软弱围岩隧道洞口段失稳机制分析与处置技术

隧道洞口围岩大多为软弱围岩,加之浅埋、偏压等不良地质地形因素的影响,洞口施工过程中易发生边仰坡的滑塌。厦蓉高速公路水都线的瑞坡隧道在进洞后不久就发生围岩失稳,致使仰坡开裂滑塌和洞内支护变形很大。利用FLAC3D软件模拟了隧道施工全过程,从围岩塑性区分布以及位移情况结合现场实际状况分析了隧道仰坡坍塌和支护变形发生的原因,并通过数值模拟优化了CRD法的开挖工序。最后参考数值分析结果结合工程实际提出了有效的治理措施,得到的结论可供今后类似工程参考与借鉴。     

基于Hoek-Brown强度准则的隧道软弱围岩稳定性分析

因长期遭受地质作用和构造力的改造作用,地下岩体中存在大量的软弱破碎带,隧道开挖穿越这一地带很容易出现较大的变形,甚至出现塌方等事故。论文采用TGP超前地质预报与掌子面围岩调查相结合的方法进行隧道掌子面及前方未开挖岩体的精细化地质调查,获取了隧道围岩的Hoek-Brown参数。采用FLAC3D数值模拟方法,分析了破碎带围岩在既定支护条件下的稳定性,并与现场监测数据进行对比,验证此方法的正确性。研究结果表明,数值模拟结果与实际监测结果较为吻合,可以将此方法用于指导未开挖段隧道的稳定性预测,以确保隧道掘进过程的施工安全。     

浅埋偏压隧道洞口坍方数值分析与处治

某公路隧道在进洞时出现坍方。针对该隧道工程的实际情况,建立数值分析模型,采用ANSYS程序模拟隧道施工力学行为,从围岩塑性区分布、位移以及锚杆和混凝土衬砌内力分布情况分析隧道变形和坍塌发生的原因。结果表明：隧道浅埋偏压、围岩力学性质差及施工支护不当导致坍方。结合工程实际提出洞内加固、地表注浆加固及开挖控制的综合处治方法,取得了理想的效果,为日后类似工程提供借鉴与参考。     

Comparison of NATM and umbrella arch method in terms of cost,completion time,and deformation

In all kinds of tunnel excavations, especially those excavated in cities, it is important to control surface settlements and prevent damage to the surface and subsurface structures. For this purpose, in weak rocks and soils, the umbrella arch method (UAM) has been used in addition to the new Austrian tunneling method (NATM). NATM and UAM are the best-known classical methods used in tunnel excavation. In classical tunneling, NATM is usually preferred in normal rocks. However, in some cases, NATM may be insufficient. UAM is a very effective alternative especially in soils and weak rocks. In soil and weak rocks, UAM is especially necessary to prevent excessive deformations. Selection of UAM or NATM is based on the following factors: cost comparison of NATM and UAM, allowable deformations, quality of rock or soil, application time of NATM and UAM, availability of skilled workers, and qualification level of the workers. Therefore, selecting the excavation method in these kinds of grounds is vital in terms of achieving the project goals in time, managing the project costs effectively, and controlling the probable deformations on nearby structures. A critical issue in successful tunneling application is the ability to evaluate and predict the deformations, costs, and project time. In this paper, application times, costs, and deformation effects are compared between NATM and UAM in sensitive regions at the Uskudar-Umraniye-Cekmekoy metro project (UUCMP). Also, efficiency of the deformation control of UAM is demonstrated by using the 2D numerical analysis method. UUCMP is part of the Istanbul metro network. The tunnels have a cross section of 75.60 m² for NATM and 83.42 m² for UAM. Geology in this section is composed of weak sandstone. Diabase and andesite dykes are also rarely observed. This study shows that the construction cost of UAM are 1.7 times more expensive than NATM. Although application time of UAM is 2.5 times longer than NATM, it is 2.5 times more efficient in controlling the deformations. This efficiency in controlling the deformations is confirmed via two-dimensional numerical analyses.     

浅埋偏压隧道出口变形机理及稳定性分析

以皖南某公路浅埋偏压隧道出口段高边坡为研究对象,提出了零开挖进洞的施工方案,并结合洞口的工程地质条件,采取必要的加固措施。通过对该边坡现场工程地质条件的系统调查,首先对边坡的岩体结构类型及其成因机制、结构面与坡面组合特征进行细致研究,在此基础上通过FLAC3D数值模拟,结合工程地质条件分析,对其变形破坏机制进行深入探讨。研究结果表明,边坡的变形首先以隧道内侧存在的软弱岩体(挤压错动带、断层)的不均匀压缩为先导,进而引起上部岩体产生由NE向陡缓结构面构成的阶梯状滑动,这将会使隧道构筑物及隧道外壁承受较大的压应力,当压应力超过隧道构筑物及外壁的极限强度时将产生破坏,从而诱发上部岩体产生更大规模的地质灾害。基于此,隧道进洞开挖前首先应对上部岩体进行加固处理,避免隧道构筑物及隧道外壁产生应力集中现象。     

Spatial estimation of geotechnical parameters for numerical tunneling simulations and TBM performance models

In this paper, we further elaborate on a methodology dedicated to the modeling of geotechnical data to be used as input in numerical simulation and TBM performance codes. The expression “geotechnical data” refers collectively to the spatial variability and uncertainty exhibited by the boundaries and the mechanical or other parameters of each geological formation filling a prescribed 3D domain. Apart from commercial design and visualization software such as AutoCAD Land Desktop^® software and 3D solid modelling and meshing pre-processors, the new tools that are employed in this methodology include relational databases of soil and rock test data, Kriging estimation and simulation methods, and a fast algorithm for forward or backward analysis of TBM logged data. The latter refers to the continuous upgrade of the soil or rock mass geotechnical model during underground construction based on feedback from excavation machines for a continuous reduction of the uncertainty of predictions in unsampled areas. The approach presented here is non-intrusive since it may be used in conjunction with a commercial or any other available numerical tunneling simulation code. The application of these tools is demonstrated in Mas-Blau section of L9 tunnel in Barcelona.     

Soil-structure interaction in shield tunnelling in soft soil

The development and extension of large cities creates a need for multiple shallow tunnels in the soft ground of building areas. Prediction of the ground settlement caused by the tunnel excavation is a major engineering challenge. A numerical simulation using a finite element method was implemented in the aim of developing a procedure to predict the movement induced by shield tunnelling in soft soil. This study describes a two-dimensional modelling and compares two procedures. The first procedure is done in a simple way (called “deconfinement modelling”) simulating the excavation using a stress decrease vector exerted on the excavation boundary (inside the tunnel) described by a stress release scalar parameter λ (named the “deconfinement factor”). The second procedure is composed of a complete stage of modelling (called “phase modelling”) taking into account different phases which simulate the different kinds of interactions between the tunnel and the soil (deconfinement, lining installation, pore pressure applied on the lining, and weight of the lining). Using a shallow lined tunnel with homogeneous soil conditions, the two procedures are analysed and compared. Then, the second modelling procedure is applied to the case of the metro of Lyon where field data have been obtained. Observations of the results and comparison with the experimental data demonstrate that the proposed modelling is adequate for the analyses of settlement induced by tunnelling in soft soil.     

Cantilever Contiguous Pile Wall for Supporting Excavation in Clay

In urban areas, there are many situations where basement of new constructions or underground utilities are proposed to be constructed adjacent to old buildings. Of greatest concern are buildings with shallow foundations that do not extend below the zone of influence of the adjacent excavation. For deep excavation, the presence of a cantilever stage at the beginning of a construction sequence can often lead to excessive movements. Therefore over-excavation can also be a primary cause of excessive movements. In the present study, shallow excavation was considered. Three Dimensional Finite Element (3D FE) study was carried out in the present study. A cantilever contiguous pile wall was selected because it is common and relatively economic to be used in cohesive soil. Parametric study were performed considering excavation depth, pile embedded depth, and wall stiffness. Some design recommendations were given to provide a safe supporting system in clay.     

浅埋偏压隧道洞口施工技术及稳定性分析研究

龙潭隧道是沪－蓉高速公路工程的控制性工程。地质条件复杂,集浅埋、偏压、涌水、涌泥、岩爆等地质问题于一身,是典型的复杂条件下的长大公路隧道。隧道洞口段处在浅埋偏压段时,施工难度相当大。从隧道开挖与支护的安全性出发,论述了浅埋偏压隧道的设计与施工情况。以右线出洞口为例,采用三维快速拉格朗日差分法(FLAC3D),对其施工开挖过程及支护进行了模拟。通过对开挖支护后围岩的应力场、位移场及塑性区特征的分析,得出了一些建设性的结论,对工程的施工具有指导意义。     

建筑物对浅埋隧道开挖地表沉降的影响

采用解析法研究穿越地表建筑物浅埋隧道开挖引起的地表沉降。由无建筑物时岩土体开挖引起的地表沉降公式及半无限平面在均布荷载下的相对沉陷,推导出了穿越地表建筑物浅埋隧道施工引起的地表沉降公式,并通过实例验证了此方法的可行性。采用上述方法研究了地表建筑物的重量及其与浅埋隧道位置关系对地表沉降的影响,研究结果表明：浅埋隧道开挖引起的地表沉降随建筑物重量的增大而增大;建筑物中心到隧道轴线的水平距离是对地表沉降的一个重要影响因素,超过一定范围时建筑物的存在对地表沉降的影响可以忽略不计。研究结果可为类似隧道工程提供一定参考。     

Numerical Modelling of the Behavior of Tunnel in Soft Surrounding Rock: A Case Study of Djebel El-Ouahch Tunnel,Algeria

The response of a massif to stresses generated by tunnel excavation depends essentially on the geological conditions, the geometry of the tunnel and its underground position. The major problem related to the construction of these structures is to ensure the stability of the whole tunnel-ground, by controlling the various deformation generated during the construction. In this context, the present paper examines the effect of these conditions on the behavior of tunnels and the surrounding soil. The study is applied to a real tunnel, in this case the tunnel of Djebel El Ouahch, Algeria was taken as a reference model. The research includes a parametric study to evaluate the effect of several parameters on the behavior of the tunnel and surrounding soil such as the tunnel anchoring depth, the tunnel-soil interface rate, and the shape of the tunnel cross section. The analysis is performed using the PLAXIS 3D TUNNEL calculation code with an elastoplastic Mohr–coulomb model for the soil behavior. The results show that the strongest and most stable position is the mid-deep tunnel with a circular section, with a non-slip interface between the tunnel and the ground. These outcomes can help to understand the effects of various influences parameters which control the stability of the tunnel in a soil with bad characteristics.

     

既有桩基荷载对邻近浅埋隧道开挖效应及支护内力影响的研究

建立了包括地层模型、桩基荷载模型、浅埋隧道开挖模型和支护模型以及桩基荷载、地层压力、地层沉降、支护应变量测装置的平面应变模型试验系统;通过模型试验,研究了不同水平、竖向相对位置处的既有桩基荷载对附近浅埋隧道开挖引起的地层压力重分布、地层沉降及隧道支护内力的影响特征。另外,采用FLAC3D软件,对模型试验及不同工况进行了数值模拟。结果表明：（1）与没有桩基荷载的自由地层中的隧道开挖试验相比较,地层中的既有桩基荷载会明显地改变邻近浅埋隧道开挖引起的地层压力重分布、地层沉降及隧道支护内力;（2）对于桩径和水平相对距离都相同,但桩长不同的桩基荷载,桩长与隧道埋深比值为1.0时,对隧道开挖效应影响最大,二者比值小于1.0时,其影响程度随着比值的减小而减小,二者比值大于1.0时,桩长的改变对隧道开挖效应影响较小;（3）对于桩径和桩长都相同的桩基荷载,对地层压力、地层沉降及支护内力的影响随桩基荷载与隧道的水平距离的减小而增大,桩基荷载距隧道的水平距离与隧道直径比值介于0.5～4.0时,桩基荷载对隧道开挖效应影响较大,隧道较危险,比值介于4.0～6.0时,影响较小,比值＞6.0时,影响可以忽略不计。     

Investigation of influence of tunneling on existing building and tunnel: model tests and numerical simulations

To investigate the realistic ground behavior during tunneling, a new device has been developed. With the new device, model tests of tunnel excavation considering an existing tunnel and an existing building were carried out. Non-linear finite element analyses corresponding to the model tests were also conducted using FEMtij-2D software where an elastoplastic subloading t _ij model was used to describe the mechanical behavior of soil. Earth pressure distribution around the tunnels and ground movements during tunnel excavation depend on the distance and position between the twin tunnels. There is a significant effect of tunneling on the existing foundation of building even in the case where the tunnel is constructed in deep underground. The numerical analyses capture well the results of the model tests.     

基坑围护结构最大侧移深度对周边环境的影响

围护结构最大侧移所在深度是衡量基坑变形的重要指标之一,而目前鲜有关于其对周边环境变形影响的研究。基于工程实测数据分析和有限元数值模拟,系统地研究了基坑围护结构最大侧移深度对邻近桩基础建筑物不均匀沉降和坑外深层土体位移场的影响。经研究发现：围护结构最大侧移的下移会导致坑外土体位移场扩大,进而降低相应区域的桩基础承载力,导致邻近桩基础建筑物发生显著的不均匀沉降。不同深度的土体经历复杂的竖向位移,且位移形态与围护结构最大侧移深度密切相关。随围护结构最大侧移深度的逐渐下移,坑外土体位移场向深层土体发展,且主要影响范围相应地扩大。在实际工程中,根据基坑周边环境合理地控制围护结构最大侧移所在深度,可有效降低基坑开挖对周边环境的不利影响。     

Bochum ring road: Planning and choice of construction method

As part of the West Tangent of the Ring road in Bochum it was necessary to construct, in difficult geological formations, a tunnel with two tubes, each of section 100 m². Severe limitations were placed on ground subsidence. Since the foundations of residential buildings were immediately adjacent to the tunnel tubes the question of environmental disturbance had a major influence on the choice of construction method. After the roof collapsed a few times the excavation work with a centrally positioned pilot tunnel had to be stopped. As a result of the change to top heading method the encountered geological difficulties could be controlled.     

暗挖隧道与邻近结构物相互作用研究现状及展望

软土中采用暗挖方式开挖隧道往往会引起土体变形。由于城市中暗挖隧道多建在建筑物高度集中的地区,土体变形对邻近既有结构物的损伤不容忽视。同时,既有暗挖隧道周围结构物的施工也不可避免地会引起隧道的变形和受力。文章主要阐述了目前暗挖隧道施工引起的土体变形对邻近地面建筑物、桩基、地下管线、既有隧道和基坑的影响以及邻近结构物施工对既有暗挖隧道影响的研究成果,并提出了需要进一步研究的课题及研究方法。     

偏压软弱围岩隧道开挖顺序比较研究

针对偏压软弱围岩隧道预留核心土法不同开挖顺序造成围岩不同变形量的问题,结合洞头山工程实例,运用现场监控量测结合MIDAS数值模拟的方法,分析比较偏压软弱围岩隧道在不同开挖顺序下各阶段围岩位移变形量。研究表明:开挖顺序的改变能够有效减小隧道各部围岩变形量,且减小程度从大到小的岩体位置依次为浅埋拱腰处、浅埋拱脚处、深埋拱腰处、深埋拱脚与拱顶;拱浅埋侧最大主应力明显减小。因此对于偏压软弱围岩隧道先开挖深埋侧比先开挖浅埋侧更为安全合理。研究成果为隧道信息化施工提供依据,也为洞头山及具有类似地质地形情况的隧道施工提供借鉴与指导。     

Time dependent deformations during tunnelling and stability of tunnel faces in fine-grained soils under groundwater

The measures required for driving a tunnel below the groundwater table depend on the permeability of the soil. In coarse-grained, highly permeable soils additional measures, for example compressed-air support combined with a reduction of the permeability of the soil, e.g. induced by grouting, are necessary. Compared to this, it is possible to do without such measures in fine-grained, cohesive soils because of the increased short-term stability of the tunnel face under undrained conditions. In this publication the results of 3-dimensional finite-element calculations are presented to show the influence of the permeability of the soil and also the rate of the tunnel driving on the deformations around the tunnel as well as on the ground surface. The calculated deformations can furthermore be considered as an indicator for the time dependent stability of the tunnel face due to a higher redistribution of stresses and by that an enlargement of the plasticized zone. Usually the stability of the tunnel face is reduced by the presence of water because of the flow of water towards the tunnel. In low permeable soils undrained conditions prevail immediately after an excavation step. In this case relatively high stability-ratios may occur. The stability of the tunnel face will be reduced with increasing time until reaching the lower boundary of possible values, possibly leading to failure. If calculations are done under the assumption of drained conditions, the real stability of the tunnel face during construction may substantially exceed that of the calculated one. On the other hand, if calculations are done for undrained conditions, the effective stability may lie on the unsafe side [10]. There is therefore a big demand to optimize the method of investigating deformations around the tunnel, so as to ensure a safe tunnel excavation on the one hand and to guarantee a cost-effective process on the other. In this paper the tunnelling process is modelled by a step-by-step excavation under atmospheric conditions. The soil is described by a material model which distinguishes between primary and unload-reload stress paths and also accounts for stress-dependent stiffness parameters. The failure criterion is described by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion that considers cohesion, friction angle and angle of dilatancy.     

浅埋大跨隧道施工力学响应模拟与监测分析

以沪－蓉－西庙垭分岔隧道为工程背景,采用三维快速拉格朗日差分法(FLAC3D)对其浅埋大跨段施工开挖力学响应进行了数值模拟,分析了开挖后围岩的应力场和位移场特征,并结合现场围岩变形和支护结构性态的现场监测,研究了典型地质代表断面的施工力学状态,获得一些有益的结论,对实际工程进行直接指导并为同类工程提供参考。     

求水山隧道下穿机荷高速段新奥法施工有限元计算

结合求水山隧道的暗挖法施工方案,对软土地区浅埋隧道下穿高速公路的施工过程进行了有限元模拟,以用于评价按该施工方案施工时对其上部高速公路的影响。由于该段隧道最小埋深仅4 m,且上部还有高速公路车辆荷载,因此,在设计时采用了新奥法结合管棚工法的方案。有限元建模使用平面应变单元,通过引入应力释放分析步和使用追踪单元等方法充分体现了新奥法的特点,并通过设置耦合和弹簧的方法实现了管棚工法的模拟,在计算中还考虑了开挖顺序和支护顺序的影响。研究结果表明：对于上部有荷载的浅埋暗挖隧道,控制衬砌的水平向变形能改善衬砌环的工作状态,因此,可显著减少开挖引起的隧道顶面沉降,新奥法结合管棚工法可较好地控制该类型隧道开挖引起的地表沉降变形。