火山、泥火山/泥底辟及含气陷阱与油气运聚关系

火山、泥火山/泥底辟及含气陷阱这些特殊的地质体,不仅是揭示地球深部构造运动的窗口和地球深部流体活动特点的表征,而且其与油气运聚关系密切,具有非常重要的油气地质意义。火山与泥火山/泥底辟的主要差异及区别是所形成的物质基础及源动力不同,前者主要反映地壳深部地球动力学过程,其物资基础来源于火山幔源活动上侵和喷发的岩浆物资;后者则是在结晶基底以上的沉积盆地中,由快速沉积充填的欠压实泥页岩发生塑性流动而产生底辟上拱所形成的产物,其物质基础为巨厚欠压实泥页岩。含气陷阱则为气侵或富含气地层所形成的地震反射畸变之痕迹。火山、泥火山/泥底辟发育演化及展布与油气运聚成藏存在明显的成因联系和耦合关系,且控制和制约了沉积盆地中油气分布与聚集。     

莺歌海盆地泥-流体底辟构造成因机制与天然气运聚

莺歌海盆地的泥 -流体底辟构造发育演化是区域构造应力场变化和超压体系形成演化的结果。与盆地构造类型密切相关的不均衡压实和热作用引起盆地超压体系的发育 ,而区域构造应力场变化则导致盆地中中新世以泥底辟作用为主 ,晚中新世—第四纪以流体底辟作用为主 ,其中 ,早期泥底辟阶段形成的构造形态对晚期流体底辟作用有显著的控制作用。在莺歌海组浅层底辟圈闭中 ,圈闭形成期与中新统气源岩生烃过程的匹配是造成含不同天然气组分的流体发生幕式充注的主要原因     

高温高压欠压实地层烃类检测方法研究:以莺歌海盆地东方X区为例

莺歌海盆地中深层发育高温高压气藏,由于晚期快速沉降和快速沉积形成了巨厚的欠压实泥岩。受高温高压特殊成藏的影响,位于莺歌海盆地中央泥底辟构造带西南面的东方X区高温高压储层的地震反射特征十分复杂,欠压实泥岩的存在直接影响地震亮点,造成该区地震亮点指示作用失效。受高温高压复杂地质情况的影响,直接应用常规的烃类检测方法存在一定的问题,因此,首先分析了东方X区的岩石物理特性,发现欠压实效应是影响该区烃类检测技术的关键因素,继而利用欠压实条件下的叠前反演方法以及分频成像方法对东方X区进行了烃类检测。实例分析表明,本方法能够有效识别和预测出该区含气目标,为该区的进一步勘探开发布井提供一定的依据。     

南海北部边缘盆地泥底辟及泥火山特征及其与油气运聚关系

泥底辟与泥火山成因机制相同,发育演化特征相似,但最终地质形态及存在形式有所差异.通过深入分析南海西北部莺歌海盆地泥底辟与东北部台西南盆地泥火山发育展布特点及伴生天然气地球化学特征,指出莺歌海盆地泥底辟主要分布于盆地中部的莺歌海深大凹陷,且沿盆地NW方向呈五行雁行式排列,泥底辟发育演化具有明显的低密、低速和异常高温超压的特点;而台西南盆地泥火山主要展布于南部凹陷陆坡深水区和台湾陆上台南-高雄地区,陆上泥火山多沿深大断裂带分布,地面形态特征类似火山形态,多具有喷口,海域泥火山的海底形态亦与其相似,但研究程度较低.泥底辟及泥火山伴生烃类天然气成因类型较多,但以成熟-高熟煤型烃类气为主;伴生的非烃气CO₂和N₂丰富,但以无机壳源型CO₂为主.泥底辟及泥火山的泥源层均为中新世及上新世海相坳陷沉积的巨厚泥页岩,本身即具生烃潜力,其成熟生烃及其与泥底辟/泥火山运聚通道和底辟伴生构造的良好配置,则构成了其独特的泥底辟/泥火山油气运聚成藏系统,进而控制了这种“泥底辟/泥火山型油气藏”的分布.      

莺歌海盆地泥底辟带高温热事件与储层成岩作用

为了探讨莺歌海盆地泥底辟带的高温热事件与储层成岩作用的关系,以泥底辟带的形成、演化特征为切入点,通过薄片、探针、流体组分及包裹体等资料寻找泥底辟带与底辟事件相关热流体活动存在的依据,总结分析了其形成期次,研究了与热流体活动有关的主要成岩作用。研究结果表明,泥底辟带储层中存在高温矿物组合,地层水中的钙、镁离子质量浓度和天然气中的二氧化碳体积分数均高于非泥底辟带;包裹体测试古地温高于现今温度,古地温的分布及其中的流体成分显示热液活动具有期次性;泥底辟带较非泥底辟带,地层水中二氧化碳溶蚀长石、碳酸盐等物质生成的K+、Ca2+和HCO-3质量浓度高;长石溶孔、粒间溶孔和铸模孔等次生孔隙发育,占总孔隙比例较高,溶蚀作用较强;泥底辟带储层中的碳酸盐岩胶结物体积分数高,胶结作用相对发育;泥底辟带主要存在3期热流体活动,与之有关的影响储层质量的成岩作用主要有溶蚀作用和胶结作用。     

晚期泥底辟控制作用导致神狐海域SH5钻位未获水合物的分析

海底泥底辟构造与天然气水合物成藏关系密切,泥底辟既能为水合物提供充分的气源物质,同时又能促使地层温度场改变进而影响水合物成藏稳定性。南海北部神狐海域SH5站位虽然BSR明显,但钻探证实不存在天然气水合物。该钻位温度剖面异常高,温度场上移,同时在其下伏地层中发现泥底辟构造和裂隙通道。根据上述事实并结合泥底辟发育各个阶段中的特点,认为泥底辟构造对天然气水合物成藏具有控制作用。泥底辟发育早期和中期阶段,低热导率和低热量有机气体有利于天然气水合物生成;而在晚期阶段,高热量液体上侵稳定带底界,导致水合物分解迁移。SH5站位很可能由于受到处于晚期阶段的泥底辟上侵而未能获取天然气水合物。     

兰坪金顶铅锌矿床泥底辟流体成矿特征初探

兰坪金顶铅锌矿床的成矿过程与油气的生成有许多相似之处,泥底辟构造在金顶铅锌矿床的成矿过程中起着极为重要的作用。首先,随着泥底辟的上侵,塑性泥流夹带大量气体到构造圈闭中释放压力,扩大成矿空间;其次,流体的去气作用在构造圈闭中进行一系列的强改造活动,进而促使铅锌矿体的形成。文章通过对金顶铅锌矿床形成有关的泥底辟流体的来源、流体形成原因、流体在张性-挤压走滑盆地阶段的演化及金顶铅锌矿床成矿的泥底辟流体特征的分析,认为兰坪金顶铅锌矿床的形成与泥底辟构造密切相关,该矿床具泥底辟流体的成矿特征。     

莺歌海盆地天然气运聚成藏条件与分布富集规律

油气勘探实践表明莺歌海盆地的天然气形成、分布及保存均与底辟区超压体系密切相关。文章根据地震、测井及地质资料与钻探成果，系统地分析总结了莺歌海盆地天然气生成、运聚及富集成藏特征。研究表明，莺歌海盆地天然气分布往往具有浅层气田沿中央泥底辟带分布、中深层岩性气藏分布于底辟构造翼部的特征，且具有"流体超压驱动、底辟裂缝输导、重力流扇体储集、高压泥岩封盖、天然气幕式脱溶成藏"的运聚成藏及富集规律。      

珠江口盆地白云凹陷及其周缘CO_2分布与控制因素分析与启示

南海北部各盆地普遍存在含CO_2气藏。莺歌海盆地CO_2主要受泥底辟带热流体上侵作用的控制,异常高CO_2仅在泥底辟带发现。然而珠江口盆地白云凹陷的泥底辟带与CO_2的关系暂不明确。通过收集分析珠江口盆地的60组(含/高含)CO_2气藏的气体组分和气体同位素地球化学数据,其R/Ra比值(样品的3 He/4 He与空气的3 He/4 He比值)均2,CO_2成因主要为火山幔源型,不同于以壳源型为主的莺歌海盆地。位于白云凹陷中央泥底辟带的B1井,其CO_2碳同位素δ13 C值约-10.9‰~-10.5‰,根据自生片钠铝石的出现认为曾有CO_2大量聚集,而且CO_2分压高,推测为有机、无机成因混合气,不同于非泥底辟带的幔源无机成因。通过不同构造位置上的3口典型单井的对比分析及其与莺歌海盆地,以及泥底辟带和非泥底辟带的对比研究,认为凹陷周缘凸起上的断裂带和凹陷内的泥底辟带是高含CO_2气藏的主要分布区,认为白云凹陷泥底辟构造对于CO_2分布具有一定的控制作用。     

泥底辟输导流体机制及其与天然气水合物成藏的关系

摘要：详细阐述不同成因的泥底辟流体输导模式,探讨了泥底辟输导体系的演化与天然气水合物成藏之间的关系,并分析神狐海域泥底辟输导体系对天然气水合物成藏的影响。底辟核外部伴生断裂、底辟核内部流体压裂裂缝和边缘裂缝带均可作为输导流体的通道。根据运移通道和动力等差异性,提出泥底辟输导流体的2种端元模式：超压-流体压裂输导型和边缘构造裂缝输导型。在此基础上,讨论了泥底辟(泥火山)的不同演化阶段对水合物的形成、富集和分解的影响。早期阶段,泥底辟形成的运移通道可能未延伸到水合物稳定带,导致气源供给不够充分;中期阶段,水合物成藏条件匹配良好,利于天然气水合物生成;晚期阶段,泥火山喷发引起水合物稳定带的热异常,可能导致水合物分解,直至泥火山活动平静期,水合物再次成藏。神狐海域内泥底辟分为花冠状和穹顶状两类,花冠状泥底辟以超压-流体压裂输导型为主;穹顶状泥底辟以底辟边缘裂缝输导型为主。泥底辟输导体系的差异性可能是神狐海域天然气水合物非均质分布的影响因素之一。 关键词：泥底辟;输导体系;天然气水合物;成藏机制;神狐海域     

莺歌海盆地底辟多期活动证据及其与含气性关系

莺歌海盆地的每一个气田或含气构造均与底辟有着直接或间接的联系,底辟是其成藏的主控因素.对莺歌海盆地的昌南6-1和乐东22-1底辟的多期活动过程分析后认为,底辟活动对不同类型底辟的含气性的影响不同,此认识对底辟区的油气勘探具有一定的意义.     

莺歌海盆地泥-流体底辟树型输导系统及运移模式

莺歌海盆地发育多期泥.流体底辟.底辟活动的多期性造成底辟区断裂和裂隙不断开启,输导天然气从深部向浅部垂向运移,充注底辟两侧及周缘的砂体,在剖面上构成树形样式,称之为底辟树型输导系统.底辟树型输导系统连通了浅层和中一深层的构造和岩性圈闭,是莺歌海盆地中央凹陷带构造及岩性天然气藏成藏的主要输导通道和样式,其相应运移方式分为能量保持型和能量释放型两种.本文提出了莺歌海盆地中央凹陷带发育底辟树型输导系统及其运移的地质模型,泥-流体底辟活动控制下的底辟树型输导系统及其运移模型是对伸展-转换盆地油气成藏理论的发展和补充.     

Seismic characteristics and mechanism of fluid flow structures in the central depression of Qiongdongnan basin,northern margin of South China Sea

ABSTRACT

Understanding fluid flow structures in a rifted basin may enhance our knowledge of their origination and evolution. Through geochemical analysis and seismic interpretation, different fluid flow features are identified in the central depression of Qiongdongnan basin, northern South China Sea. These structures include mud diapir, gas chimney, hydrothermal pipes, faults, blowout pipes, and associated extrusions. Mud diapirs are primarily located on the slope belts, whereas gas chimneys are on the basement highs in the southwest of the study area. Their distribution appears closely controlled by tectonic stress field and overpressure, the later is caused by hydrocarbon generation and compaction disequilibrium. High sediment overloading, weak post-rift tectonic activity, and high average geothermal gradient may contribute to the compaction disequilibrium. The occurrence of gas chimneys on the basement high suggests that lateral transportation and relief of overpressure is a significant factor. Distribution of broad hydrothermal pipes is related with the thinning continental crust and pre-existing boundary faults in the central depression. They are probably attributed to intruded sills dissolution and were caused by hydrothermal fluids vertically. Geochemical data from gas reservoirs analysis indicates that mud diapirs and gas chimneys are critical pathways for thermogenic gases, whereas hydrothermal pipes and part of the faults may act as pathways of both thermogenic and inorganic gases. The blowout pipes mainly occur in the northwestern central depression near the continental slope, where fluid flows ascend gradually from a series of Pliocene-current prograding wedge-formed units with a hydraulic fracture in shallow. Hundreds of seafloor pockmarks and mounds associated with blowout pipes located above the NE-SW elongated Pliocene-Quaternary slope-break belts. These extrusive structures indicate that fluids ascend through blowout pipes and were expelled at the present seabed. Our results indicate that fluid flow structures are probably responsible for fluid activities and must be taken into account when assessing the hydrocarbon potential, geologic hazard, and benthic ecosystem.     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷底辟构造类型及其成因

珠江口盆地位于中国南海北部, 是中国近海含油气盆地中一个重要的盆地.盆地内发育众多形态各异的底辟构造, 目前仅有少量的文章对其进行过分类研究, 缺少系统地论述.底辟构造是流体穿层流动的一种特殊形式, 对其展开分类及成因分析有助于洞察白云凹陷内流体的活动信息和油气运移特征.本文针对珠江口盆地白云凹陷地震剖面上所显示的大量而且种类丰富的底辟构造, 开展了底辟构造识别、分类及其内涵流体活动信息的研究, 依据盆地模拟结果和区域构造特征讨论了底辟构造的成因特征, 得出如下两个结论: (1) 珠江口盆地发育多种类型的底辟构造, 有底辟初期的龟背上拱、泥底辟、气体泄流通道、裂缝带这4种类型, 不同的底辟构造类型内涵有不同的地质信息; (2) 底辟构造的成因与构造活动密切相关, 超压对底辟构造的形成与活动影响较小, 不起主要的作用.      

底辟构造与天然气水合物的成矿关系

世界上天然气水合物发现地区的地质构造特征研究表明,底辟构造和水合物的形成与聚集有较为密切的关系。底辟构造可能是地层内部圈闭气体由于压力释放上冲的结果,也可能是气体向上运移的通道。初步总结了被动大陆边缘中典型底辟构造与天然气水合物的成矿关系,认为被动陆缘内巨厚沉积层、塑性物质与高压流体、陆缘外侧的火山活动及张裂作用,为底辟构造发育提供了条件,形成了水合物成矿的有利空间。文中对南海底辟构造发育的地质背景进行了分析,并对南海天然气水合物的发育和赋存进行了预测。笔者在进行综合分析的基础上,对底辟构造中天然气水合物的成矿模式进行了进一步的分析和探讨。     

Early burial mud diapirism and its impact on stratigraphic architecture in the Carboniferous of the Shannon Basin,County Clare,Ireland

Delta fronts are often characterized by high rates of sediment supply that result in unstable slopes and a wide variety of soft‐sediment deformation, including the formation of overpressured and mobile muds that may flow plastically during early burial, potentially forming mud diapirs. The coastal cliffs of County Clare, western Ireland, expose Pennsylvanian (Namurian) delta‐front deposits of the Shannon Basin at large scale and in three dimensions. These deposits include decametre‐scale, internally chaotic mudstone masses that clearly impact the surrounding sedimentary strata. Evidence indicates that these were true mud (unlithified sediment) diapirs that pierced overlying strata. This study documents a well‐exposed ca 20 m tall mud diapir and its impact on the surrounding mouth‐bar deposits of the Tullig Cyclothem. A synsedimentary fault and associated rollover dome, evident from stratal thicknesses and the dip of the beds, define one edge of the diapir. These features are interpreted as recording the reactive rise of the mud diapir in response to extensional faulting along its margin. Above the diapir, heterolithic sandstones and siltstones contain evidence for the creation of localized accommodation, suggesting synsedimentary filling, tilting and erosion of a shallow sag basin accommodated by the progressive collapse of the diapir. Two other diapirs are investigated using three‐dimensional models built from ‘structure from motion’ drone imagery. Both diapirs are interpreted to have grown predominantly through passive rise (downbuilding). Stratal relationships for all three diapirs indicate that they were uncompacted and fluid‐rich mud beds that became mobilized through soft‐sediment deformation during early burial (i.e. <50 m, likely <10 m depth). Each diapir locally controlled the stratigraphic architecture in the shallow subsurface and potentially influenced local palaeocurrents on the delta. The mud diapirs studied herein are distinct from deeper ‘shale diapirs’ that have been inferred from seismic sections worldwide, now largely disputed.     

Geothermal evolution of the Astrakhan Arch region of the Pricaspian basin

The Astrakhan Arch region contains one of the largest sub-salt structures of the Pricaspian basin, where perspectives for hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in the Devonian to Carboniferous deposits are considered to be high. The paper addresses the problem of structural and geothermal evolution of the region deformed by salt movements. Initially, we developed a model of the regional structural evolution along a geological profile using the volume-balancing and back-stripping methods and geological constraints on the sedimentation, erosion, and paleo-water depths. Then we developed geothermal models (along the study profile) associated with the regional structural evolution. The models were constrained by the temperatures measured in four deep boreholes along the profile. We show that the present temperatures and heat flux are influenced by the presence of salt diapirs. Since the Early Carboniferous and till Middle Permian times, the temperatures predicted by the models vary significantly due to the regional transgression and the presence of seawater. The temperature of Devonian–Carboniferous carbonates increases since the Late Permian (time of post-salt deposition) and attains its maximum values in the SW-part of the profile. If the model assumptions concerning the constant vertical and zero lateral heat fluxes are valid, we can conclude that hydrocarbons are most likely to be generated in the SW-part of the region for the post-Early Permian time.     

莺歌海盆地天然气底辟优势聚集规律及勘探意义

莺歌海盆地的高温高压环境、构造断裂不发育、泥-流体底辟发育及热流体活动强烈等独特的地质条件,决定了伸展-转换盆地的油气聚集规律与断陷盆地复式油气聚集具有明显的差异性。在分析天然气成藏主控因素的基础上,以天然气藏形成到天然气分布为主线,提出莺歌海盆地的天然气底辟优势聚集规律:即宏观上天然气聚集在盆地内成藏条件配置好的中央凹陷带底辟区,微观上天然气则聚集在底辟成藏条件配置好的顶部、两侧及周缘的构造和岩性圈闭中。天然气底辟优势聚集规律突破了以往紧邻凹陷带的斜坡带是油气聚集最有利区带的传统观点,使人们认识到只有符合优势聚集规律的构造带和圈闭才可能聚集天然气,这对于调整伸展-转换型盆地的油气勘探思路,针对性地解决莺歌海盆地勘探中存在的问题,进一步指明有利勘探方向具有重要的指导作用。     

Distribution and characters of the mud diapirs and mud volcanoes off southwest Taiwan

In order to identify the mud diapirs and mud volcanoes off SW Taiwan, we have examined ∼1500 km long MCS profiles and related marine geophysical data. Our results show ten quasi-linear mud diapirs, oriented NNE–SSW to N–S directions. Thirteen mud volcanoes are identified from the multibeam bathymetric data. These mud volcanoes generally occur on tops of the diapiric structures. Moreover, the active mud flow tracks out of mud volcanoes MV1, MV3 and MV6 are observed through the high backscatter intensity stripes on the sidescan sonar images. The heights of the cone-shaped mud volcanoes range from 65 m to 345 m, and the diameters at base from 680 m to 4100 m. These mud volcanoes have abrupt slopes between 5.3° and 13.6°, implying the mudflow is active and highly viscous. In contrast, the flat crests of mud volcanoes are due to relative lower-viscosity flows. The larger cone-shaped mud volcanoes located at deeper water depths could be related to a longer eruption history. The formation of mud diapirs and volcanoes in the study area are ascribed to the overpressure in sedimentary layers, compressional tectonic forces and gas-bearing fluids. Especially, the gas-bearing fluid plays an important role in enhancing the intrusion after the diapirism as a large amount of gas expulsions is observed. The morphology of the upper Kaoping Slope is mainly controlled by mud diapiric intrusions.     

Structural Effects of Overpressure Fluid Activities in Yinggehai Basin

The characteristics and distribution of faults in Yinggehai basin discussed in this paper reveal the structural effects of the overpressure fluid expulsion. The rapid subsidence and mud-rich intervals of the marine rocks dominate the formation of the overpressure systems and the enormous volumes of the overpressure fluids in the basin. Triggered by some faults, the overpressure fluids were expulsed rapidly from the overpressure compartments to form a series of diapirs in the basin, resulting in the dense fractures or faults and folds in the limbs of diapirs. These fractures and faults provided the migration pathway for the vertical flow of hydrocarbons, so that the gas fields arising from this process might migrate upwards to the sandstone reservoir. Therefore, the hydrocarbon accumulations are usually located in the upper parts of diapiric structures.