稳定的温暖干旱时期，之后迅速转冷湿，湿润程度呈持续、阶段式增加，50 BC至500 AD期间呈现的显著冷湿特征于550 AD之后突变转暖干而结束。550 AD和1000 AD前后的具突变性质的气候事件在南疆地区近2．0ka的气候变化中具有重要意义，反映气候状况有过重大调整。850—1300AD期间(相当于中世纪温暖期)冷暖、干湿多变，但温暖特征并不明显。特别是1100—1200AD期间气候快速、频繁变化之后，奠定了本地区现代稳定干旱环境特征。区域对比表明，尼雅剖面记录的气候变化具有广泛的区域一致性。     

安徽淮河流域全新世环境演变对新石器遗址分布的影响

安徽淮河流域是我国自然条件多重过渡地带和古代文化交汇地区,新石器时代演绎了多期古文化,石山子文化时期以渔猎为主,大汶口文化时期渔猎与农耕并重,而龙山文化时期以农耕为主,渔猎为辅。利用野外考古资料和已有考古研究成果,系统地梳理本区新石器文化发展进程,利用钻孔孢粉、年代数据等恢复本区全新世自然环境演变过程,并将考古资料和环境演变研究有机地结合起来,探讨该地区全新世环境演变和古文化发展的关系。研究表明,随着全新世大暖期的开始,新石器早期出现石山子文化,地方特征明显。6.5 kaBP~ 5.5 kaBP气候暖湿,受高海面和洪涝灾害等的影响,地表环境恶劣,导致文化发展中断、考古遗址缺失,5.5 kaBP~4.0 kaBP气候趋干,自然条件有利于人类生存,大汶口、龙山文化逐渐繁荣。与中原、山东地区相比,本区在新石器文化发展阶段、遗址数量和分布变化等方面存在较明显差异。     

太湖地区多剖面地层学分析与良渚期环境事件

太湖地区多剖面地层学分析和环境考古研究表明:本区良渚期为全新世大暖期中气候逐渐向干凉转变的时期,但大部分时间里仍略比今天暖湿。良渚期末气候走入低谷并剧烈波动,良渚期侵蚀面反映一次较长时间的海面下降过程,气候剧烈波动的转型期与海面下降至低海面过程相一致。此时本区洪积层、埋藏遗址及遗址地层中文化间歇层等发育皆反映古洪水泛滥事件的存在;而良渚期侵蚀面上的铁锰结核聚集现象及现没于水下的众多良渚期开挖的古井等遗迹还反映出这一时期也曾发生过气候干燥事件。分析认为良渚文化繁荣发展期陆地面积扩大,气候略好于今天;而良渚文化衰亡期则处于4300~3800aB. P.间的水、旱灾丛生的低海面气候异常期。     

长江中游新石器时代遗址规模的分布特征

运用ArcGIS软件建立了长江中游地区9.0~4.0 ka BP文化遗址的空间数据库,采用叠加分析和统计学方法,对文化遗址的规模、海拔分布、坡度、距河流远近等特征进行了系统分析。结果表明：① 由新石器时代早期到晚期,遗址的数量、规模和分布范围等均呈现增长或扩大趋势,叠置型遗址个数增加;② 遗址一般具有低海拔、平缓地形和距河流较近的选址倾向,晚期的文化遗址大体保持该倾向,但对海拔、坡度及距河流远近等的选择开始出现分化。③ 新石器时代晚期不同规模的文化遗址在选址上存在一定分异。小型遗址多分布在坡度为6°~15°的缓坡地,中型及以上规模的遗址更倾向于坡度为2°~6°平缓地;中小型至大型遗址的海拔分布均以30~50 m为主,特大型遗址的海拔分布以50~100 m为主;特大型遗址在距河流1000 m以内的分布比例高于其他规模遗址;④ 新石器文化在早中期受气候、水源、地形等自然环境因素影响较大,晚期文化的适应能力有所增强。     

Impact of Holocene environmental change on temporal-spatial distribution of Neolithic sites in Huaihe River Basin, Anhui Province

The Huaihe River basin of Anhui is not only a transitional zone of physical geography, but also a convergent area of many cultures in China. It is one of the sensitive ecotones to global changes and the birthplace of Chinese civilization. Using the field archaeological data and the sporo-pollens and the age data of the drilling cores, we analysed Neolithic cultural development and environmental evolution in the Huaihe River basin of Anhui. According to the combination of some research results in archaeology with environmental evolution research, this paper discusses the relationship between culture and environment in the Huaihe River basin of Anhui. The Neolithic cultural development was strongly impacted by the environmental change. The primitive culture (Shishanzi) was developed in the beginning of the Holocene Megathermal Period with distinct regional feature of the culture. From 6.5 kaBP to 5.5 kaBP, the climate changed warmer and wetter. The frequent occurrence of flood and waterlog due to such a climate regime and high sea level caused the earth’s surface environment deteriorated in the Huaihe River basin of Anhui and the interruption of the Neolithic cultural development, hence a lack of archaeological sites. From 5.5 kaBP to 4.0 kaBP, the climate changed from wet to dry, the natural environment was propitious to human survival. Dawenkou Culture and Longshan Culture flourished in this period. The Neolithic cultural development, the number of the sites and their distribution characteristics of the sites in the study area differed apparently from those in Central China and Shandong Province.     

太湖流域全新世气候-海面短期振荡事件及其对新石器文化的影响

太湖流域埋藏古树、泥炭、贝壳堤和新石器文化遗址,＾１４Ｃ年代频率变化揭示了全新世气候－海面波动与文明兴衰的时间耦合关系。本区降水量的明显增加始于８ｋａＢ．Ｐ．、７．５￣４ｋａＢ．Ｐ．总的看为高海面和新石器文化发展时期,但其间有相对的海面波动,即：７￣６．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．为高海面期、６．３￣５．６ｋａＢ．Ｐ．为低海面期、４．５￣４ｋａＢ．Ｐ．为低海面期、３．８￣３．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．为高海面期。从文化断层     

安徽淮河流域全新世环境演变对新石器遗址时空分布的影响

Importance has been attached to the research of the impact of Holocene environmental change on the origins of human civilization and human survival at home and abroad by the academic circles (Bevan and Rooseveit, 2003; Binford, 1997; Xia et al., 2003; Zhu…     

江苏海安青墩地区新石器时代环境考古

通过对海安青墩遗址剖面进行磁化率、粒度、孢粉、14 C测年等指标分析 ,结果表明 ,剖面第 8层至第 7层是一个海退过程 ,同时微体古生物分析表明这两层均无有孔虫 ,可知当时此区域离海较远。第 8层到第 7层气候向暖湿方向转化 ,良好的气候环境条件为后来该区域人类活动的发展创造了条件。测年资料表明第 6层为距今 3790± 10 5 14 CaB .P .,是大暖期后面的一个气候波动和缓的亚稳定暖湿期 ,当时中国绝大部分地区气候要比现今暖湿。剖面的第 3、 4、 5层 ,即 4 0 0 0 14 CaB .P .以来的一个时期 ,该区出现了一洪水泛滥期 ,正是这一洪水期导致该区域人类文明的衰落。     

Climatic evolution in the Yangtze Delta region in the late Holocene epoch

Neolithic site sections, natural sections and other proxy indicators like paleotrees and peat are collected for further understanding the environmental changes during the past 10,000 years in the Yangtze Delta region. The results indicate that cultural interruption in the Yangtze Delta was the result of water expansion induced by climatic changes like more precipitation. For fragile human mitigation to the natural hazards in the Neolithic cultural period, environmental changes usually exerted tremendous influences on human activities, havocking the human civilization, which is meaningful for human mitigation to natural hazards under the present global warming. At the same time, some uncertainties in reconstruction of paleo-environmental changes were discussed in the text.     

长江三角洲全新世气候变迁

1 Introduction Global warming and the global-warming-related global environmental problems are receiving increasing attention from scientists, the public and governments of countries. In the coming century anthropological activities may result in further …     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000–2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin,East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province, East China, using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene, the transmutation of ancient settlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed. Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time. These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene, leading to the lake level fluctuations. The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities. These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly. The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east. This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum. Therefore, climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin, which exerted great influence on the distribution, expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000-2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin,East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and Iate Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province,East China.using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene,the transmutation of ancient sottlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed.Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and Iate Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements In this area changed from high altitudes to Iow ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time.These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene.leading to the lake level fluctuations.The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities.These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate cenditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly.The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east.This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum.Therefore,climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin,which exerted great influence on the distribution,expansion and development of the ancient settlements.