面状群(组)目标空间方向关系的形式化描述与计算

通过对各种空间方向关系形式化描述模型进行分析阐述,针对面状群(组)目标间方向关系的特点,本文提出了利用方向Voronoi图模型来计算面状群(组)目标之间的空间方向关系.该模型通过计算获得各个主方向上Voronoi边的长度值与方向Voronoi边法线总长度值的百分比,得到群(组)目标之间方向关系的定量表达;借助矩阵形式化描述获得源目标群相对于参考目标群方向关系的定性描述.实验表明,该模型方案具有可行性,能够对面状群(组)目标间的方向关系进行精确的描述.     

群组目标空间方向关系图谱研究

群组目标空间方向关系在地图自动综合、空间分析等领域有着重要的作用。为了定量、直观地表达群组目标之间的空间方向关系,提出一种基于图谱的群组目标空间方向关系计算方法。其基本思路是:首先,构建参考目标群的最小投影矩形MBR(Minimum Bounding Rectangle),并对其以正北方向为起止每隔一定角度进行形态变换,求得每次形态变换后参考目标群与源目标群之间的交集,在此基础上得出相应的谱密度,分析谱特征并绘制出对应图谱。实验表明,该方法较好地顾及了群组目标空间方向关系的各种影响因素,能够以定量的方式精确计算群组目标之间的空间方向关系,并能将其结果进行可视化表达。     

基于约束Delaunay三角网的线、面群目标分布边界计算

群组目标的分布边界在空间方向关系判断、相似度计算以及地图自动综合等领域有着重要的应用,但目前的分布边界计算主要是针对空间点群目标,鲜有涉及空间线、面群目标。在约束Delaunay三角网的基础上,利用动态阈值"剥皮"法实现线、面群目标的分布边界计算。方法得到的分布边界多边形符合人们的空间认知习惯,能够较好地描述线、面群目标的空间形态和分布范围。     

基于方向Voronoi图模型的群组目标空间方向关系计算

根据群组目标间方向关系的特点,对方向Voronoi图模型进行了扩展,并在其基础上实现了群组目标间方向关系的计算。实验表明,该模型能够在各种复杂情况下,对群组目标间的方向关系进行精确的描述。     

利用Voronoi图形式化描述和判断GIS中的方向关系

方向关系在 GIS中占据着十分重要的地位 ,由于它的模糊性和依赖空间实体形状的特殊性 ,使得它的形式化描述和判断比较困难。文中在 CDR方法的基础上 ,利用 MBR四边的 Voronoi多边形及其边界 ,形式化描述了方向关系 ,进而将方向关系分为主方向关系和次方向关系 ,并分别给出了两者利用 MBR四边 Voronoi多边形及其边界判断的算法。     

基于Voronoi图的空间方向关系形式化描述研究(一)

空间方向关系形式化描述模型是空间方向关系研究的难点和重点，目前尚无完善的模型出现。首先提出了影响空间方向关系的两个因素目标：一是两目标群凸壳的直径；二是目标的可视性。论述了运用平面目标Voronoi科作为两目标指向线的“替身”来描述方向关系在理论上的可行性。本文的结论是：Voronoi图是描述空间方向关系的良好工具。     

矢量GIS空间方向关系的演算模型

空间方向关系是描述空间目标间位置分布的一类基本空间约束，在GIS中是由形式化模型描述的。但现有模型由于简化假设过多，其描述分辨率较低。以点／点空间方向关系的计算量为基础，在综合考虑空间目标的几何构成和分布关系后，提出了定量化演算空间方向关系的一种新模型。利用该模型的结果，根据定量表达与定性描述之间的转换函数，可以得到相应的定性描述结果。理论分析和算例表明，新模型对目标间距离和目标本身的形状等影响方向关系的参数更为敏感，因而比现有模型有更高的描述分辨率。     

面向多重空间冲突解决的移位场模型

制图综合中的移位在解决空间冲突时,需要顾及多种上下文条件下的邻近目标的空间冲突,同时要保持目标群分布模式形态。本研究针对该问题,建立了多力源作用下的移位场模型,实现满足以上条件的多边形目标群的移位。该模型在Voronoi图剖分结构中,通过邻近距离阈值探测空间冲突,并作为斥力发生源,基于多源斥力的向量和计算得到最终移位的方向与偏移距离。该模型同时利用群组的方式保持空间目标的分布模式形态。本研究通过街区中建筑物群的综合试验,验证了基于该移位场模型的移位不会产生新的空间冲突,较好地保持了移位前的相对空间关系。     

拓扑关系和方向关系的统一表达模型

统一表达空间关系中的拓扑关系和方向关系是非常有必要的。本文首先对已有的方向模型进行分析和比较,提出了一种方向模型,即采用锥形的方法将空间参照对象的内部、边界和外部分别划分出9个方向区域,描述空间目标对象与这些方向区域的交集的情况,然后结合这种方向模型和九交模型,进而提出了一种能统一表达拓扑关系和方向关系的形式化模型。     

空间方向关系形式化描述模型研究

空间方向关系形式化描述模型是空间关系研究的难点和重点，目前尚无完善的模型出现，因此进行其模型的研究意义重大。首先论述运用平面目标Voronoi图描述方向关系在理论上的可行性；然后详细阐述基于Voronoi图的空间方向关系形式化描述模型建立；为了验证模型的正确性，给出几个典型的算例；最后指出模型的优、缺点。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。