基于ArcGIS的地震灾害应急决策支持系统的设计与实现

在新型GIS平台软件ArcGIS（包括ArcObjects和AwIMS）的基础上,利用COM／DCOM、ActiveX、ASP等网络开发技术及OO4O、ArcSDE等空间数据库开发技术,论述了地震灾害损失评估模型的空间集成方案和可视化表达技术。同时。以软件工程为指导,提出了一种建立基于ArcGIS技术的地震灾害应急指挥系统的技术思路和解决方案,该方案阐述了城市地震应急决策支持系统的体系结构、技术路线以及功能构建等。最后给出了试验系统的界面。     

大华北测震数据共享系统中数据自动录入的实现方法探讨

介绍了在大华北测震数据共享系统中用程序自动录入数据的实现方法,对实现技术和难点等进行了分析,并给出了具体的解决方案。分析了DHTM L的文档层次结构、COM组件的调用,给出了在inpu t file域中输入字符的实现方法。旨在改变繁琐的手工输入为程序自动录入,这样不但能够节约上传时间,还能够减少录入过程中的出错概率。     

数字地震台实时处理软件的研制

本软件作为对北京港震机电技术公司软件系统的一个补充，在中文Windows下研制，适用于数字地震台进行数字地震信号实时连续接收和处理。软件的研制充分考虑了台站应用的特点和需求，引入完整的软件工程学理念，采用了面向对象（OOP）的分析设计方法和软件组件技术（COM）。     

ArcGeophysics 1.0:GIS环境下综合处理、解释地球物理与地质、地球化学、遥感等资料的组件(COM)包与应用实例

地球物理资料综合处理与解释在油气、煤田、矿物勘探\[5\]、水文分析、水文工程与环境评价中有重要应用.然而,目前的(位场)地球物理处理与解释可视化程度低,无法利用其它资料有效的约束、关联分析与综合快速解释.虽然地理信息系统(GIS)是目前综合多种资料,进行空间处理、分析,提供决策支持的强有力工具,但是,GIS是为一般地理问题分析定制的,缺少综合地球物理处理解释的工具.本文给出了解决上述问题的,用组件对象模型(COM)实现的软件包－ArcGeophysics. 在ArcGeophysics中,实现了勘探数据的有效管理,空间统计分析,地球物理（正演、反演）,地球化学与遥感处理、分析、解释与可视化,信息集成与勘探靶区预测等功能.特别需要指出的是：(1) ArcGeophysics 无缝地结合了ArcObject (ArcGIS, ESRI),也就继承了当前国际上占主导地位的GIS软件包中所有的GIS功能;(2) ArcGeophysics是建立在COM基础之上,任何支持COM的应用环境(如MS Office),编程环境(如MS Visual Studio (.Net), Borland Delphi等都可以调用这些功能(相当于通用开发工具包); (3)ArcGeophysics对地球物理资料的处理解释结合了非线性系统、多尺度分析与多维分形理论.本文不仅给出了各向异性奇异性的应用实例,而且还给出了位场在Fourier空间处理分数维导数,以及在余弦变换空间多维分形模型(C-SA).本文应用加拿大Nova Scotia省南半部的地球物理、地球化学、地质与成矿资料进行了试算,得到了理想的结果,文中图２～图５均直接出之ArcGeophysics的输出.     

利用多台P波到时估测震中算法及程序

通过基于COM组件的VB与Matlab混合编程途径,实现已知区域P波速度条件下利用多台P波到时估测震中位置算法程序化,使用发现,该程序具有运行界面友好、速度快及对网内和网缘地震定位精度较好的优点.     

WeatherMap等开源软件在地震信息网络流量监控中的应用

WeatherMap是Cacti开源网管系统中的流量监控组件,可实现多种模式的网络实时流量监控与展示,提升网络流量监控的可视化能力,在天津地震信息网络中的应用,对于提升开源软件在行业网络系统中的综合应用有较好的参考价值.     

一个改进的诊断层积云方案及其对大气环流模式性能的改进

在气候模式中,传统的层积云参数化方案(简称LTS方案)高估了自由大气湿绝热过程所引起的垂直温度梯度的作用.在Wood和Bretherton提出的"估算逆温"(EIS)基础上,本文基于卫星资料构建了一个改良的诊断层积云方案,旨在改进当前广为使用的LTS方案.通过将EIS层积云方案引入大气环流模式GAMIL2.0中,并与传统方案进行对比试验发现,EIS层积云方案能有效地改善GAMIL2.0对东亚-西北太平洋季风区乃至全球云-辐射气候特征的模拟能力,一定程度地纠正了模式原来存在的中高纬度净(短波)云辐射强迫模拟偏弱的现象,而该偏差在当前许多模式中普遍存在.此改进与EIS层积云方案合理处理自由大气的温度层结有关.EIS层积云方案亦显著改进了GAMIL2.0对东亚-西北太平洋季风区云辐射年际变率的模拟能力.加入EIS层积云方案后,模式较好地模拟出了ENSO年冬春季东亚边缘海域的净云辐射正异常、海表入射短波正异常和层云量负异常.究其原因是EIS层积云方案比传统方案对海表温度异常的扰动更敏感.海表温度异常通过EIS层积云方案在对流层低层强迫出更强的云量距平,并通过改变加热率和垂直速度影响整个对流层,最终改进模式对云辐射强迫和地表入射短波通量年际变率的模拟.EIS层积云方案还增强了模式对El Ni?o年冬春季节西北太平洋异常反气旋以及东亚降水异常的模拟效果.     

基于ArcGIS的国家台网地震速报地名查询辅助系统设计与实现

基于国家台网地震速报的实际工作需求,针对国家台网在全球地震速报中缺乏专门的地名查询系统,通过对国家台网实时、人机交互处理子系统和全国速报信息交换平台(EQIM系统)的相关协议和数据接口进行研究,并结合地震速报相关规定中对地名的要求,基于地理信息系统Arc GIS提供的Arc GIS Engine(AE)组件技术,采用Visual.Net开发平台和COM组件技术,来实现获取地震地名信息的功能,开发设计一套用于国家台网地震速报的地名查询辅助系统,希望可以有效提高国家台网地震速报的效率和准确度。     

宁德一号井气氡资料异常变化分析

宁德一号井气氡多次出现与气温不同步现象.采用EIS2000软件,对异常进行提取,结果表明,2008年2月至3月,气氡测值与气温变化明显不同步,可能是距离该点87 km的福建古田水口ML 4.8地震前兆异常.     

基于WEBGIS的地震快速反应系统

旨在介绍在对辽宁省地震监测中心的多个应用系统的高度提炼下,通过WEBgIS构建地震快速反应系统的整个过程。本文简要叙述了系统的主要开发目标,介绍了系统的软件架构和功能设计,阐述了使用网络技术和开源组件实现本系统的方法,总结了系统特点。     

An improved diagnostic stratocumulus scheme based on estimated inversion strength and its performance in GAMIL2

Based on satellite data and the estimated inversion strength (EIS) derived by Wood et al. (2006), a feasible and uncomplicated stratocumulus scheme is proposed, referred to as EIS scheme. It improves simulation of cloud radiative forcing (CRF) in the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP/LASG version 2 (GAMIL2.0) model. When compared with the original lower troposphere stability (LTS) scheme, the EIS scheme reproduces more reasonable climatology distributions of clouds and CRF. The parameterization partly corrects CRF underestimation at mid and high latitudes and overestimation in the convective region. Such improvements are achieved by neglecting the effect of free-tropospheric stratification changes that follow a cooler moist adiabat at middle and high latitude, thereby improving simulated cloudiness. The EIS scheme also improves simulation of the CRF interannual variability. The positive net CRF and negative stratiform anomaly in the East Asian and western North Pacific monsoon regions (EAWNPMR) are well simulated. The EIS scheme is more sensitive to sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) than the LTS. Therefore, under the effect of a warmer SSTA in the EAWNPMR, the EIS generates a stronger negative stratiform response, which reduces radiative heating in the low and mid troposphere, in turn producing strong subsidence and negative anomalies of both moisture and cloudiness. Consequent decreases in cloud reflection and shading effects ultimately improve simulation of incoming surface shortwave radiative fluxes and CRF. Because of the stronger subsidence, a stronger anomalous anticyclone over the Philippines Sea is simulated by the EIS run, which leads to a better positive precipitation anomaly in eastern China during ENSO winter.     

Drying increases organic colloidal mobilization in the karst vadose zone: Evidence from a 15-year cave-monitoring study

Understanding the hydrological processes of colloids within the karst vadose zone is vital to the security of karst groundwater and providing appropriate paleohydrological explanations of colloid-facilitated metals in speleothem. This study addresses the mobilization mechanisms driving colloidal organic matter (COM) transport in the karst vadose zone using a 15-year long monthly monitoring dataset from a cave drip point (HS4) in Heshang Cave, Qingjiang Valley, China. Variations in COM concentrations were reported as the fluorescence difference values of raw and filtered (<0.22 μm) samples at an excitation wavelength of 320 nm and emission wavelength of ~400 nm. A fluorescence humification index (HIX) lower than 0.8 and an autochthonous index (BIX) higher than 1.2 indicated that the origin of COM was mainly from the karst vadose zone, rather than the soil zone. The COM concentration varied from 0.001 to 0.038 Raman Unit (RU), with evident seasonal fluctuations. Rising limbs for COM values occurred prior to rising limbs within a dripwater hydrograph; moreover, the COM peak values corresponding to the beginning of the increasing hydrograph generally suggested that the mobilization of COM reflected the movement of the air–water interface (AWI) in the karst vadose zone rather than rainfall intensity or flow velocity. COM peak values were positively correlated with the antecedent drying duration and negatively correlated with HIX values. These phenomena may be explained by the increased amount of organic matter that was aggregated and absorbed on the surface of carbonate in the karst vadose zone during a longer drying duration. Moreover, the longer drying duration was also beneficial to autochthonous biological activity, which subsequently decreased the HIX value of the organic matter in the karst vadose zone. The movement of AWI and the drying duration are both controlled by the outside weather conditions. This study is therefore conducive to evaluating the security of karst groundwater in response to climate change, and challenges prevailing paleoclimate interpretations of colloid-facilitated metal abundance timeseries reported from speleothems.     

Heavy metals in particulate and colloidal matter from atmospheric deposition of urban Guangzhou,South China

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) and colloidal matter (COM) in annual dry and wet deposition samples in urban Guangzhou were for the first time collected, and their trace metals were investigated by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The deposition flux of SPM and of metal elements varied largely among the investigated seasons, and reached the maximum in spring. The correlation analysis indicated that significant correlations existed among some of the metal elements in the deposition samples. The enrichment factors (EF) of metals in COM in the deposition ranging from 79.66 to 130,000 were much higher than those of SPM ranging from 1.65 to 286.48, indicating the important role of COM. The factor analysis showed that emissions from street dust, non-ferrous metal production, and heavy fuel oil were major sources of the trace metals. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to quantitatively estimate anthropogenic source.     

IVP联合MSCT平扫在输尿管梗阻病变中的价值

目的：探讨静脉尿路造影（IVP）联合多层螺旋CT（MsCT）平扫在输尿管梗阻病变中检查的价值。方法：将临床疑诊为输尿管疾病患者首先行IVP检查,从IVP检查中选出输尿管梗阻患者40例再行MSCT平扫为研究对象,将原始资料传至AW4．2工作站,分别进行多平面重组（MPR）、曲面重组（CPR）、容积再现（VR）和最大密度投影（MIP）;对比单纯IVP及IVP＋MSCT诊断结果与手术结果在输尿管梗阻检查中的定位、定性准确性。结果：IVP＋MSCT确诊38例,诊断率95％（38／40）;单纯IVP确诊27例,诊断率67．5％（27／40）,两者之间具有明显统计学意义（P〈0．01）。单纯IVP与IVP＋MSCT在输尿管梗阻定位诊断上具有较好的一致性。结论：IVP＋MSCT平扫对输尿管梗阻的定位、定性诊断更准确,并且明显降低了辐射剂量及对比剂剂量,既省时省力,又节约检查费用。     

福建省数字化形变资料的异常分析

为了提取中短期地震前兆信息,对福建省2006～2008年数字化形变观测整点值资料进行了二进小波多分辨率分析,结果表明：小波分析结果的细节部分dn主要包含周期为2n-2a＋1小时的信号,而近似部分‰包含所有周期大于2n＋1小时的信号;在此期间,福建省及其邻近地区的中强地震发生前,多数形变观测台站或测项同步接收到了周期大约为21～43d幅度较大的异常信号,这些信号可能是地震前兆。     

Revision of the EU Bathing Water Directive: economic costs and benefits

The European Union (EU) Bathing Water Directive of 1976 ([Commission of the European Communities, 1976. Council Directive of 8th December 1975 Concerning the Quality of Bathing Water (76/160/EEC). Official Journal of the European Community. 5th February 1976, L31/1, Brussels]) sets out standards for designated bathing waters which should be complied with by all member states. Intervening advances in pollution science, related technology and managerial expertise have allowed the European Commission to consider revision of EU environmental legislation where appropriate. As a result, a number of revisions to the 1976 Directive have been proposed ([Commission of the European Communities, 1994. Commission Proposal for a Council Directive Concerning the Quality of Bathing Water. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, COM (94) 36 Final, Brussels; Commission of the European Communities, 2000. Developing a New Bathing Water Policy, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, COM (2000) 860 Final, 21/12/200, Brussels; Commission of the European Communities, 2002. Commission Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Quality of Bathing Water, COM (2002) 581 Final, 24/10/2002, Brussels]). This paper considers these revisions in terms of the economic costs and benefits associated with any change in policy. The focus is on the public's willingness to pay for a revised Directive and the consequent public health benefits afforded to individuals and society. These economic benefits are compared to the costs of implementing changes to bring bathing waters up to the required standard.     

Modelling how vegetation cover affects climate change impacts on streamflow timing and magnitude in the snowmelt‐dominated upper Tuolumne Basin,Sierra Nevada

We investigated, through hydrologic modelling, the impact of the extent and density of canopy cover on streamflow timing and on the magnitude of peak and late summer flows in the upper Tuolumne basin (2600–4000 m) of the Sierra Nevada, California, under current and warmer temperatures. We used the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model for the hydrologic modelling of the basin, assuming four vegetation scenarios: current forest (partial cover, 80% density), all forest (uniform coverage, 80% density), all barren (no forest) and thinned forest (partial cover, 40% density) for a medium‐high emissions scenario causing a 3.9 °C warming over a 100‐year period (2001–2100). Significant advances in streamflow timing, quantified as the centre of mass (COM) of over 1 month were projected for all vegetation scenarios. However, the COM advances faster with increased forest coverage. For example, when forest covered the entire area, the COM occurred on average 12 days earlier compared with the current forest coverage, with the rate of advance higher by about 0.06 days year^?1 over 100 years and with peak and late summer flows lower by about 20% and 27%, respectively. Examination of modelled changes in energy balance components at forested and barren sites as temperatures rise indicated that increases in net longwave radiation are higher in the forest case and have a higher contribution to melting earlier in the calendar year when shortwave radiation is a smaller fraction of the energy budget. These increases contributed to increased midwinter melt under the forest at temperatures above freezing, causing decreases in total accumulation and higher winter and early spring melt rates. These results highlight the importance of carefully considering the combined impacts of changing forest cover and climate on downstream water supply and mountain ecosystems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湘西南兰蓉岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造背景

湘西南兰蓉岩体为一加里东期小侵入体,由黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩组成.（443.5±8.1）Ma的锆石SHRIMP U Pb年龄表明花岗岩形成于早志留世早期.主量元素组成表明岩体总体属钙碱性高钾钙碱性系列强过铝质花岗岩类.该侵入体Ba、（Ta＋Nb）、Sr、P、Ti强烈亏损,Rb、（Th＋U＋K）、（La＋Ce）、Nd、（Zr＋Hf＋Sm）、（Y＋Yb＋Lu）等相对富集;稀土元素含量较高、轻稀土富集明显、Eu显著亏损;Isr值为0.71299,εSr（t）值为120,εNd （t）值为 8.11和-8.89,t2DM为1.82和1.84Ga.C/MF-A/MF图解显示其源岩为泥质岩和砂屑岩.上述地球化学特征表明兰蓉岩体为陆壳碎屑岩石部分熔融形成的S型花岗岩.基于岩石成因、构造环境判别以及区域构造演化过程,推断兰蓉岩体的具体形成机制为：奥陶纪末志留纪初的北流运动（板内造山运动）导致地壳增厚、升温,尔后在挤压减弱、应力松弛的后碰撞减压构造环境下,中、上地壳酸性岩石发生部分熔融并向上侵位而形成兰蓉岩体.