SOUTHERN BOUNDARY FORCING RELATIVE TO GENESIS,MAINTENANCE AND OSCILLATION OF A SUBTROPICAL HIGH

A nonlinear critical layer and a Kelvin cat's eye excited thereupon are simulated through fourschemes in the context of a nonlinear quasi-geostrophic barotropic vorticity equation model withforced stationary wave acting along the southern boundary to investigate effects of tropical steadyforcing on the genesis,maintenance and oscillation of a subtropical high(STH).Evidence suggeststhat the southern forcing is responsible for the planetary quasi-steady anticyclonic Kelvin cat's eye-form flow field inside the nonlinear critical layer,with the eye shifting,vigor and shape changingquite similar to the behaviors of a summer STH,in striking contrast to the northern stationaryforcing.As such,the southern boundary-caused cat's eye is likely to be an even more importantmechanism for STH genesis and evolution.In addition,a physical mechanism is introduced forquasi-steady planetary wave moving through the critical layer at subtropical latitudes.     

南边界强迫的非线性临界层与副高的形成、维持和振荡

用非线性准地转正压涡度方程模式，在南边界取定常强迫波，采用４种方案模拟了非线性临界层及其上激发的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ猫眼，以确定热带的定常强迫对副高的形成、维持和振荡的影响。结果表明，南边界定常强迫仍在非线性临界层内激发行星尺度的准定常反气旋的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ猫眼流场，猫眼的移动、强度和形状变化与夏季副高比较相似．而北边界定常强迫所得结果与夏季副高差异较大。因此，南边界所激发的非线性临界层上的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ猫眼可能是夏季副高形成、维持和振荡的一种更为重要的新物理机制。文中还提出准定常行星波穿越副热带的非线性临界层的物理机制。     

非线性临界层与副热带高压的形成

本文用无辐散正压涡度方程模拟非线性临界层。结果表明,在非线性临界层内,流函数场出现“Kelvin猫眼”现象。“猫眼”的流场呈准定常反气旋环流形势,“猫眼”的时空尺度、东移和形状变化与副热带高压有相似之处。因此,非线性临界层产生的“Kelvin猫眼”有可能是位于纬向东西风交界面附近的副热带高压形成的一种新的物理机制。     

Planetary stationary waves in the atmosphere Part II: Thermal stationary waves

The contribution of thermal forcing to the planetary stationary waves will be studied also by assuming that heat balance in stationary waves over zonally asymmetric thermal forcing must be maintained over a long time period. Us-ing the same model of geostrophic waves introduced in Part I, we may explain successfully the observed and simulated responses to the thermal forcing in the atmosphere, such as the wave 1 structure at high levels of middle latitudes, the seasonal changes of the stationary waves in the Northern Hemisphere, the opposite phase distributions of stationary waves at high and low levels of the subtropical regions in both hemispheres and so on.     

ON THE DYNAMICS OF SUBTROPICAL UPPER-TROPOSPHERIC QUASI-STATIONARY VORTICES IN NORTHERN SUMMER

In this paper the dynamic mechanism of the subtropical quasi-stationary vortices in the upper troposphere,such as the southern Asia high and the mid-oceanic troughs,are studied with a highly truncated spectral model,in which the thermal forcing and the nonlinear interaction between wave and zonal components,as well asthe basic zonal flow changing with latitudes are incorporated.The results show a stable equilibrium statewith an upper level fiow field similar to the observed subtropical systems.It is found that the thermal forc-ing has some important controlling effects on these planetary-scale vortices.     

大气中40—60天低频振荡形成的数值试验

观测资料的分析表明,40—60天的低频振荡,除了在赤道附近有向东的传播外,在副热带和高纬度带还存在向西传播的现象.本文利用正压原始方程的谱模式,加以与运动(辐散)相联系的强迫(相当于加热场),模拟这类低频振荡发现有两类波存在:一类是周期约为10—20天向东传播的行星波,另一类是周期为40—60天向西传播的低频波,它是前一类行星波的波包相速度,每天5—6经度,纬向波数为1.这类低频波的出现可能是行星波与加热场非线性相互作用的结果. 这里之所以没有得到东传的40—60天的低频波,可能是由于模式格点较疏,使赤道Kelvin波不能明显激发出来.     

江西省夏季降水年际变化的机理研究

通过对观测资料和大气再分析资料的诊断分析,研究了影响江西省夏季降水变率的物理机制。结果表明江西省夏季降水存在显著的年际变率。极端条件下,降水偏多的夏季可达降水偏少的夏季的降水量的三倍。中纬度地区的准静止波列和热带关键海区的海温异常是造成江西夏季降水异常的主要原因。当江西省夏季降水偏多时,欧亚大陆地区存在"正—负—正"的准正压Rossby波列结构,位于贝加尔湖的正活动中心能引导干冷空气南下,从而有利于江南地区的锋生和江西降水的增加。此外,当江西省夏季降水偏多时,前期冬季中东太平洋地区有El Ni1o事件的活动,并能通过大气桥在夏季印度洋地区形成正海温异常。通过"印度洋电容器"机制,印度洋的暖海温能激发向东传播的Kelvin波,引起菲律宾地区降水的减少。菲律宾地区抑制的降水能激发向北传播的EAP/PJ波列,使得西太平洋副热带高压西伸增强,从而有利于水汽向江南地区的输送,并造成江西夏季的降水增加。     

Laterally‐propagating Rossby waves in the easterly acceleration phase of the quasi‐biennial oscillation

Abstract

It is shown that oscillating mean flow solutions exist in the one‐dimensional Holton‐Lindzen (1972) model in the presence of a single Kelvin wave, mean flow diffusion, and an easterly zonal force per unit mass that is constant in height and time except at those points in the time‐height cross‐section where the latitudinally‐integrated mean flow is less than some prescribed easterly value. The latter forcing is intended to crudely represent the absorption of quasi‐stationary planetary Rossby waves at the tropical zero‐wind line. Our results suggest an alternative, and somewhat simpler, possible interpretation of the quasi‐biennial mean zonal wind oscillation in the equatorial lower stratosphere.     

On the transient adjustment of a mid-latitude abyssal ocean basin with realistic geometry: the constant depth limit

The early stages in the adjustment of a mid-latitude abyssal basin with realistic geometry are studied using an inverted one and one-half layer model of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea as a natural test basin. The model is forced with a localized sidewall mass source and a compensating distributed mass sink. A flat bottom basin is investigated for comparison with existing theories on abyssal gyral spin-up, and as a precursor to a study with realistic topography. As in existing theories, the early adjustment is dominated by sub-inertial Kelvin and Rossby waves. Obstacles and the varying coastal geometry do not impede the passage of the Kelvin wave, though the circuit time of the main Kelvin wave signal is reduced by an aggregate 6% for the abyssal Eastern Mediterranean basin. The scattering of the Kelvin wave due to small-scale variations in the coastline is also shown not to be significant to the adjustment. The relatively short period of time needed to reach a statistical steady state is attributed to western boundary current formation in response to local Kelvin wave dynamics. Upon cessation of the sidewall forcing, sub-inertial motion controls the spin-down adjustment with basin-scale Rossby waves becoming the most pronounced feature of the flow. Two dynamical issues of particular interest emerge in these simulations: the retardation of Kelvin wave propagation around the abyssal basin and the roles of detrainment and sidewall forcing in the interior vorticity balance. An idealized simulation using an elliptical basin is used to illustrate that the mechanism for Kelvin wave retardation is a geometrically induced dispersion due to large-scale variations in the coastline. A dynamical analysis of the interior circulation shows that detrainment alone does not develop a Sverdrup response. Both the localized sidewall injection and the detrainment are needed to describe the interior dynamics, with both poleward and equatorward flows developing during the adjustment.     

关于西太平洋副热带高压的垂直环流结构和年际变动特征及其机制研究

采用１９９８年南海季风试验期间的高质量高分辨资料和ＮＣＥＰ提供的４０年再分析资料以及相关的海温和副高参数资料，研究了西太平洋副热带高压的垂直环流结构和年际变动特征及其与东亚副热带夏季风和外强迫的关系。发现在月平均图上，西太平洋副高中心（或脊线）附近看不到下沉气流，但在候平均图和日平均图上脊线附近的若干区域下沉气流明显。这表明西太平洋副高的准定常和瞬变部分的环流结构特征有显著不同。在副高北侧东亚副热带季风雨带上有暴雨发生时，其凝结海热激发的经圈环流对相应经度上的副高脊线附近的下沉气流有显著贡献。分析表明，脊线附近高（低）空的下沉气流分别来自副高北（南）侧，表明副高是中高纬和低纬度系统相互联结的纽带。相关统计指出，夏季西太平洋副高的三个参数（面积、强度和脊线纬度）与长江中下游降水存在很高的相关，降水偏多（少），副高面积偏大（小），强度偏强（弱），脊线偏南（北），这说明与降水相应的凝结潜热对副高的年际异常有重要影响。近海海温和东亚海陆热力差指数与夏季长江中下游降水和副高三参数均存在显著的相关，这表明东亚经向和纬向海陆热力差是影响副热带夏季降水和西太平洋副高年际变化的基本因子。数值试验结果指出，近海海温异常所形成的     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF TROPICS-EXTRATROPICS INTERACTION

A nonlinear steady-state baroclinic primitive-equation numerical model of atmospheric forced stationarywaves is used to investigate the tropics-extratropics interactions.Newtonian cooling,Rayleigh friction andbiharmonic horizontal diffusion are included in the model.The Eliassen-Palm (EP) cross-section and three-dimensional wave activity flux,which was derived by Plumb (1985) for linear quasi-geostrophic stationarywaves on a zonal flow,are used as diagnostics for the vertical and horizontal propagation of the waves.Results of the numerical experiments and diagnostics analyses suggest that the extratropical influenceon the tropical large-scale motion is important.The mid-latitude orographic forcing,especially of the Qing-hai-Xizang Plateau,and the extratropical thermal forcing make substantial contribution to the main-tenance of the cyclonic circulation over the eastern tropical and subtropical Pacific as well as the inversecirculation over the western Pacific in the upper troposphere.In addition,the longitudinal variation ofdiabatic heating in tropics has a significant influence on the wintertime stationary waves at higher latitudes.     

The structure and propagation of stationary planetary wave packet in the barotropic atmosphere

Monthly or seasonally mean anomalies of large-scale atmospheric circulation are better represented by wave packets or their combination. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of equations of wave packet dynamics, which are obtained by the use of WKB approximation, are very helpful for the understanding of structure, formation and propagation of stationary and quasi-stationary planetary wave packet patterns in the atmosphere. Indeed, these equations of wave packet dynamics can be directly solved by the method of characteristic lines, and the results can be simply and clearly interpreted by physical laws. In this paper, a quasi-geostrophic barotropic model is taken for simplicity, and the wave packets superimposed on several ideal profiles of the basic current and excited by some ideal forcings are investigated in order to make comparison of the accuracy of calculation with the analytical solution. It is revealed that (a) the rays of stationary planetary wave packet do not coincide with but go away from the great circle with significant difference if the shear of the basic zonal flow is not too small; (b) being superimposed on a westerly jet flow with positive shear (Uλ/y>0), the stationary wave packets excited by low-latitudinal forcing are first intensified during their northeastward propagation in the Northern Hemisphere, then reach their maximum of amplitude at some critical latitude, and after that weaken again; (c) the connected line of extremes (the positive and negative centres) of wave packet does not coincide with but crosses the ray by an angle, the larger the scale of external forcing, the larger the angle; and (d) the whole pattern of a trapped stationary wave packet is complicated by the interference between the incident and reflected waves.     

定常态副热带高压与垂直运动的关系

文中利用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料研究了定常条件下二维和三维空间上副热带高压与垂直运动的关系 ;比较了Hadley环流和副热带高压动力学的差异。结果显示由于地球自转 ,在副热带地区出现了最大的经向质量通量的辐合 ,导致了纬向平均副热带高压的形成。在热成风关系的制约下 ,除了在北半球夏季 ,通常副热带高压脊线随高度增加向赤道倾斜。Hadley环流的下沉支从对流层顶垂直地延伸到行星边界层。因此副热带高压脊线与该下沉支在自由大气中位置分离 ,年际变化反相 ;在行星边界层中摩擦耗散作用使两者重合 ,年际变化同相 ,但垂直运动对副热带高压的形成不起作用。三维空间上 ,沿行星边界层的副热带高压脊线处为下沉运动 ,副热带大洋东部强烈的下沉运动对应着强烈的向赤道气流。自由大气中 ,垂直下沉运动的分布与副热带高压的分布不同。大洋上副热带高压东部大气下沉 ,副热带高压西部大气上升。这一方面与等熵面的北高南低的倾斜分布在动力学上是一致的 ;另一方面还表明副热带高压的形成也与非绝热加热密切相关。总之 ,不论是在自由大气还是在边界层中 ,不能简单地把下沉运动看成是副热带高压形成的原因。     

江淮流域旱涝年份准定常行星波分布与平均纬向风速的差异

利用欧洲数值预报中心1980—1989年6—8月资料，讨论了80年代江淮流域夏季旱涝年份亚洲地区平均纬向风速和准定常行星波分布的差异。旱年类与涝年类相比，热带东风急流强度偏强，纬度位置偏南；副热带急流强度相近，位置偏北。旱年（涝年）类的夏季准定常行星波的分布反映了菲律宾周围水域上空和青藏高原地面的热源均为偏强（弱）的异常外源强迫的结果。二者的主要差异表明，在中高纬度振幅大值区，旱年类纬度位置较涝年类偏北几个纬度。厄尔尼诺与反厄尔尼诺年份之间，准定常行星波各纬向波数的振幅距平分布基本上具有完全相反的型式，亚     

The global energy cycle of stationary and transient atmospheric waves: Results from ECMWF analyses

Summary The role of stationary (monthly mean) and transient (departure from monthly mean) waves within the atmospheric energy cycle is examined using global analyses from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the period 1980–1987. Only January and July averages are considered.It is confirmed that planetary stationary waves are basically baroclinic. Their contribution to the globally averaged energy cycle of the atmosphere is comparable to that of the transient waves. In January they contribute about 40% to the baroclinic conversion (CA) from zonal mean to eddy available potential energy. Local values for the northern hemisphere even show a predominant role of the stationary wave conversions over those originating from transient waves. Part of the available potential energy of stationary waves (A _SE) is converted to kinetic energy by warm air rising and cold air sinking. Nonlinear energy conversion, which can be interpreted as destruction of stationary temperature waves by transients, is the second sink forA _SE. The order of magnitude of these two processes is similar.Barotropic nonlinear conversions, though negligible in the global average, reveal large conversion rates between the mean positions of the polar and the subtropical jets. Their orientation is suggestive of a tendency to increase stationary wave kinetic energyK _SE at its local minimum between the jets at the expense of the synoptic scale transients.While all terms of the energy cycle related to stationary waves reveal a predominance of the planetary scale (zonal wave numbers 1–3) transient waves are governed by synoptic scale waves (zonal wave numbers 4–9) only with respect to the baroclinic and barotropic conversions: a significant amount of transient wave energy (50% for the global average ofA _TE) is due to planetary scale waves.With 15 Figures     

1998年夏第二阶段梅雨期乌拉尔山阻塞形势的维持

１９９８年夏季长江流域发生了近５０年来最严重的洪水。洪水形成最直接、最主要的原因是梅雨异常。异常梅雨的形成与东亚夏季风偏弱及热带外环流持续异常有关，其中一个明显特征是乌拉尔山地区长时间维持阻塞形势。本文结合诊断分析和数值试验，从瞬变对基本流的强迫（大气内部强迫）及热带热源强迫（外源强迫）两方面，分析了与第二段梅雨相对应的乌拉尔长时间阻塞的维持机制。利用共轭敏感性分析方法，计算了最有利于乌拉尔阻塞发展和维持的敏感扰动，发现扰动的分布位置，刚好与观测到的，从东大西洋到欧洲区域的异常增强的瞬变活动区相重叠。Ｅ矢量及斜压线性静止波模式的诊断进一步表明，异常期间的增强瞬变活动有利于乌拉尔出现正高度异常。计算了持续异常期间的高空急流及大气加热场，发现北美到大西洋的高空急流及热带加热都出现明显异常。中期天气预报模式 ＩＡＰ Ｔ４２Ｌ９的集合预报试验表明，热带地区的加热异常，尤其是热带中西太平洋和大西洋的加热异常，有利于乌拉尔正高度异常的形成。最后，提出了一种热带异常热源驱动下，瞬变波与定常波双向相互作用的阻塞形成与自维持的可能机制。     

Nonlinear planetary wave instability and blocking

The instability of geostrophic wave circulations related to the nonlinear processes involved in the zonal mean heat balance equations is studied. It is found that the planetary waves may be destabilized by thermal forcing in spe-cific baroclinic layers, called the breaking layers. The critical conditions of the instability will be given. In the troposphere, these conditions may be provided in blocking regions and the development of planetary perturbations is characterized distinctly by the unset, maintenance and decay of observed blocks. The whole blocking episode cannot be described as either the barotropic or baroclinic process only. The limitations on the study of wave-wave interaction using spectral models or spectrum analyses will be discussed also.     

副热带对流层高层夏季准定常涡旋系统动力成因的初步探讨

本文采用一个高截断的斜压谱模式、探讨了在热力强迫作用下副热带夏季对流层高层准定常涡旋系统形成和维持的动力机制。模式中考虑了纬向不对称的热力强迫作用,带状流与波动分量之间的非线性相互作用以及随纬度而变的基本气流的共同影响,所得到的一类稳定平衡态的高层流场特征说明了上述准定常涡旋系统的一些主要特点,并进而讨论了热力强迫的控制作用等问题。     

冬半年南支西风中Rossby波传播及其与南支槽形成的关系

利用1948—2005年的10月—次年5月NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对西风急流中Rossby波的传播及其与冬半年副热带南支西风槽形成的关系进行研究, 结果表明:冬半年亚洲副热带西风急流下方存在3个南支波动, 分别位于阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾和我国华南地区, 其中孟加拉湾南支槽变率最小, 是半永久性低压槽; 从北非、阿拉伯海到孟加拉湾的“-+-”遥相关波列表明南支槽与北非槽呈正相关, 与阿拉伯海槽呈反相关。在西风波动从北非东传到孟加拉湾的过程中, 往往会在阿拉伯海有所停顿, 这种由西向东的传播过程约20 d一次, 具有明显的低频振荡特征; 源自北非的定常Rossby波能量沿着急流波导传播到孟加拉湾, 可能是南支槽明显增幅的一个主要机制; 另外, 从青藏高原东西两侧南下的冷空气活动也是南支槽加深发展的一个重要因素。     

The East Asian Upper-Tropospheric Jet Streams and Associated Transient Eddy Activities Simulated by a Climate System Model BCC_CSM1.1

In this paper, major features of the upper-tropospheric jet streams simulated by a coupled Climate System Model BCC_CSM1.1 are evaluated through comparison with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The jet streams consist of the East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ) and the East Asian polar-front jet (EAPJ). Associated stationary wave and synoptic-scale transient eddy activities (STEA) are also examined. The results show that the climatological positions of the westerly jet streams are well captured by BCC_CSM1.1, but with slight intensity biases. Statistics from the 6-h model outputs reveal that the jet core number (JCN) of ESPJ is significantly underestimated. Examination of the simulated seasonal evolution of the westerly jet stream indicates that the model has produced a westward movement of the EASJ core in May, one month earlier than that in the reanalysis. Analysis of stationary wave activities shows that the overestimated meridional wind component may have caused considerable enhancement of meridional momentum and heat transport. The stationary Rossby wave represented by the wave activity flux at the southern flank of the Tibetan Plateau is favorable to the growth of asymmetric zonal wind and the multiple-center pattern of JCN. Unlike the stationary wave heat flux transport, the model tends to systematically generate weaker transient heat flux over East Asia. Further analysis of STEA exhibits a general consistent pattern between the simulation and the reanalysis, while the intensity of the northern STEA branch associated with the EAPJ is greatly reduced. The deficiencies of eddy momentum and heat flux transport and accompanied eddy forcing may contribute to the biases of the simulated upper-tropospheric jet streams, suggesting the potential importance of midlatitude internal atmospheric dynamics in shaping the tropospheric general circulation, which is not yet fully and accurately resolved in the current BCC_CSM1.1.