小山风积物特征及其形成时代探讨

海兴小山位于渤海湾西岸的滨海平原，是由第四纪火山堆积物构成的隆丘。在小山西侧等分布有黄棕色风成砂堆积物。关于该堆积物的成因，物源及形成时代等问题存在不同的认识。笔者通过野外调查和室内分析测试，现在该地风积物的特征以及有关问题进行初步分析与探讨。     

福建永安鳞隐石林成因的沉积学研究

通过福建省永安市大湖乡鳞陷石林地区两个剖面中埋藏石芽周围红色堆积物的沉积学研究，对鳞稳石林成因加以探讨。堆积物的粒度、矿物 、化学成分分析，以及石英砂表面的微结构，都证实了这些红色堆积物是没有经过搬运的石灰岩岩体的风化残积物，鳞隐石林是石灰岩在一个相当长时间的稳定环境里。     

小山风积物特征及其形成时代探讨

海兴小山位于渤海湾西岸的滨海平原，是由第四纪火山堆积物构成的隆丘。在小山西侧等地分布有黄棕色风成砂堆积物。关于该堆积物的成因、物源及形成时代等问题存在不同的认识。笔者通过野外调查和室内分析测试，现就该地风积物的特征以及有关问题进行初步分析与探讨     

长白山天池水循环条件分析与水量平衡计算

长白山天池区是松花江、鸭绿江、图们江的发源地,也是全国著名的旅游胜地。研究结合天池区地形地貌条件以及特殊的地质岩性和环状-放射状断裂构造特征,分析了天池水循环条件和水动力特征,明确了环状断裂构造的水力“消峰”作用和放射状断裂的导水作用,论证了天池补给区的地下水分水岭外扩的可能性。在天池区水循环与水动力条件分析的基础上,基于天池区2003—2020年气象水文监测数据,利用水均衡法对天池水量平衡进行了计算分析,结果显示,天池区的降水条件可以维持天池的水量平衡,距离环天池地表分水岭外侧高程850～2 200 m范围内的大气降水可以维持天池年排泄量3 600万m3的水量平衡,水量平衡区对应的地表高程平均高于天池水面（2 189.7 m）约125 m。     

会向瑶台月下逢——新疆天池散记

到新疆一定要去看看天池,因为天池不同于平原丘陵的湖泊,它隐匿于深山之内,高居于群山之颠、像远离人间的隐士,超凡脱俗,美妙绝伦。天池之所以令人神往,还在于它积淀很深的文化底蕴。相传周穆王西游,与西王母曾在此宴乐,一代天骄成吉思汗登临过博格达山,并在天池会见当时来讲道的长春真人丘处机,美好的传说使天池成为历史巨人风云际会的胜境,这份天池独具的自然景观和文化氛围使没去过天池的人生发出一种奇特的神秘感和令人魂牵梦引的诱惑力。     

西藏高原洞穴堆积物的粘土矿物组合特征及其古地理意义

本文通过对西藏高原洞穴堆积物的粘土矿物组合特征的分析,初步探讨了喀斯特地貌形成的古地理环境。喜马拉雅山北坡旧定日东山洞穴堆积物是较温湿的森林草原环境下的产物,新定日西侧遮普若山北坡洞穴堆积物则是在高寒草甸环境下形成的;拉萨西南曲水大佛后溶洞堆积物形成于湿热的亚热带气候环境,而拉萨西山洞穴堆积物却形成于较温湿的草原环境;唐古拉山南坡安多一带的洞穴堆积物则是在高寒的草甸环境下形成的。并以此研讨了西藏高原喀斯特的成因和时代。     

天山天池风景名胜区旅游业持续发展初探

本文在分析天山天池风景名胜区旅游业和旅游资源开发现状特点的基础上，指出要促进景区旅游业的发展和旅游资源环境的大力改善，旅游业可持续发展战略是其的选择。根据旅游业可持续发展的内容和要求，本文对天池风景名胜区旅游业可持续发展的主要措施进行了初步的探讨和论述。     

盐井沟流域内堆积物的粘土矿物分析

重点对盐井沟流域内泥石流堆积物及泥石流形成区土体的粘粒含量和粘土矿物进行了分析。分析结果表明,泥石流堆积物的粘粒含量与泥石流形成区土体的粘粒含量不匹配,前者仅为后者的1/14。粘土矿物主要为伊利石、绿泥石,次为蒙脱石,高岭石和蛭石。泥石流堆积物与泥石流形成区土体两者的主要粘土矿物种类基本相同。     

天池

天池是世界著名的高山湖泊,地处天山博格达峰北侧,位于阜康市南偏东40余公里,距乌鲁木齐市110公里。“天池”一名来自乾隆48年(公元1783年)乌鲁木齐都统明亮的题《灵山天池统凿水渠碑记》。天池湖面海拔1900余米,南北长3000余米,东西最宽处1500余米,旺水时面积达4．9平方公里,最深处105米,总蓄水量1．6亿立方米。这是一座200余万年以前第四纪大冰川活动中形成的高山冰碛湖,其北岸的天然堤坝就是一条冰碛垅。     

晚第三纪与第四纪的界限在何处?

实际上,地球的任何地方都可以发现第四纪堆积物。在山区,往往覆盖着第四纪残积物,而在斜坡、阶地和谷底,多为崩坍物、滑坍物以及山麓堆积物、冲积砾石层或冰碛物所覆盖。在平原地区,第四纪沉积物常常覆盖了所有地面,而且为海底输送了大量物质。就地质史而论,在短暂的第四纪期间,海陆轮廓变化不大。因此,在现代大陆上,第四纪堆积物占绝对优势。     

A Holocene record of endogenic iron and manganese precipitation and vegetation history in a lake-fen complex in northwestern Minnesota

Little Shingobee Lake and Fen are part of the extensive network of lakes and wetlands in the Shingobee River headwaters of northwestern Minnesota, designed to study the interactions between surface and ground waters. Prior to about 11.2 cal. ka, most of these lakes and wetlands were interconnected to form glacial Lake Willobee, which apparently formed when a debris flow dammed the Shingobee River. Between 11.2 and 8.5 cal. ka, the level of Lake Willobee fell as a result of breaching of the dam, transforming the deep lake into the existing lakes and wetlands. Analyses of a 9-m core from Little Shingobee Lake (LSL-B), and lacustrine sediments under 3.3 m of peat in a 17-m core from Little Shingobee Fen (LSF-10), show that the dominant components are allogenic clastic material, and endogenic CaCO₃ and organic matter. In both cores almost all of the iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are incorporated in endogenic minerals, presumed to be X-ray amorphous oxyhydroxide minerals, that occur in significant quantities throughout the cores; almost no Fe and Mn are contributed from detrital aluminosilicate minerals. This suggests that, for most of the Holocene, the allogenic watershed contributions to lake chemistry were minor compared to the dissolved mineral load. In addition, prior to 3.5 cal. ka, pollen zone boundaries coincide with large changes in lake-sediment mineralogy, indicating that both landscape and climate processes were linked to early- and mid-Holocene lake chemistry. The pollen time series, with sequential domination by spruce, pine, sagebrush-oak, birch-oak and, finally, white pine is typical of the region and reflects the changing location of the prairie-forest transition zone over time. These changes in vegetation had some profound effects on the geochemistry of the lake waters.     

晚冰期以来河西走廊花海古湖泊演化过程及其对气候变化的响应

通过分析河西走廊花海古湖泊沉积物中的盐类矿物组成,结合年代序列,重建了花海晚冰期以来湖泊演化过程及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：晚冰期及新仙女木时期,花海湖泊以芒硝沉积为主,属硫酸盐型湖泊,湖水的盐度较高且周期性波动频繁;全新世早期（10.47 cal ka BP以前）,湖泊以洪泛堆积和风成沉积为主,揭示了湖泊萎缩、甚至干涸;全新世早期至全新世中期（10.47～8.87 cal ka BP）盐类矿物以碳酸盐沉积为主,为碳酸盐型湖泊,湖水淡化,湖泊水位开始逐渐回升;全新世中期（8.87～5.50 cal ka BP）盐类矿物呈现一定的波动变化,其中,8.8 cal ka BP 时期盐类矿物以硫酸盐沉积为主,湖泊由碳酸盐型转化为硫酸盐型,湖水咸化,盐度升高;随后盐类矿物以碳酸盐沉积为主,湖泊由硫酸盐型转化为碳酸盐型,湖水盐度降低、湖泊扩张;全新世中晚期（5.50 cal ka BP以来）出现沉积间断,表明中晚全新世时期湖泊逐渐萎缩。在全新世期间,花海湖泊千年尺度演化过程揭示了该区域气候干湿状况受亚洲季风和西风共同控制的影响。     

博斯腾湖环境与资源的保护和可持续利用

通过实地调查和对监测资料的分析，从水域面积和水环境质量变化，湖滨湿地萎缩和芦苇资源衰退以及湖泊水环境的恶化导致生物多样性受损等方面探讨了新疆博斯腾湖生态与水环境问题及其成因，提出建立博斯腾湖保护区，加大管理检查和执法力度，加强对农田排污水的控制，强化重点排污口和重点城镇生活污水的排污管理，并通过湖滨湿地生态恢复工程、增源节水工程、加速湖水循环工程等措施，解决博斯腾湖水污染问题，保护和改善生态环境。     

末次冰盛期时吉兰泰盐湖的湖泊状态与古气候特征

通过现代季风边缘区的吉兰泰盐湖钻孔JLT11-A孔沉积岩芯的矿物分析,结合地层盘星藻的含量探讨末次冰盛期(LGM)时湖泊的状态和古气候特征。结果显示:在LGM时吉兰泰湖泊沉积矿物主要是石英、长石为主的碎屑岩沉积,含量在85%左右,显示出陆源碎屑矿物的高输入状态,可能指示区域寒冷干旱的环境;其次是以方解石为主的碳酸盐的沉积,含量约为10%;氯化物为主的石盐类矿物一般不足5%,但持续存在,指示湖泊仍然有较高的盐度,因此地层中的淡水藻类盘星藻可能是由河流输入。由于陆源碎屑矿物输入强烈,矿物组合可能难以直接指示吉兰泰盐湖湖水状态。区域的干冷的气候与大多数的古气候记录一致,而与新疆西部的冷湿的环境不同。对比邻近区域的古气候研究结果发现,本区域在LGM时段夏季降水相对于冰消期偏多,而相对于MIS3阶段晚期偏少,整体夏季风减弱。吉兰泰盐湖末次冰盛期到末次冰消期以来矿物组合的变化表明,湖泊环境可能受到夏季太阳辐射、全球与区域温度变化以及夏季风强弱变化的影响。     

Mid- to- late Holocene hydroclimatic changes on the Chinese Loess Plateau: evidence from <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-alkanes from the sediments of Tianchi Lake

We have reconstructed the history of mid-late Holocene paleohydrological changes in the Chinese Loess Plateau using n-alkane data from a sediment core in Tianchi Lake. We used P_aq (the proportion of aquatic macrophytes to the total plant community) to reflect changes in lake water level, with a higher abundance of submerged macrophytes indicating a lower water level and vice versa. The P_aq-based hydrological reconstruction agrees with various other lines of evidence, including ACL (average chain length), CPI (carbon preference index), C/N ratio and the n-alkane molecular distribution of the sediments in Tianchi Lake. The results reveal that the lake water level was relatively high during 5.7–3.2 ka BP, and decreased gradually thereafter. Our paleohydrological reconstruction is consistent with existing paleoclimate reconstructions from the Loess Plateau, which suggest a humid mid-Holocene, but is asynchronous with paleoclimatic records from central China which indicate an arid mid-Holocene. Overall, our results confirm that the intensity of the rainfall delivered by the EASM (East Asian summer monsoon) is an important factor in affecting paleohydrological changes in the region and can be considered as further evidence for the development of a spatially asynchronous “northern China drought and southern China flood” precipitation pattern during the Holocene.     

基于GEE的1987—2019年民勤绿洲NDVI变化特征及趋势分析

Google Earth Engine（GEE）是目前最先进的地理大数据分析和可视化平台,使遥感监测地表植被突破了数据获取难、本地存储量大、处理效率低的限制。基于GEE云平台计算Landsat系列卫星影像,研究了1987—2019年民勤绿洲NDVI的时空变化,并通过一元线性趋势分析、稳定性分析、Hurst指数对变化趋势进行了分析和预测。结果表明：（1）1987—2019年民勤绿洲NDVI年均值从0.172上升到0.230,多年平均值为0.244,1989—2007、2010—2016年呈上升趋势,1987—1989、2007—2010、2016—2019年呈下降趋势。年内NDVI-0.017—0.333,高值集中在每年4—10月。空间上来看,绿洲外围NDVI明显增大,绿洲向荒漠扩张。（2）1987—2019年民勤绿洲大部分区域NDVI基本不变,坝区、泉山区绿洲外围、湖区南部和青土湖呈增大趋势,坝区中部民勤县城区、湖区北部绿洲边缘呈减小趋势,基本不变、增大、减小区域分别占总面积的81.90%、16.25%和1.85%。（3）1987—2019年民勤绿洲NDVI变化稳定性高的区域主要位于坝区东南部、泉山区东部、湖区北部荒漠区域;波动性高的区域主要位于坝区、泉山区绿洲外围、湖区南部和青土湖。（4）未来民勤绿洲大部分区域NDVI变化趋势保持基本不变,坝区、泉山区绿洲外围、湖区北部和青土湖,NDVI未来有可能增大,坝区中部民勤县城区、湖区北部向荒漠过渡地带,NDVI未来有可能减小,基本不变、未来有可能增大、减小的区域面积分别占71.62%、12.96%、15.42%。     

泸沽湖景区生态安全评价

以生态安全理论为基础,探讨了旅游地生态安全评价的理论和方法。运用压力-状态-响应（P—S—R）指标体系模型对泸沽湖景区1996-2005年生态安全评价表明,景区生态安全度较高。其中1996～2001年泸沽湖区处于比较安全状态,2002-2005年处于安全状态,10年间泸沽湖景区生态安全度呈上升趋势。水环境问题、旅游用地及游客量增长率是泸沽湖景区生态安全度主要的限制因子,并提出了加强水环境治理、提高生态环境质量、发展生态旅游、加大生态环境建设力度和加强生态环境监测的生态安全建设方案。     

青藏高原典型冰湖溃决泥石流预警技术

从冰湖溃决型泥石流坝的形成、溃决机制,主要特点和成灾过程着手,在广泛收集和分析国内外有关冰川-冰湖-冰湖溃决-冰湖溃决泥石流-冰湖溃决泥石流坝-坝溃决研究基础上,通过川藏公路然乌至培龙段冰湖、冰湖溃决泥石流的区域考察,选择典型沟道米堆沟和光谢错冰湖典型点进行详勘,按照溃决泥石流重点防治溃决的主要原则,提出研究路段典型冰湖溃决泥石流预警的基本体系和配套技术.     

Recent occurrence of large jökulhlaups at Lake Tuborg,Ellesmere Island,Nunavut

The varved sediment record from glacially-fed Lake Tuborg, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, shows that only three large jökulhlaups have occurred there in the last millennium: 2003, 1993, and 1960. Detailed analyses of sediment microstructure and particle size, combined with in-situ hydrometeorological and limnological process studies, allowed jökulhlaup facies identification and discrimination from deposits from other processes. Deposits from large jökulhlaups are anomalously thick, typically lack internal structure, have sharp bases, and fine upwards. The ice-dammed lake above Lake Tuborg (the source of the jökulhlaups) likely changed its drainage style in 1960, from ice-dam overtopping to ice-dam flotation and glacial tunnel enlargement by melt widening, which allowed the lake to drain completely and catastrophically. Complete drainage of ice-dammed lakes by ice-dam flotation is rare in the region is due to the pervasiveness of cold-based ice. Twentieth century warming is likely responsible for some combination of dam thinning, lake expansion and deepening, and changing the thermal regime at the base of the dam. Anomalously thick individual varves were periodically deposited beginning in the nineteenth century, and their thickness increased with time. This likely reflects a combination of increased ice dam overtopping, subaqueous slope failures, sediment availability and rising air temperature. The varve record presented here significantly correlates with a previous, shorter record from Lake Tuborg. However, generally weak correlations are found between the new varve time series, regional records of air temperature, and glacial melt from ice cores on the Agassiz Ice Cap. It is hypothesized that on short timescales, sedimentation at the coring location reflects a complex and varying integration of multiple hydroclimatic, geomorphic and limnologic influences.     

Analysis of fossil pigments from algae and bacteria in meromictic Lake Fidler, Tasmania, and its application to lake management

Lake Fidler is an ectogenic meromictic lake with a monimolimnion maintained by periodic incursions of brackish water from the lower Gordon River estuary. A dam across the middle reaches of the Gordon River has restricted these incursions of brackish water and meromictic stability has rapidly declined. A palaeolimnological study was carried in order to assess the historical development of meromixis and the impact of the dam on the microbiological communities in the lake. Fossil pigments in a 17 m sediment core were analysed using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (rp-HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS). In addition, taphonomic studies of pigment production, deposition and degradation in the water column and surface sediments were used to identify planktonic and benthic pigment degradation processes and constrain the stratigraphic interpretation. Results comparing the pigment composition of pelagic sediment traps and littoral surface sediments indicated that the core from the centre of the lake would permit a historical reconstruction of planktonic bacterial and algal communities. Marked increases in prokaryotic pigments ca 3500 yr B.P. suggested the possible colonisation of a chemocline by phototrophic bacteria. Further changes in chlorophyll: carotenoid ratios and changes in relative abundances of both chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll c derivatives also indicated that a change in the depositional environment had occurred; possibly due to altered stratification or anoxia. From this we infer the onset of either intermittent or permanent meromixis. Further increases in prokaryotic pigment abundance suggested that the present state of permanent meromixis was firmly established by 2070 ±50 ¹⁴C yr B.P., and diatom analysis confirmed the development of a stable mixolimnion. High resolution studies of the top 10 cm of sediments measured pigments in mean concentrations of 15.1 ng g^-1 with a mean S.D. of only 2.78 indicating little change in pigment abundance since the construction of the dam. Thus, Lake Fidler still retains most of the features of meromixis. However, evidence from nearby Lake Morrison and Sulphide Pool has shown that any further declines in meromictic stability will cause a rapid reversion to holomixis. Palaeolimnological evidence from the early stages of meromictic development of Lake Fidler suggests that such reversion to holomixis may not permanently eliminate all the microbiological communities, and that, given time, they may return and prosper with re-establishment of a suitable chemocline. These studies will guide recommendations for a management strategy to prevent the further decay of meromixis in the Gordon River lakes.