Characteristics of gas disaster in the Huaibei coalfield and its control and development technologies

The Huaibei coalfield is in the East China Economic Area, which is rich in coal and gas resources. However, hundreds of coal and gas outburst accidents have occurred because of the complex geological structures of the coalfield. Based on theoretical analysis and field statistics, the characteristics of regional geological structures and the coal measure strata evolution in the Huaibei coalfield were researched, and gas resource distribution and gas parameters were statistically analyzed to determine the dominant controlling factors of gas occurrence and gas dynamic disaster. The results indicated that the Huaibei coalfield has undergone complex tectonic evolution, causing obvious differences in gas storage in different blocks of different mining areas, which exhibits a pattern of high amounts of gas in the south and east, and low amounts of gas in the north and west. The coal seam and gas occurrence have a bipolar distribution in the coalfield caused by multiple tectonic movements, and they are deeply buried. Horizontal tectonic stress plays a dominant role in gas outburst, and the thermal evolution and trap effects of magma intrusion increase the possibility and extent of gas outburst. Considering coal seam and gas occurrence characteristics in the coalfield, we propose a new technology for deep coal reservoir reconstruction which combined present underground regional gas control methods and surface well extraction methods. The technology has three effects: developing gas resources, improving coal mining safety level and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which has been practiced to be effective in coal mines in the Huaibei coalfield.     

不同水力割缝布置方式对卸压防突效果影响数值模拟

随着浅部煤炭资源逐渐枯竭,我国煤矿相继进入深部开采阶段,煤与瓦斯突出灾害愈趋严重,采用水力割缝技术对煤体卸压是煤与瓦斯突出防治的一种有效手段。以平顶山某煤矿深部突出煤层为例,进行了不同水力割缝布置方式对煤层卸压防突效果影响的数值模拟研究。计算了水力割缝切割煤体横向深度,建立了水力割缝三维有限元模型,数值模拟得到了三种水力割缝布置方式（平行、菱形、交错）对煤体X、Y向应力场影响变化规律。结果表明：交错排列的水力割缝布置方式导致应力降影响范围几乎覆盖整个煤层,X向、Y向应力降显著,应力降幅度分别为91.6%、97.8%,均大于其他两种布置方式。因此交错排列的水力割缝布置方式既可以满足卸压范围需要,同时也能够较好释放深部煤层应力,卸压防突效果较好。     

新密矿区低临界值瓦斯动力现象及机理

本文从区域构造演化及构造特征、"三软"煤层(顶、底板和煤层均破碎的煤层及组合)分布及瓦斯特性和构造煤瓦斯内能释放等方面探讨了新密矿区低临界值瓦斯动力现象发生的机理及地质控制作用。研究结果表明:新密矿区构造演化具有多期叠加改造的性质,中、新生代拉张裂陷环境中形成的重力滑动构造对"三软"煤层的普遍发育具有重要控制作用,"三软"煤层的形成及组合形式影响井田瓦斯赋存和构造应力环境的非均衡性;顺煤层断层、煤层流变的规模及构造煤的发育程度是低临界值瓦斯动力发生的主控因素;高应力环境下"三软"煤层中构造煤的初期内能释放是激发低临界值瓦斯动力现象发生的关键;对低临界值瓦斯动力区域的预测可以通过对煤层流变和瓦斯初期解吸能的研究来实现。      

顺煤层剪切带煤与瓦斯突出机理分析

为了确定顺煤层剪切带的煤与瓦斯突出机理,在对顺煤层剪切带的受力状态进行分析的基础上,应用Mohr-Coulomb理论研究了顺煤层剪切带的形成机制,并探讨了顺煤层剪切带内的煤层变化特征、瓦斯含量和瓦斯压力特征及地应力对煤与瓦斯突出的影响。结果表明:当煤层倾角接近剪切滑动的临界角时,易产生薄煤区,而远离临界角时,煤层厚度增加,煤层厚度剧烈变化部位为应力集中区并具有较高的应力梯度;顺煤层剪切带内的压应力、煤层的面理化结构和煤层厚度的剧烈变化使其在宏观上形成了高瓦斯含量和高瓦斯压力特征,微观上糜棱煤细颈瓶型的孔隙形态为发生煤与瓦斯突出提供了必要的介质条件;在紧闭褶皱区,煤与瓦斯突出类型以突出为主,在宽缓褶皱区和伸展型顺煤层剪切带内,煤与瓦斯突出类型以压出和倾出为主。顺煤层剪切带内的高地应力、高瓦斯压力和发育的构造煤等3个因素是煤与瓦斯突出发生的主要原因。      

河南荥巩煤田构造变形对二1煤层的影响

荥巩煤田位于豫西强变形区的嵩山背斜北翼,区内断块组合特征明显,聚煤期后构造变形对二1煤层的改造强烈。通过分析煤田构造、二1煤层及煤岩特征对煤层瓦斯赋存的影响,认为层间滑动断层是煤田中普遍发育的一种构造样式,印支期嵩山地区存在着区域性的顺二1煤层发育的层间滑动断层,层间滑动引起的煤层流变造成了"三软"构造煤的发育和煤层厚度的剧烈变化,煤厚的变化及煤体结构的破坏是煤层瓦斯赋存不均衡和突出的根本原因。     

构造应力场与煤及瓦斯突出的关系

地质构造对煤与瓦斯突出具有明显的控制作用,以往多是定性的分析和统计研究。通过构造应力场理论及相似模拟实验,分析了构造应力场与煤及瓦斯突出的关系。对相似实验结果进行对比分析,结合煤及瓦斯突出与褶曲构造展布关系实例,研究了褶曲构造不同部位应力分布特征及其对瓦斯突出的控制作用。结果显示:背斜翼部挤压区和转折区是煤及瓦斯突出的最危险地带;背斜轴部区一般不会出现严重的煤及瓦斯突出。      

基于力能分析的平煤五矿己四采区煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测

根据实测平煤五矿己₁₅煤层瓦斯含量和压力结果,从力能角度分析了地应力、瓦斯和煤强度对煤与瓦斯突出的影响,发现己四采区己₁₅煤层受地应力作用,煤体弹性潜能远大于瓦斯膨胀能,即以构造应力为主的地应力为其突出最主要的影响因素;结合己四采区地质因素和己₁₅煤层瓦斯可解吸量,确定该采区煤与瓦斯突出危险区的下限指标为原煤瓦斯含量达到5.4 m3/t,绝对瓦斯压力为0.79 MPa,该下限指标对应的煤层底板标高为–600 m。因此预测–600 m标高以浅为无突出危险区,–600 m以深为突出危险区。      

重庆煤矿区瓦斯赋存特征及地质控制因素

突出了大区域构造背景下的瓦斯赋存分布特征及其控制因素研究。重庆煤矿区古今构造应力场具有继承性,煤系应力长期得不到松弛,形成含煤岩系的长期应力集中,十分利于瓦斯富集,致使煤与瓦斯突出主要发生在地质构造变动比较剧烈的应力集中区。含煤岩系沉积环境及构造应力场是控制重庆煤矿区瓦斯赋存的两大地质因素。龙潭组海湾-潮坪-沼泽/泥炭相沉积环境具有良好的封盖能力,瓦斯含量普遍较高;须家河组河流冲积平原、湖滨-三角洲沉积体系对瓦斯的封盖能力较弱,瓦斯含量普遍较低。厘定出南桐高突瓦斯带、华蓥山高突瓦斯带、永荣高瓦斯带、渝东南瓦斯带、渝东瓦斯带和大巴山高瓦斯带6个区域性瓦斯地质带。      

祁东井田地应力场特征及其对煤与瓦斯突出的影响

地应力是煤与瓦斯突出的重要动力,区域应力场是不同期次构造运动在该区域综合作用的具体体现。结合区域应力场和区域构造断块划分,研究了祁东井田应力场及其对煤与瓦斯突出的影响。结果表明:祁东井田最大、中间、最小主应力与煤层埋深呈正相关关系,且其最大主应力明显比位于华北地区的焦作中马村矿,平顶山一矿、六矿、八矿,以及华东地区的淮南潘一矿、谢一矿都大得多;祁东井田处在高应力区,地应力是9号煤层25次煤与瓦斯突出的主导因素;该井田东部地应力较集中,瓦斯含量大,煤与瓦斯突出危险性较大。      

塔里木盆地孔雀河斜坡尉犁断鼻构造的构造特征与形成演化

孔雀河斜坡位于塔里木盆地的东北部,其成因与南天山和阿尔金山的地质作用密切相关。尉犁断鼻构造位于孔雀河斜坡西北部,完整地记录了孔雀河斜坡的构造演化历史,该断鼻构造特征的解析对揭示塔里木盆地东北缘早古生代以来的地球动力学背景具有重要的意义。本文利用断层相关褶皱理论,通过对过孔雀河斜坡尉犁断鼻构造带地震剖面的精细解释,分析了该断鼻构造的构造特征与形成演化,并讨论了其成因机制。尉犁断鼻构造在北西-南东向上为一古生界背斜,北西翼较陡,南东翼稍缓,背斜核部上古生界被剥蚀,并被后期由北向南的冲断层所切割。该构造主要反映了3期构造事件的叠加:中奥陶世-晚奥陶世,受北西-南东向挤压应力的影响,形成了北东-南西向展布的背斜; 志留纪-二叠纪,受南天山洋消减、闭合向南产生的挤压应力的影响,尉犁背斜北部持续地抬升剥蚀,形成鼻状构造; 侏罗纪,燕山早期运动影响了古生界和中生界,并使得北西西走向的南冲断层重新活动,错断了先存的鼻状构造。研究认为,尉犁断鼻构造北东-南西向展布的背斜在中奥陶世就开始形成,其主应力可能来自盆地东南的阿尔金山方向,与北阿尔金洋在加里东期运动时的俯冲与碰撞造山对该区域的远程挤压作用有关; 伴随着基底叠瓦构造往北西方向前展,背斜向北西移动了104 km,基底缩短率为48.4％。     

豫西告成煤矿滑动构造区瓦斯赋存特征

地质构造是煤与瓦斯突出的控制因素,豫西煤田中滑动构造普遍发育。运用区域构造演化、瓦斯赋存构造逐级控制理论,在系统分析煤田地质勘探和矿井揭露的瓦斯地质资料的基础上,研究了告成煤矿滑动构造的形成机制及其对煤系、煤层和瓦斯赋存的控制作用。告成煤矿位于芦店滑动构造的西部,受两期滑动构造的影响,煤层厚度变化剧烈,构造煤成层发育,煤层顶板结构形成了张性角砾岩、断层泥和张性角砾岩复合、原生顶板(深灰色细砂岩)、剪切角砾岩4种破坏类型,控制着瓦斯逸散、富集和煤与瓦斯区域突出危险性的分布。      

红山煤矿石门揭突出煤层综合防突技术

煤矿井下石门揭煤诱发的煤与瓦斯突出是一种十分复杂的矿井地质动力灾害,严重威胁着煤矿安全高效生产。选取辽宁红山煤矿为工程背景,运用FLAC3D模拟分析矿井南翼瓦斯突出危险区石门揭12煤过程中围岩力学响应特征,揭示石门揭煤突出机理,提出瓦斯预抽措施配以改进金属骨架的综合防突技术方案。研究结果表明:石门揭12煤期间,工作面超前支承压力随石门掘进动态前移,距煤层6 m范围内,工作面前方围岩掘进扰动强烈,煤体出现明显应力集中现象,垂直应力为15~19 MPa,已超过煤体强度。同时,石门工作面围岩变形量急剧增大,顶板下沉位移为15~92.22 cm,煤体弹性变形能积聚;工作面围岩塑性区范围也迅速扩展,在石门中线垂直剖面上的面积为10~50 m2,裂纹贯通形成碎煤射流通道。综合模拟结果可知,石门揭12煤过程中煤体承载较高集中应力和瓦斯压力,且储存大量弹性变形能,极易诱发突出。基于此,在传统瓦斯预抽防突措施的基础上,对现有金属骨架防突技术进行改进,使其同时具备瓦斯预抽、煤体固化和超前支护的综合防突作用,并通过现场应用取得了良好效果,为类似条件石门揭煤防突研究提供重要借鉴和参考。      

构造的挤压剪切作用对郑州矿区煤与瓦斯突出的控制

通过对郑州矿区煤与瓦斯突出矿井和历年突出事故分布特征统计分析,结果表明:NNE-NE向和NW-NNW向构造叠加及滑动构造的挤压剪切作用对郑州矿区煤与瓦斯突出的控制作用明显,该矿区以五指岭断层-樊寨断层一线为界,突出矿井和瓦斯矿井呈北西向分区分带性展布,大平、超化等突出矿井位于矿区南部构造复合地带,且突出点多分布在构造挤压剪切作用强烈区域。      

断层端部地应力影响因素数值分析

断层端部是煤与瓦斯突出事故的主要危险地段。利用有限差分数值模拟软件FLAC3D模拟断层端部地应力场分布情况。结果表明:断层倾角、断层性质、断层内摩擦角、煤层弹性模量、煤层泊松比和边界应力比是影响断层端部应力大小的主要因素。其中断层内摩擦角和边界应力比对断层端部应力的影响最为敏感,是断层端部应力集中程度的主控因素;断层倾角对断层端部应力的影响比较大,倾角为45°时断层端部应力最大。利用该软件,在临近断层开采区内对断层端部应力集中程度和应力集中范围的预测,有助于确定断层防水煤柱的留设宽度和预防煤与瓦斯突出事故的发生。      

Stress distribution characteristic analysis and control of coal and gas outburst disaster in a pressure-relief boundary area in protective layer mining

Coal and gas outburst disasters in coal seams are becoming more serious as coal mines extend deeper underground in China. Furthermore, the protective coal seam mining technology featured by economic efficiency has been proven to be the most effective and widely applied method for the prevention of coal and gas outburst disasters. However, the determinations of the protective area coal and gas outburst prevention in a pressure-relief boundary area are fundamental issues that research should be focused on. The technical method for determining stress distribution in pressure-relief boundary area during protective coal seam mining is put forward in this paper. The method is based on a stress-seepage coupled relationship within a gas-containing coal seam. The method includes complex lab experiments and on-site measurements at the Qingdong Coal Mine. The final data illustrate that the permeability and vertical stress in the pressure-relief boundary area of the coal sample form a negative exponential function relationship. Additionally, the permeability of the coal sample within the abovementioned area is significantly different compared with that located at the center of the pressure-relief area. In the pressure-relief boundary area, the gas pressure distribution gradient is 0.0375 MPa/m, while the vertical stress distribution gradient registers 0.56 MPa/m. Under this condition, coal and gas outburst disasters are prone to be triggered. Therefore, effective precautions against coal and gas outburst disasters can be put forward in accordance with stress distribution characteristics within the abovementioned “boundary area.”     

Mining thin sub-layer as self-protective coal seam to reduce the danger of coal and gas outburst

In response to the severe situation of coal mine gas disaster in China, a new method of reducing the danger of coal and gas outbursts and improving gas drainage and utilization in coal mines was introduced in this paper. The main idea of this method is to mining thin sub-layer as self-protective coal seam to eliminate or reduce the danger of coal and gas outburst. This method can be implemented by drills along seam and hydraulic jet when the mined seam with a relatively weak risk of coal and gas outbursts is soft or has a soft layer. This method was first applied in the Yian mine to verify its effectiveness. The results of application showed that mining thin sub-layer as self-protective coal seam can effectively eliminate the danger of coal and gas outburst and improve gas drainage and utilization. As this method needs less time and lower cost than conventional protective layer mining, it is of great significance for mining coal seam with the danger of coal and gas outburst.     

基于相似模拟和地质力学模型试验的突出装置研制及应用

国内外学者对煤与瓦斯突出过程及机制进行了大量的研究,但使用的均是型煤试验,很少涉及地质构造对突出的影响,而且数据监测均未深入到煤体内部。基于相似模拟试验思想和地质力学模型试验新思路,在实验室搭建了综合考虑地应力、瓦斯压力及煤体结构的大型石门揭煤的煤与瓦斯突出试验平台。该试验平台包括试验箱体和反力架、液压加载系统、密封系统、试验监测系统;设计了线充气和面充气系统,用来模拟煤层的瓦斯赋存差异。同时,利用该试验平台进行了石门揭构造软煤的相似模拟试验,研究了石门揭构造软煤过程中煤岩应力和位移的变化规律,以及突出过程中煤层内瓦斯压力和声发射的变化规律。结果表明,在巷道开挖过程中,掘进工作面前方存在明显的应力集中,且越靠近构造软煤应力集中现象越明显;突出发生的瞬间,在突出点附近的位移产生了突变;在突出发生前,声发射信号有一次降低;掘进工作面前方煤岩体应力释放,煤体裂隙增大,为瓦斯的快速放散提供了条件。     

Gas outburst disasters and the mining technology of key protective seam in coal seam group in the Huainan coalfield

Coal and gas outburst disasters in coal seams are becoming more serious as coal mines extend deeper underground in China. To aid gas control in high-gas outburst coal seam group, this study performed research based on the geological conditions of the Xinzhuangzi coal mine in the Huainan coalfield. The laws of gas occurrence, the strength of the coal outburst, and the regional partition were studied. Simultaneously, we introduced the key protective seam mining technology and confirmed the mining sequence of coal seam groups. The results indicate that (1) each seam absorbs gas well, and the currently measured gas content is up to 15.0 m³/t. (2) Although some differences about coal seams outburst intensity remain, the differences in the same group are very small. (3) The coal seam B10 was chosen as the key protective seam and was mined first; then adjacent seams were mined from bottom to top by layer within the roof of B10 and from top-to-bottom within the floor of B10 to guarantee each adjacent coal seam received the good effects of pressure-relief and increasing permeability. (4) The main methods of gas extraction in each protected seam are surface boreholes and net-like penetrating boreholes in the floor roadway, and related technical parameters were determined according to the degree of pressure-relief in coal seam. This in situ experiment indicates a method aiding the gas control problem and guaranteeing safe and highly efficient exploitation of high-gas outburst seams.     

潘集矿区煤层层滑构造特征及其与潘集背斜的关系

通过对潘集矿区构造特征及矿区构造应力场分析,对潘集背斜两翼的潘北井田和潘一井田中的层滑构造进行研究,将矿区分为10个主层滑区及29个层滑亚区。研究结果显示:矿区层滑构造的产生与南北向主应力场及大型断裂所构建的局部应力场密切相关;层滑构造导致矿区形成近东西向薄煤带,发育以Ⅱ和Ⅲ类型为主的构造煤;层滑构造多发育在背斜两翼,且以断滑型和揉皱型为主,而在背斜核部则以断裂型为主;在纵向上,层滑构造类型也具有明显的规律性,在相对浅的区域,层滑构造以断裂型为主,往下是断滑型,而在较深部位及断裂构造交汇处,则主要表现为揉皱型。      

淮北海孜煤矿断层与层间滑动构造组合型式及其形成机制

煤矿中煤层断层与层间滑动构造(简称层滑构造)发育普遍,可出现不同形式的组合。进行煤层断层与层滑构造及其组合型式的研究,对分析区域构造变形史、查明和预测煤层赋存规律、研究煤的耗散流变、煤层气的开发以及预防煤与瓦斯突出都具有重要作用。本文以淮北矿区海孜煤矿为例,在现场观测的基础上,分析总结了7、8、9和10煤层的断层与层滑构造的组合型式,并探讨了其形成机制。由于7、8、9和10煤层及顶、底板岩层组合的差异,不同煤层构造变形有较大区别。由于海孜煤矿岩层和煤层经历了多次构造活动,断层和层滑构造间产生了不同的空间组合,具体表现为3种型式:断层与层滑构造的同期扩展、断层与层滑构造组成块体及断层与层滑构造间的相互切割和限制。煤层的构造组合型式在很大程度上取决于构造应力作用、含煤地层的岩石力学性质和应变环境等。