历元差分模型在北斗卫星钟差实时解算中的应用

卫星钟差是影响卫星定位精度的重要误差源之一,而实时精密单点定位又要求卫星钟差实时更新。卫星钟差的解算可通过非差模型或历元差分模型实现,但非差模型涵盖较多的载波相位模糊度参数,相比消掉模糊度参数的历元差分模型,计算效率要慢许多。历元差分模型仅利用载波相位观测量就可获得高精度卫星钟差历元间差,恢复后的卫星钟差仍可达到一定精度水平。利用历元差分模型可实现北斗卫星钟差的实时解算,试验结果表明:通过滤波得到的卫星钟差历元间差精度优于0.02 ns,恢复后的卫星钟差精度优于0.25 ns.      

北斗载波相位差分的高频测速

针对GNSS测速方法中,传统单站历元间伪距单点定位位置差分及原始多普勒观测实时估计载体速度精度较低的问题,该文通过GNSS模块输出的载波相位观测值,根据相位中心一阶差分导出多普勒观测值的方法、同时系统地分析参数估计中各项误差源的影响,最后通过多普勒测速原理实时估计载体的速度信息。实验结果表明,该文所采用的方法静态模式下精度可以达到1～2mm/s,动态情况下测速精度可以达到5cm/s,较好地满足了机械控制领域的测速需求。     

星载双频GPS二次周跳探测方法研究

在利用W-M宽巷组合进行周跳初步探测的基础上,加入了新方法进行二次周跳探测。该方法通过利用来自同颗GPS卫星的无电离层影响L3组合相位观测值在相邻历元间的变化量与dm级精度的先验轨道坐标,计算得出星载GPS接收机历元间的钟差变化值。对于存在周跳的载波相位观测值,其计算结果会与同历元其他无周跳观测值解算的钟差变化量存在较大差异。实验结果表明,二次探测可以发现新的周跳并对初步探测结果进行检核。     

GPS单点测速的误差分析及精度评价

首先从理论和实测数据模拟两方面分析了SA取消后各类误差源对GPS测速的影响,推导并计算了GPS单点测速可能达到的精度水平。然后用静态数据模拟动态测速试验和实测动态数据测速与同步高精度惯导测速的动态试验进行验证。结果表明,采用载波相位导出的多普勒观测值使用静态数据模拟动态测速,其精度可以达到mm/s级;用接收机输出的多普勒观测值进行测速时,其精度为cm/s级。在动态测速试验中,GPS单点测速方法（即多普勒观测值测速与导出多普勒观测值测速）间的符合精度达到cm/s级,与高精度的惯导测速结果的符合精度为dm/s级,而且和运动载体的动态条件（如加速度和加速度变化率的大小）具有很强的相关性。     

利用单站GPS数据进行星载钟短期稳定性分析

高精度的卫星钟差是进行精密定位服务的关键,对于实时无模糊度精密单点定位来说,需要对广播星历卫星钟差进行历元差分来实现单站位移的解算,但钟差精度的历元间变化会对解算结果产生影响.对星载原子钟的短期稳定性进行分析,可以了解不同卫星钟差的时频特性,对研究广播星历钟差精度变化情况、提高单站位移解算精度具有重要的意义.本文利用单站GPS数据进行星间相对钟差的估计,然后基于相对钟差估计结果对星载RB钟的短期稳定性进行快速分析.通过实测的GPS数据进行实验,结果表明利用单站GPS数据估计的3 h的相对钟差精度要优于0.5 ns;阿伦方差计算结果表明BlockⅡF卫星RB钟短期稳定性最优,BlockⅡRM卫星和BlockⅡR卫星RB钟的短期稳定性基本相当,但要低于BlockⅡF卫星.     

顾及卫星非圆轨道改正的GNSS精密测速方法

详细推导了卫星非圆轨道改正的计算公式,给出高精度测速顾及该项误差的处理策略．采用全球均匀分布的12个国际GNSS服务（IGS）测站的多普勒和载波相位观测数据,仿动态评估了该项误差对测速精度的影响．结果表明:基于历元间载波相位差分的测速方法,改正后东、北、天顶方向分别提高8％、9％和10％,三维测速精度从9.9 mm／s改正到8.9 mm／s;基于原始多普勒的测速方法,东、北方向与载波相位差分方法的改正数值基本一致,天顶方向约是载波相位差分方法的改正数值的一半．      

北斗三号与北斗二号基本导航电文参数比较

针对北斗二号系统和北斗三号系统导航电文播发现状,该文从导航电文结构、导航电文内容和播发方式等方面对二者间的差异进行了比对分析,着重比较分析了卫星星历参数、卫星钟差钟差、数据有效性标识、设备群延迟参数、设备延迟参数、电离层改正、完好性等导航电文参数,并结合导航电文实际应用,给出了广播星历拟合精度、卫星钟差拟合精度、系统定位精度评估结果。结果表明:北斗卫星广播星历拟合残差为厘米级,18参数广播星历拟合精度略优于16参数的拟合精度;加入星间链路钟差后,MEO卫星的钟差测定精度虽与仅星地观测的钟差精度基本相当,但明显提高了卫星钟差预报精度;北斗二号与北斗三号联合定位精度较仅北斗二号卫星定位精度有所提升。     

估计北斗卫星钟差频间偏差的一种方法

针对北斗频间卫星钟差偏差现有估计方法的不足,提出一种估计方法。该方法不仅顾及频间卫星钟差偏差的变化部分也顾及了其常数部分。采用10个观测站数据,验证了本文提出的算法,分析了北斗频间卫星钟差偏差的特性。在短期内,北斗频间卫星钟差偏差常数部分具有稳定性。对采用新算法计算得到的北斗频间卫星钟差偏差进行了模型化,结果表明,每颗卫星对应的频间钟差偏差可以利用10个参数予以高精度表示,对应精度可以达到厘米级。当采用第1天的模型参数进行第2天频间卫星钟差偏差值计算时,可实现厘米级结果。基于北斗频间卫星钟差偏差的稳定性与可模型化性,提出了高精度北斗卫星钟差服务策略,为我国高精度北斗卫星钟差服务提供参考。     

一种联合载波相位观测值的GPS/BDS滤波导航算法

提出了一种基于历元间相位差分的GPS/BDS单机实时动态定位算法。该方法采用历元间载波相位差分数据准确计算出载体的位置变化量;并以此描述载体的运动状态变化,建立动态定位滤波模型的状态方程。同时以历元间载波相位差分数据与伪距数据作为主要观测值,采用扩展Kalman滤波实时估计载体的位置和钟差。采用自主编制的软件对静态与车载GPS/BDS实测数据进行处理,结果表明:采用该方法,定位结果精度优于传统的标准单点定位算法与载波相位平滑伪距算法;而且算法具有较好的稳定性,与载体的运动状态无关。     

顾及频率间偏差的GPS/GLONASS卫星钟差实时估计

GPS/GLONASS卫星钟差联合估计过程中，由于GLONASS系统采用频分多址技术区分卫星信号，因而会产生频率间偏差（IFB）^[1]。本文在GPS/GLONASS卫星定轨过程中的IFB参数特性分析的基础上，引入IFB参数，实现顾及频率间偏差的GPS/GLONASS卫星钟差实时估计。同时，为解决实时估计中待估参数过多导致的实时性较弱等问题，基于非差伪距观测值和历元间差分相位观测值改进实时估计数学模型，实现多系统卫星钟差的联合快速估计。结果表明：GPS/GLONASS联合估计时需引入IFB参数并优化其估计策略，采用MGEX和iGMAS跟踪站的实测数据进行实时钟差解算，快速估计方法可实现1.6 s逐历元快速、高精度估计，与GBM提供的最终精密卫星钟差相比，GPS卫星钟差实时精度约为0.210 ns，GLONASS卫星约为0.298 ns。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。