RADARSAT-2卫星TOPS模式影像干涉处理

宽幅干涉(terrain observation by progressive scans,TOPS)模式方位向多普勒中心频率的变化导致了干涉图相位的相对扭曲,干涉处理时需要较高的配准精度。加拿大合成孔径雷达遥感卫星(RADARSAT-2)TOPS模式影像由于轨道精度较差,几何配准精度过低,导致其干涉配准较哨兵合成孔径雷达遥感(Sentinel-1)卫星更加复杂。为了实现该卫星TOPS模式影像的干涉处理,首先采用相关配准、谱分集方法依次对几何配准结果进行校正,然后利用增强谱分集进行方位向偏移量矫正。由于依靠卫星星历参数和聚焦成像参数的多普勒中心估计方法精度有限,因此提出了采用相位增量法优化多普勒中心估计结果,并通过影像方位线功率谱检验了估计的多普勒中心。     

精密轨道支持下的哨兵卫星TOPS模式干涉处理

哨兵卫星采用TOPS模式成像,为确保影像干涉相位偏差小于3°,方位向配准精确度需达到0.001个像素。本文论证了哨兵卫星精密轨道条件下进行几何配准即可达到较高的配准精度,满足增强谱分集进行方位向残余偏移量估计的前提条件,并基于DORIS软件实现哨兵卫星TOPS模式影像的几何配准和增强谱分集优化配准处理。地表方位向形变等信号可导致Burst干涉图之间发生相位跳变,并对增强谱分集估计几何配准残余偏移量时产生干扰,本文开展了相关的理论分析和数据处理试验,提出粗差探测方法消除相位跳变对增强谱分集配准的干扰。     

Sentinel-1卫星TOPS模式影像增强谱分集配准优化

Sentinel-1卫星TOPS模式影像通常在几何配准的基础上,再次利用Burst重叠区域进行增强谱分集处理以实现高精度配准。几何配准主要依赖卫星轨道参数,难以进一步提高其配准精度,因此Sentinel-1影像配准的关键则是通过增强谱分集准确估计出几何配准后的残余偏移量。然而,增强谱分集易受失相干噪声等因素的影响,低相干条件下难以满足0.001像素的配准精度要求。因此本文首先针对单基线条件下的增强谱分集配准处理进行以下改进：①完善增强谱分集多视理论,采用前置多视处理,优化增强谱分集处理流程;②基于增强谱分集相位的残余偏移量等权估计升级为加权估计,改善参数估计方法;③完善距离向增强谱分集加权估计理论,实施距离向增强谱分集配准,增加增强谱分集的观测量。然后在单基线配准的基础上,针对时序影像处理提出优化方案：①根据影像干涉对组合所形成的增强谱分集冗余观测量进行多基线配准;②采用分布式目标技术提高增强谱分集干涉图相位质量。上述改进方案互相补充,不但能独立实施,而且可以联合使用。研究结果表明,以上改进方法能够在一定程度上提高配准精度。     

顾及方位向偏移的光谱分频法InSAR电离层改正

针对电离层变化导致的影像方位向偏移,使子带影像配准结果存在部分区域失相干现象,从而导致估计出的电离层相位屏精度较低的问题,该文提出了一种改进后的共配准方法以提高干涉图相干性。该方法采用复互相关的估计方法进行影像间的偏移量估计,然后对估计阵列中的异常值进行中值滤波器和低通滤波处理,提高偏移量矩阵的精度,最后利用双线性插值的方法进行插值采样完成影像配准。该文以覆盖昆明地区的L-波段先进陆地观测卫星(ALOS-2)数据和覆盖墨西哥城地区的C-波段欧洲航天局哨兵1号(Sentinel-1)数据进行实验,结果显示,使用改进后的配准方法得到的最终改正结果的精度分别提升了13%、15%左右。该方法有效地平衡了电离层变化对于配准精度的影响,提高了干涉图的相干性,进而提高了电离层相位屏的精度,电离层的影响得到了缓解。     

直方变差图理论在卫星产品质量检验空间配准中的应用

将直方变差图中的"驻点"理论引入卫星产品质量验证中,用于解决不同资料对比中的空间配准问题.提出了直方变差图理论用于卫星资料质量检验中驻点、边界点的定义以及应用原理,以中国风云2号C星海面温度产品为例,对这种方法进行了应用试验,结果表明,可以减少卫星产品检验空间配准过程中由于降尺度(downscaling)或升尺度(upscaling)导致像元性质改变而引入的伪误差;通过卫星资料与离散常规观测资料的比对,可以不严格进行空间配准,也可得到相对准确的精度检验结果.     

3Dsurs系统中GPS与LS空间配准

3Dsurs系统中,GPS与LS空间配准是系统集成的关键技术之一。本文在建立传感器空间坐标系模型的基础上,采用六参数转换法,应用徕卡Axyz工业测量系统,借助于中间坐标系统,实现了GPS和LS间空间位置关系配准;结果表明:配准方法和手段可靠,可达到较高精度。     

北斗室内导航伪卫星信号传播效应分析

室内场所因建筑物的遮挡,卫星导航设备无法接收导航信号而失去定位能力,伪卫星可以通过发射类似导航信号的方式独立进行定位。针对伪卫星信号在室内传播面临的功率衰减、多径衰落等问题,该文在经典室内通信模型的研究基础上,分析了伪卫星信号室内传播的应用环境和约束条件,建立了伪卫星信号室内传输的信道模型,并对伪卫星信号功率以及路径损耗、多径传播模型进行了计算仿真。仿真结果表明,对数距离路径损耗模型及莱斯分布多径模型可准确描述室内伪卫星信号的传输特点。     

高分辨率遥感影像波段配准误差试验分析

高分辨率遥感影像波段间配准误差是影响影像质量及其应用精度的重要因素之一。配准误差指标要求是影像传感器研发中 的一项重要参数。为准确分析配准误差对遥感应用的影响程度，在试验研究中利用多项式模型模拟各种配准误差的图像，并从几何 精校正、目视解译、非监督分类实验及数据融合等角度分析了不同波段配准误差情况下对遥感应用的影响，提出了遥感应用中对高 空间分辨率卫星影像的波段配准指标要求。     

融合多类特征的海岸带特殊纹理影像全自动配准

针对海岸带特殊纹理影像存在地物单一、纹理匮乏或重复等问题,该文提出一种融合多类特征的海岸带立体影像全自动配准方法。该算法分为3个阶段:①提取尺度不变特征变换(SIFT)关键点,采用欧氏距离比率获得初始匹配,并进一步采用归一互相关匹配(NCC)和随机抽样一致性算法剔除误匹配,继而估计影像间的单应矩阵;②利用改进的Forstner算子对左影像提取均匀分布的角点特征,并利用单应矩阵和NCC匹配进行同名点匹配;③基于上述多类特征的精匹配结果,计算影像间投影变换模型,实现影像的配准。最后,为验证该文算法的有效性,选取3组存在较大尺度、旋转及视角变化的海岸带特殊纹理影像进行综合对比试验,结果表明该文算法可实现全自动配准,并且在匹配点数量、配准精度以及匹配点空间分布等方面具有优势。     

基于几何配准的多模式SAR影像配准及其误差分析

星载合成孔径雷达影像干涉处理时所需方位向配准精度因成像模式的差异而有所不同,目前在精密轨道条件下以几何配准为基础辅以影像信息的配准方案因其严格的理论模型和较高的精度成为干涉处理的首选。本文以TerraSAR-X影像为例,论证了不同成像模式影像所需的配准精度和卫星轨道精度,并通过理论分析和试验证明了精密轨道条件下,利用几何配准即可满足TerraSAR-X等卫星的条带模式影像干涉处理的需要;聚束模式影像需要在几何配准的基础上利用影像相干性或谱分集进一步优化配准结果。鉴于增强谱分集偏移量估计精度最高,本文进一步利用增强谱分集对比分析了不同轨道不同DEM条件下的几何配准误差。研究结果表明:卫星轨道切向误差是几何配准的主要误差源,目前常用3种DEM几何配准差异远小于0.001个像素,均可满足Sentinel-1影像干涉配准的需要。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。