点云数据拟合的partial EIV稳健加权总体最小二乘方法

针对点云数据拟合模型的系数矩阵存在随机元素与非随机元素的情况,利用基于partial EIV模型的加权总体最小二乘方法进行求解;同时考虑到获取的点云数据存在异常点的情况,采用以3倍标准差为阈值剔除异常点。通过实际算例表明,顾及异常点的partial EIV稳健加权总体最小二乘方法与传统的方法相比,能够获得更为精确的参数解,拟合精度更好。     

基于加权总体最小二乘的平面点云拟合方法

根据每个点云激光反射强度不同以及对于系数阵A的部分修正,在地面三维激光的平面点云拟合中引入加权总体最小二乘的方法,建立较最小二乘方法和总体最小二乘方法更加合理的模型.根据相应的迭代算法,经实例计算证明该方法更加合理,可以获得更高精度的参数解.     

基于平面特征的地面雷达点云配准算法

针对地面LiDAR点云配准中不同坐标系点云数据存在对应的平面特征不同的问题,文章提出了一种基于总体最小二乘的地面LiDAR点云数据配准算法:通过对分割后的点云数据平面拟合,得到相应法向量;根据不同坐标系中LiDAR点云数据对应的平面法向量,利用反对称矩阵和罗德里格矩阵的性质,用3个独立参数代替3个旋转参数,采用总体最小二乘法建立旋转矩阵解算模型;采用总体最小二乘法确定平移参数的计算公式;最后根据转换后特征点云与对应平面点云的重复情况,给出了配准模型的精度公式。实验结果表明该方法精度较高,可以取得较好的点云配准效果,适合于含有大量重复平面特征的点云数据的配准。     

一种三维激光扫描点云拟合的抗差加权整体最小二乘法

针对三维激光扫描中点云不等精度且易受粗差影响的问题,提出了一种基于入射角定权的抗差加权总体最小二乘的拟合方法。该方法在采用入射角定权的基础上,进行基于标准化残差和中位数的抗差加权整体最小二乘估计,获得待定参数估值,并通过Gauss-Newton迭代算法,推导了模型的迭代计算方法。以平面拟合和球面拟合为例,分别通过仿真数据和实测数据对算法进行验证,结果表明,对于含有粗差的点云,新方法可以获得更为理想的参数估值,其性能优于抗差整体最小二乘和加权整体最小二乘,可以更好地进行三维激光扫描的点云拟合。     

方差膨胀的稳健加权总体最小二乘点云平面拟合

为了提高平面拟合精度,本文采用总体最小二乘求解平面拟合参数。同时考虑到点云数据中含有的粗差点可能影响点云平面拟合的精度,提出了方差膨胀的稳健加权总体最小二乘。本文通过选取IGG权函数将点云数据分为3段,并引入中位数对IGG权函数进行改进,可以更准确地探测粗差。考虑到点云数据中x、y、z这3个方向的误差并不是等精度,计算了点位的协方差矩阵,使得x、y、z这3个方向的误差分配更加合理。通过实例表明,本文的方法不仅可以消除粗差点的影响,还能减弱可疑点的影响,得到更为准确的平面拟合参数,提高了平面拟合精度。     

三种点云数据平面拟合方法的精度比较与分析

详细地介绍了基于最小二乘法、特征值法及总体最小二乘法的点云数据平面拟合方法。通过Matlab编制其算法程序,对模拟的等精度与不等精度点云仿真数据进行计算,结合算例对比分析了3种方法的点云平面拟合效果。拟合结果表明:3种方法在等精度点云平面拟合中的效果较好,在不等精度点云平面拟合中的效果较差,且特征值法与总体最小二乘法的点云平面拟合精度远高于最小二乘法。     

基于主成分分析的点云平面拟合技术研究

针对点云数据易受到噪声的扰动,导致拟合的平面不稳定的特点,将主成分分析法应用到点云平面拟合中。首先选取合适的邻域以拟合点云,剔除一些孤立点;再以主成分分析原理为基础,通过一定的准则去除粗差点,获取稳定准确的最佳平面方程。在实验中,分别利用最小二乘法、特征值法和主成分分析法对点云数据进行拟合,结果显示该方法能够有效剔除噪声点,得到可靠的平面参数估值。     

基于随机抽样一致性算法的稳健点云平面拟合方法

针对点云数据平面拟合过程中存在粗差及异常值等问题,文章提出一种基于随机抽样一致性算法(RANSAC)的稳健平面拟合方法。该方法以RANSAC算法为基础并结合特征值法,通过设置一定的准则,剔除点云数据中存在的粗差及异常值,达到获得理想平面拟合参数的目的。运用此算法对仿真数据及实测数据进行平面拟合,并与传统算法进行比较,结果表明该方法可以很好地适应于点云数据中存在粗差及异常值的情况,获得较好的平面参数估计值,是一种稳健的平面拟合算法。     

基于随机抽样与特征值法的点云平面稳健拟合方法

针对点云数据含有异常值且传统拟合方法拟合结果不理想的情况,本文提出一种随机抽样与特征值法相结合的稳健点云平面拟合方法。首先利用随机抽样一致性算法按照设定阈值将异常值划分为局外点,不断迭代剔除局外点,保留含有局内点最多的点云数据,然后利用特征值法对该点云数据进行平面拟合。本文设计实验,针对含有不同异常值的点云数据,分别利用特征值法、最小二乘法与本文方法对包含异常值的点云数据进行平面拟合计算,结果表明,本文所提方法在点云数据含有50%异常值的情况下,仍可得到更可靠的平面参数估值,具有较强的稳健性。     

基于建筑角点的机载和车载点云数据配准

提出一种基于建筑角点的机载和车载点云数据配准方法。首先采用随机抽样一致性算法(Random Sample Consensus,RANSAC)对建筑面片进行稳健估计,结合建筑轮廓在二维平面上投影的拟合直线,解算出建筑角点的三维坐标。利用提取到的同名角点,采用六参数转换模型计算机载和车载点云数据间的空间转换参数,进而完成机载和车载点云数据的配准。实验表明,该方法能有效地提取建筑角点,实现机载和车载点云数据的精确配准。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。