挡墙限制型散粒体斜坡堆积特征模型试验

散粒体斜坡是川藏铁路交通廊道常见的不良地质现象,对其堆积特征开展研究对散粒体斜坡表层溜滑防灾减灾具有重要的现实意义.针对挡墙限制型散粒体斜坡,通过室内物理模型试验,利用分形维度控制试验碎屑配比,模拟斜坡源区岩石风化碎屑产物持续补给,研究散粒体颗粒堆积发育成坡过程中自然坡角的变化、斜坡表面与内部的颗粒分布特征,以及颗粒在斜坡上的运移堆积特征.试验结果表明：挡墙限制型散粒体堆积成坡过程可分为挡墙后堆积阶段、斜板堆积阶段、斜坡增长阶段和成坡阶段;斜坡最大堆积坡角随着分形维度增大而减小;随着分形维度增加,斜坡表面粗糙程度降低;粗颗粒易堆积在斜坡下部,细颗粒更易堆积于斜坡上部;同一粒组颗粒,在分形维度越大的斜坡表面上运移距离越长;相同分形维度的散粒体斜坡上,粗颗粒相较细颗粒在斜坡上的运移距离更长;颗粒在斜坡上的运移方式有腾跃和滚动两种,大粒径颗粒在分形维度越小的斜坡表面的腾跃高度越高;反之,小粒径颗粒在分形维度越大的斜坡表面的腾跃高度越低.     

散粒体中锚杆间距的锚固效应研究

采用细观数值模拟方法研究散粒体的锚固效应,基于随机模拟技术生成三维多面体颗粒及其在空间中的分布,在随机散粒体不连续变形模型的基础上将砾石锚固试验进行数值实现,分析加锚散粒体材料的宏观与细观力学性能,研究加锚密度及其与颗粒粒径的关系对散粒体力学性质的影响,并探讨锚杆在散粒体材料中的作用机制。分别建立不同锚杆间距和不同颗粒粒径的数值试样,数值模拟结果表明：散粒体锚固数值试验能够较好地反映不同加锚散粒体结构的变形规律与锚固效应;散粒体材料的宏观特性与其细观组构的演化密切相关;锚杆加固散粒体的作用机制为加锚散粒体内形成压缩区,挤压加固作用提高了散粒体间的接触作用力,散粒体结构的整体性得到加强并能承受一定荷载;不考虑锚杆长度的情况下,当锚杆间距小于3倍的散粒体平均粒径时,锚杆能够有效地加固散粒体形成稳定结构。     

散粒体斜坡运动堆积特征试验研究

散粒体斜坡俗称“溜砂坡”,对其运动和堆积特征的研究是溜砂坡防治的关键.在斜坡模型架上模拟碎块石的运动过程和堆积过程,探索其颗粒大小、形态与斜坡角的关系.通过堆积体纵剖面取样发现,溜砂坡堆积呈现分形结构,其颗粒质量粒径分布分维数随黏粒含量的增大而增大.     

滑源区粒序分布及颗粒粒径对碎屑流冲击作用的影响研究

滑体的运动速度、堆积形态、冲击力等因素决定了碎屑流的致灾程度。滑源区不同岩性特征和结构分布的差异导致了滑体粒序分布和颗粒粒径的差异。在运动过程中产生的碰撞、摩擦、跳跃,影响着滑坡碎屑流的致灾程度。在物理模型试验的基础上,运用三维离散元软件PFC3D,探究滑源区粒序分布及颗粒粒径对滑体运动速度、堆积形态、冲击力的影响。研究结果表明:碎屑流中各粒径颗粒的平均速度受颗粒粒径及滑源区初始粒序的共同影响,且初始粒序对各颗粒平均速度影响更大;在堆积形态方面,粒径大小对厚度方向上的粒序排布影响较大,而滑源区粒序分布对单种颗粒的堆积形态影响较大;在颗粒分选作用下,颗粒粒径成为控制峰值冲击力的主要因素,而滑源区粒序分布则通过决定滑体堆积形态控制了准静态堆积阶段碎屑流的冲击力。     

堆石颗粒压缩破碎强度的尺寸效应

目前在颗粒材料的尺寸效应研究中,极少考虑颗粒的复杂形状和内部结构非均匀性。采用随机散粒体不连续变形分析方法(SGDD),引入无厚度界面单元和凝聚力模型模拟颗粒破碎,对5组不同粒径的堆石颗粒进行单颗粒压缩试验的数值模拟,分析了颗粒内界面单元强度对颗粒破碎的影响,并采用Weibull分布模型分析颗粒破碎强度的尺寸效应。通过与室内单颗粒压缩试验对比,试验的数值模拟能真实地再现单颗粒压缩下的破碎过程,不同颗粒的压缩曲线规律相似,达到峰值荷载前,承载力曲线急剧上升,随后颗粒发生致命破碎,承载能力骤降。不同粒径组的单颗粒破碎强度均服从Weibull分布,平均Weibull模数为2.48。不同粒径组的颗粒特征强度存在明显的尺寸效应,特征强度随着颗粒尺寸的增大而减小,与颗粒尺寸呈幂指数关系,但小于Weibull模型的预测值。     

超高台阶排土场散体块度分布规律及抗剪强度参数的研究

“明显的粒径分级”是超高台阶排土场的重要特征,而散体岩土块度分布及其抗剪强度参数是影响超高台阶排土场稳定性和灾害防治的两个关键因素。针对江西某铜矿排土场,开展了现场粒径调查和散体室内试验研究,探讨了排土场散体岩土块度随排土场高度变化的分布规律,分析了散体岩土块度分布参数与其物料抗剪强度参数的定量关系式。研究结果表明,平均粒径 、粗料含量P>5 mm和最大粒径是随排土场高度的增加而明显减小,这表明排土场的堆积散体具有“明显的粒径分级”现象;“Gandin-Schuhmann模型”拟合的分布参数与排土场高度呈递减函数;分布参数B越大,粒度组成中粗颗粒含量越多,剪切强度参数内摩擦角φ值越大,且分布参数B与内摩擦角φ呈指数函数关系。研究成果可为超高台阶排土场稳定性分析及灾害防治提供理论依据。     

侧限条件下充填散体压缩承载和传力特性

充填散体的压缩承载和传力特性对防控充填开采矿山的地表变形具有重要意义。通过河卵石、碎石、尾矿、河砂、尾砂5种散体材料和7组不同粒径河卵石的侧限压缩试验,以及河卵石数值模拟压缩试验,分析了其压实过程和粒径对其变形、承载的影响,揭示了散体压缩过程中的传力特性。结果表明：散体压缩过程可分为空隙压密、颗粒破碎压密和压实固结3个阶段,且散体类型和粒径对其非线性压实过程基本没有影响,但对其内部结构重组过程有较大影响;压缩过程中,存在一个临界密实度使不同粒径河卵石的承载能力次序发生反转,且河卵石散体平均变形模量与颗粒特征因子呈负指数关系;基于河卵石数值模拟压缩试验得到的散体内部力链强度分布和“压力拱”,很好地证实了室内压缩试验中散体垂直应力沿加载方向呈递减的趋势,以及侧向应力在整个散体高度上先增后减这一试验结果。     

试论广西靖西县新圩铝土矿区堆积型铝土矿体的分布特征

靖西堆积型铝土矿,就是指其境内赋存于上二叠统合山组底部古风化壳型铝土矿（亦称原生铝土矿）,在新生代的表生条件下,遭受长期性的岩溶作用和红土化作用,使原生铝土矿剥蚀、崩落、迁移,同碳酸盐岩的溶蚀残留物堆积于岩溶洼地、谷地中或缓坡上的一套含铝土矿的堆积组合物。堆积型铝土矿主要分布在以石炭系、二叠系下统地层为基底的岩溶洼地及缓坡地上。堆积铝土矿体的形成、规模、含矿率、矿石质量受原生沉积铝土矿体、岩溶洼地大小、矿源层所处位置、地形地貌及地层等因素控制。峰丛洼地是堆积铝土矿最主要的分布区段;原生铝土矿体规模越大,则形成的堆积铝土矿体规模越大;含矿洼地封闭性较好,则矿体厚度大,含矿率较高。     

散粒体斜坡堆积特性与崩坍形式研究

通过圆盘沙堆以及斜坡堆积物理模拟试验,解释其崩滑的动力学机制.发现溜砂坡堆积的过程是一个典型的自组织临界过程,整个坡体是一个广延耗散动力学系统.从颗粒级配的角度探究其对散粒体边坡稳定性的影响.     

碎石颗粒形态特征及其与堆积特性的关系

颗粒形态对碎石集料宏观力学性质有显著影响,准确描述其形态特征是从微细观层面研究材料宏观力学行为的基础性工作。针对颗粒形状、棱角、纹理3个尺度的形态特征,探讨了基于颗粒几何尺寸的量化表征参数;分析了不同粒组碎石颗粒形态特征表征参数的分布规律;结合单粒组颗粒堆积试验,讨论了颗粒形态特征与堆积孔隙率的关系。有以下结论：（1）提出的以周长为核心表征的颗粒形态特征量化参数,对颗粒形态以及形状、棱角、纹理3个尺度形态特征具有较好甄选能力;（2）基于每个粒组1 000个颗粒样本统计分析表明,描述颗粒形态及形状、棱角、纹理特征的参数均符合对数正态分布;（3）颗粒集合体的综合棱角、纹理指数与松堆和密堆条件下的孔隙率具有较好的映射关系,颗粒棱角与纹理是影响堆积孔隙率的主控因素。     

Flow of top coal and roof rock and loss of top coal in fully mechanized top coal caving mining of extra thick coal seams

This study investigates the flow and caving characteristics of top coal and roof rock, as well as top coal loss pattern in the fully mechanized top coal caving mining of extra thick coal seams. The two dimensional discrete element numerical simulation software program, particle flow code (PFC), is used for the simulation of top coal caving and the inversion analysis. The original locations, distribution, and migration pattern of caved top coal and lost coal were obtained. The analysis shows that in the initial site of caving, the caved bodies are in the form of arc shaped strips in front of the working face. During the caving, caved bodies of different heights move towards the lower rear of the face at different speeds. The lost coal and caved roof rock are originally located at the interface between coal seam and roof, the lost coal is mainly distributed in the goaf on the floor. Behind the support, the caved top coal bodies originally are arc shaped strips, with the highest points located at the midline of the caving opening. The strips are more curved near the goaf than those near the support. During top coal caving, the strips successively cave, with the adjacent outer strip replacing the caved one. The variations of top coal loss and waste rock ratio with time reflect the different phases of top coal caving. In order to improve coal recovery and limit the amount of caved roof rock, the waste rock ratio should be controlled below 10 %. When the waste rock ratio reaches this value, the caving opening should be closed. This paper provides theoretical bases for the improvement of top coal recovery in the fully mechanized top coal caving mining of extra thick coal seams.     

福建永泰无岩坑钼矿地质特征及成因探讨

永泰无岩坑钼矿体贮存于成矿母岩燕山晚期中粗粒含黑云母花岗岩边缘相细晶质花岗岩硅化褪色蚀变带中,储矿构造主要为花岗岩岩体顶部的内接触带即岩凸构造,以及区域性北西向断裂的次级裂隙。矿床成因属岩浆期后热液充填型。     

桂西北高龙式金矿的成矿机理研究

本文对桂西北典型的微细浸染型金矿床的代表之一——高龙金矿床产出的地质背景作了说明,对该金矿床的矿区地质、矿体形态与规模、矿石类型及矿物共生组合特征等进行了较为详细的描述,对高龙式金矿床氧化机理的室内研究及其实验测试结果从矿区矿体的地球化学特征角度进行了分析,提出了高龙式金矿床氧化矿体的成因模式,认为:在中三叠时期形成的桂西北微细浸染型金矿床,系由水下岩浆的大量喷出沉积的火山物质,经成岩作用和地下热液不断淋滤淬取围岩物质而形成的矿床。金主要以徽细浸染的形式赋存于各种硫化物中。由内生成矿作用形成的原生矿体,由于构造运动的影响而暴露地表后,受温度、水,CO₂、pH、Eh值、氧化铁疏杆菌等的影响,含金硫化物的结构遭到严重破坏,形成地表条件下可稳定存在的氧化物类及氧化矿体。桂西北中三叠系氧化带中的高龙金矿属-成矿循环周期中晚期阶段的产物。     

废弃采空区裂隙带高度预测模型及应用

煤炭开采引起覆岩破断及地表下沉,覆岩及地表运移规律可反映裂隙带高度的动态演化过程。因地表下沉滞后于煤炭开采,对于废弃采空区,长期压实作用导致裂隙带高度较采动期间有所降低。基于地表点下沉速度的阶段特征将裂隙带高度的演化过程分为2个阶段,第1阶段裂隙带发育对应岩层破断逐步向上传递的过程,第2阶段裂隙带高度降低对应离层及裂隙闭合、断裂岩层受压后变形回弹及破碎岩体自然压实的过程。着眼于压实作用对裂隙带高度的影响,根据煤层采厚、垮落带和裂隙带岩层变形量及地表下沉值之间的定量关系,建立了第2阶段裂隙带高度预测模型,并结合太平煤矿实测结果进行验证,采用控制变量法分析了单一因素影响下废弃采空区裂隙带高度的演化特征。结果表明：废弃采空区裂隙带高度受控于垮落带块体强度、垮落带初始碎胀系数、采动期间裂隙带高度最大值及对应的垮落带高度、煤层埋深、地表最终下沉量等因素,太平煤矿采后15 a的裂隙带高度实测值11.36～13.00 m与理论预测值12.75 m吻合度较高,模型的可靠性得到验证。最后,应用此预测模型对武安煤矿（关停矿井）2002－2003年采空区裂隙带高度开展理论计算,结合地空瞬变电磁探测确定了地面瓦斯抽采钻孔理想的终孔位置并成功开展了地面钻孔瓦斯抽采试验。     

麒麟厂铅锌矿银的工艺矿物学研究

笔者应用微区测试研究、粒度统计分析及物相分析等，对云南会泽铅锌矿麒麟厂矿床6号矿体铅锌特富矿石中银的工艺矿物特征进行了研究，认为银以类质同象和独立矿物两种状态存在，发现了11种银矿物和含银矿物，方铅矿是银的主要载体矿物，银的最佳回收指标为93．52％－99．20％。     

湖北省南漳县红星磷矿磷块岩特征与物质组分研究

湖北省南漳县震旦系沉积型红星磷矿矿体P_2O_5平均含量23.91%,矿石自然类型主要为角砾状磷块岩,其次为白云质磷块岩、泥质纹层状和条带状致密块状磷块岩。工业类型主要为钙(镁)质和硅钙(镁)质磷矿,其次为硅质磷矿。矿石矿物为胶状磷灰石和微晶磷灰石,经x-射线衍射物相分析,其种属为含碳氟磷灰石。嵌布粒度以细-中粒为主。脉石矿物主要为白云石、伊利石、高岭石、铁质。经测定当磷块岩磨矿粒度小于0.1mm,其磷酸盐矿物单体解离率可达92.53％,这为确定合理的选矿流程具有实际意义。     

An analytical and experimental investigation of the effect of impact on coarse granular rocks

SummaryAn Analytical and Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Impact on Coarse Granular Rocks The interaction between metallic strikers and coarse, granular rock, associated with many mechanical rock breaking methods was investigated by theoretical and experimental methods. Cylindrical steel strikers of 12.7 mm diameter with flat, conical and hemispherical tips and masses of about 18.5 g were fired by means of a gas gun at blocks of diorite and spessartite with initial energies ranging from 4 to 34 J, generating substantial fracturing. The damage pattern in the rocks was ascertained, partly with the aid of a scanning electron microscope. A synthetic model consisting of long square bars of cement paste bonded with an adhesive was constructed as a simulator of diorite and tested to further delineate the failure mechanisms in this material.As previously, it was also found here that the geometry of the striker tip significantly affects the damage pattern and extent in diorite. A crucial difference in this pattern was observed between that found in diorite, a coarsegrained rock, and in spessartite, a more finely-grained substance. The crack network in diorite consisted of numerous kinked fractures extending a distance not in excess of 20 grain lengths, whereas only 5 to 7 nearly straight cracks with a length in excess of 20 times the grain size were found in spessartite that appeared to have propagated without regard to the grain packing structure or material defects. The synthetic rock model successfully reproduced the crack pattern found in diorite under impact.An analytical model to predict the region of grain and grain boundary failure incorporating one failure criterion for grains and another for grain boundaries was constructed. The first involved the development of failure surfaces based on an empirical limiting strength analogous to the modified Griffith criterion. Grain boundary failure was stipulated upon attainment of a combination of critical tensile and Coulomb type of shear stress. The model successfully delineated the major features of damage in the synthetic rock and in diorite and established upper bound predictions for the extent of damage.With 19 Figures     

大理岩断裂能与细观结构几何特征相关性

岩石在细观尺度上是由矿物颗粒胶结而成,除细观结构的力学特性外,其几何特征（颗粒界面网络结构和颗粒粒度分布）也对宏观断裂能具有一定的影响。为了探索这种几何特征与大理岩断裂能之间的相关性,从而进一步揭示岩石细观断裂机制,首先通过三点弯曲试验测定大理岩的断裂能,然后在试验后的三点弯试件断口处取岩石切片,进行电镜（SEM）扫描以获取岩石细观结构图像。利用图像处理技术获取岩石细观颗粒的界面网络图。通过对颗粒界面网络图分析,发现颗粒界面网络拓扑结构与颗粒粒度分布具有较强的分形特征。将二者分形维数与试件宏观断裂能相对比,发现它们之间具有很强的相关性。界面网络分形维数与宏观断裂能具有很强的二次相关性,而粒度分布维数与宏观断裂能之间具有较强的线性相关性。宏观断裂能随着两种分形维数的增大而增大。该研究结果揭示了宏观断裂能与岩石细观结构几何特征的相关性,加深了对宏观断裂能细观机制的理解。     

Grain-size distribution and rheology of the upper mantle

The physical processes that govern the grain size of rocks in the upper mantle are examined. The analysis is based on the experimental data on creep, recrystallization, and grain growth in dunites and on a theoretical model for the thermomechanical structure of the cooling moving lithosphere. The grain size of rocks is shown to be determined by the in situ stress only at the deeper part where the temperature is high enough to allow significant strain rate. Above this depth, the microstructures record the thermomechanical history of rocks rather than the in situ stress.In the case of the oceanic lithosphere where the thermomechanical history is best known, the following features of grain-size distribution are found. At the uppermost mantle, where the amount of grain growth is limited, the grain size is determined by the initial value and the growth rate, and, where the effect of grain growth dominates, it increases with depth. When the amount of grain growth becomes large and the grain size reaches the steady state size corresponding to the ambient stress while the rock is hot enough to deform, the grain size is then determined by the applied stress. This grain size is, however, frozen, when the rock gets cool and the strain rate becomes too small to induce any further dynamic recrystallization. Thus, at the intermediate depth region, the grain size records the fossil (frozen) stress at which the microstructures of rock have been frozen. Since the frozen stress increases with age, the grain size in this depth interval decreases with depth. Finally, the grain size below this level reflects the in situ stress, and increases with depth, its extent being dependent on the nature of return flow in the deep mantle.Thus the grain size versus depth relation may show a sigmoid curve. The qualitative features of this curve may be similar also in the case of the continental lithosphere, if a similar thermal event (i.e., the intrusion of hot material and subsequent cooling) occurs. The results are quite consistent with the observed depth variation of olivine grain size in peridotite nodules (Avé Lallemant et al., 1980). The present model suggests that the depth of minimum grain size (65 and 150 km at the continental rift zone and the shield region respectively) corresponds to that where the mechanical properties of the upper mantle change from elastic to ductile at tectonic stress levels (~ 1 MPa) and in the geological time scale. This result leads to a new definition of the thickness of lithosphere in terms of its rheological properties. This thickness is about twice as large as that inferred from the flexure of lithosphere but approximately equal to seismic thickness. The model suggests the importance of grain growth as well as dynamic recrystallization and plastic flow in determining the texture of upper mantle rocks and therefore seismic anisotropy.     

应用计算机处理岩移观测数据及绘图

本文为了改变目前岩移观测数据处理用手工计算和绘图的现状,而编制了既能综合处理岩移观测数据,又能高效率绘制各种曲线图的电算程序。通过实践,操作简单,准确可靠,图形美观。并从曲线图上可求得岩移观测站的移动角、边界角及其它岩移参数。它将对袖珍机在矿山测量中的应用和岩移科研工作的开展起着推动作用。