盔犀鸟头胄工艺品的宝石学及谱学特征

对市场上出现的盔犀鸟头胄工艺品及其拼合制品、仿制品,在宝石显微镜下放大观察,采用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、紫外一可见光谱仪、激光拉曼光谱仪等大型分析仪器进行测试,探究其物质组成、生长结构、颜色成因以及鉴定方法。结果表明,盔犀鸟头胄整体表现为层状鳞片生长结构,头胄工艺品的黄色基体中普遍发育近平行条带生长结构,红色圆斑与黄色基体呈渐变过渡关系;红外光谱表现为酰胺特征吸收谱带,表明角蛋白为头胄主要成分;特征的紫外一可见吸收光谱与拉曼光谱均标志着类胡萝卜素的存在,且类胡萝卜素是头胄的主要呈色原因。拼合工艺品的红色圆斑具有清晰边界并可见拼合缝隙,红外光谱显示红色圆斑为人造树脂材料。仿制品的黄色基体内部可见气泡,红外光谱揭示其整体均为人造树脂。     

一种仿黑皮仔料拼合石的鉴定特征

和田仔料随着市场的追捧,其价格越来越高,仿制品层出不穷。借助宝石显微镜、偏光显微镜、X射线粉末衍射和红外光谱等测试手段,对武汉市徐东古玩珠宝市场上出现的一种仿黑皮仔料材料进行了宝石学、矿物学以及谱学特征鉴定。结果显示,该仿黑皮仔料材料由黑色霞石岩、白色软玉以及有机黑胶三部分拼合而成;其与黑皮仔料的主要鉴定特征在于：前者在横截面上有明显的拼合痕迹以及特征的红外光谱有机官能团区吸收峰。     

一种新方法处理软玉的鉴定特征

首次报道了一种拼合处理的软玉及其鉴定特征。通过常规宝石学测试、红外光谱和X荧光能谱分析,对该类样品进行了鉴定。结果显示,从外观上,样品的＂皮＂与主体结合处的颜色分界截然,有明显的粘结痕迹和大量的蜡与气泡;拼合面两侧区域的红外光谱完全不一样;X荧光能谱显示,其＂皮＂较主体部分缺少Ca峰。根据测试结果认为,样品应为染色岫玉软玉拼合石。     

人造"朱砂"的鉴定特征

采用密度、放大观察、紫外荧光、红外光谱、X射线荧光光谱等测试手段,对市场上出现的一种人造"朱砂"进行了宝石学的研究,结果显示其为一种由重晶石、方解石、有机物及不同含量的辰砂组成的人造材料.     

一种绿松石仿制品的宝石学特征研究

近期在市场上出现一种绿松石仿制品,外观与天然绿松石极为相似,极具迷惑性.采用常规宝石学测试方法、红外吸收光谱、显微红外吸收光谱、紫外可见吸收光谱、X荧光能谱对其宝石学性质、光谱特征进行了系统研究分析.结果 表明:这种绿松石仿制品具有粒状结构,可见角砾状颗粒,颜色分布均匀,具有典型的再造宝石特征.该绿松石仿制品折射率为1.56,与绿松石一致,相对密度为2.34,略低于绿松石.无损显微红外吸收光谱显示该绿松石仿制品主要由顽火辉石与石英组成,并含有胶结物质.顽火辉石的红外吸收峰为1083 cm-1,1009 cm-1,938 cm-1,855 cm-1,721 cm-1,647 cm-1,505 cm-1,478 cm-1,424 cm-1.石英的红外光谱吸收峰为1182 c m-1,1112 cm-1,800 cm-1,692 cm-1.有机胶结物的红外吸收峰为2978 cm-1,2937 cm-1,2878 cm-1,3055 cm-1,3035 cm-1,1612 cm-1,1512 cm-1,1385 cm-1,1458 cm-1.X荧光光谱分析显示主要含有Ba,Ti,Sr,Fe,Ni,Zn元素,与绿松石的成分不相符.紫外可见光谱分析显示在680 nm、630 nm处具有吸收带,应是样品呈现蓝绿色的原因.本次研究旨在利用无损检验方法确定样品为仿绿松石,并确定有环氧树脂胶结物的存在.     

Zachery处理绿松石的探讨

现在市面上所谓的"美国松"其实大多经过一种Zachery的处理方法,本文采用放大观察、紫外-可见光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、X荧光光谱仪、红外光谱仪等测试手段,对Zachery处理绿松石进行了宝石学、矿物学、化学成分和谱学特征的研究.结果显示,由于自然界产出的绿松石的光泽、结构、密度、硬度等变化范围较大,因此常规宝石学测试无法区分Zachery处理绿松石,紫外-可见光谱仪和红外光谱也无法鉴定Zachery处理的绿松石,只有X荧光光谱仪测试结果显示K⁺元素含量高以及扫描电镜显示表面具结晶现象可以作为绿松石经过Zachery处理的准确判断依据.     

应用钻石观测仪-红外光谱仪-激光诱导击穿光谱仪鉴定无机材料充填翡翠

通过走访翡翠市场得知存在无机材料充填的翡翠,目前与其相关的研究资料较少,对无机材料充填翡翠缺少鉴定依据.本模拟实验使用水玻璃和硅溶胶这两类无机材料对低档翡翠进行充填以了解其鉴定特征.利用常规宝石学测试、钻石观测仪荧光观察、红外光谱分析(FTIR)、激光诱导击穿光谱分析(LIBS)对无机充填翡翠样品进行测试.结果表明:①...     

HPHT合成钻石在首饰中的鉴别特征

国家黄金钻石制品质量监督检验中心收到待检的百余件群镶钻石首饰中发现混有大量HPHT合成黄色钻石.采用宝石显微镜、红外光谱仪、X射线荧光光谱仪、紫外可见光分光光谱仪、紫外荧光灯、DiamondView^TM等对HPHT合成钻石样品做了详细地测试与分析.结果表明,这些HPHT合成钻石样品具有较为统一的黄色,放大检查可见合成钻石内部含有大量棒状、柱状、细小微粒状的铁镍合金包裹体,且几乎都有磁性,有些磁性甚至较强;样品的红外反射光谱非常特征,均具有明显的1 131 cm^-1处的吸收峰,为Ⅰb型钻石,而Ⅰb型钻石在天然钻石中极少见到;X射线荧光光谱测试显示有强烈的铁峰和镍峰,且在短波紫外线下多数具有绿黄色荧光.HPHT合成钻石在DiamondView^TM下具有不同程度的黄绿色荧光,部分具有黑十字现象.     

“新型”处理翡翠（注蜡）实验及鉴定

近年来,翡翠市场上出现了一种“新型”处理翡翠（注蜡）。这种注蜡翡翠与未注蜡翡翠在肉眼上无明显差别,且结构未遭到破坏,但在紫外荧光灯下和红外光谱中有异常现象。这对实验室检测定名及销售市场产生了很大的困扰。为此,在对“新型”处理翡翠（注蜡）实验研究的基础上,采用宝石学常规检测、高倍率放大观察和光谱学测试对30件注蜡前、后的翡翠样品进行了综合研究。结果显示,肉眼（放大）观察时,这种注蜡翡翠的颜色、结构基本未遭破坏,但在紫外荧光灯和DiamondViewTM下具有蓝白色荧光,红外光谱中具有2850,2920,2956cm-1处的强吸收峰。根据“GB／T16553-2010”《珠宝玉石鉴定》中翡翠优化处理定名的相关规定,本研究的注蜡翡翠应定名为翡翠。     

一种翡翠的仿制品透辉石微晶玻璃的宝石学特征

针对市场上出现的一种外观酷似翡翠的透辉石微晶玻璃,利用常规宝石学检测仪器、X射线粉末衍射和红外光谱等测试方法,对该材料样品的宝石学特征、物相组成及谱学特征进行了初步研究。结果显示,在宝石显微镜下透辉石微晶玻璃显示特征的放射状晶花,具球晶结构;X射线粉末衍射分析表明,其主要物相为透辉石和玻璃质;红外光谱分析显示,该样品的谱学特征与翡翠的红外光谱有较大的差异。     

角质型金珊瑚与黑珊瑚的宝石学特征研究

采用常规宝石鉴定方法、偏光显微镜、X射线荧光光谱仪、光栅光谱仪及红外光谱仪对未处理和覆膜处理的角质型金珊瑚、黑珊瑚样品的宝石学特征进行了测试研究。结果表明,该珊瑚样品的实测折射率为1．4851．505,密度为1．3361．349g／cm^3;其横截面呈同心环状结构,纵切面呈粗细不均的纤维结构,证明其横纵空间生长的机理;样品的主要化学成分为纯有机质,主要化学元素为I,次要的Cl,Br,S和Ba,少量Si,Ca,Mg,Na以及微量元素Zn,Ti,Mn,Cu,V等,未出现Fe;耐酸蚀实验表明,样品在HCl和HNO3中不溶,在H2SO4中可缓慢溶解;样品的红外光谱具有3组弱-中-强特征吸收峰,表明其存在一系列氨基酸等有机成分。     

AMS 14C ages and petrological features for solidified fractures with carbonates at coastal outcrops of Yakushima Island, Japan

This paper describes the petrological features and the ages of rock fractures filled mainly with carbonates at coastal outcrops of Yakushima Island, Japan. Microscopic observation and geochemical analysis were used to investigate the petrological features and the compositions of the fracture fillings. In addition, AMS ¹⁴C dating was also performed to estimate the ages of them. Microscopic study indicated that the fracture fillings contain not only cementing materials but also lithic fragments from host rock and bioclasts. SEM observation showed that the cements exhibit the characteristic textures of beachrocks. The cements were identified as Mg-calcite from XRD analysis. It was also observed from geochemical analysis that there were at least two stages of precipitation within the fractures. In addition, AMS ¹⁴C dating for seventeen samples of fracture fillings showed that the ages range from 2,460 to 5,130 years BP which is found to be younger than that of the uplifted coral at Yakushima Island (approximately 5,300–5,600 years BP). The results suggest that the fractures were solidified after the coral was uplifted.     

Palaeoenvironmental records from fossil corals: The effects of submarine diagenesis on temperature and climate estimates

The geochemistry of coral skeletons may reflect seawater conditions at the time of deposition and the analysis of fossil skeletons offers a method to reconstruct past climate. However the precipitation of cements in the primary coral skeleton during diagenesis may significantly affect bulk skeletal geochemistry. We used secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to measure Sr, Mg, B, U and Ba concentrations in primary coral aragonite and aragonite and calcite cements in fossil Porites corals from submerged reefs around the Hawaiian Islands. Cement and primary coral geochemistry were significantly different in all corals. We estimate the effects of cement inclusion on climate estimates from drilled coral samples, which combine cements and primary coral aragonite. Secondary 1% calcite or ∼2% aragonite cement contamination significantly affects Sr/Ca SST estimates by +1 °C and −0.4 to −0.9 °C, respectively. Cement inclusion also significantly affects Mg/Ca, B/Ca and U/Ca SST estimates in some corals. X-ray diffraction (XRD) will not detect secondary aragonite cements and significant calcite contamination may be below the limit of detection (∼1%) of the technique. Thorough petrographic examination of fossils is therefore essential to confirm that they are pristine before bulk drilled samples are analysed. To confirm that the geochemistry of the original coral structures is not affected by the precipitation of cements in adjacent pore spaces we analysed the primary coral aragonite in cemented and uncemented areas of the skeleton. Sr/Ca, B/Ca and U/Ca of primary coral aragonite is not affected by the presence of cements in adjacent interskeletal pore spaces i.e. the coral structures maintain their original composition and selective SIMS analysis of these structures offers a route to the reconstruction of accurate SSTs from altered coral skeletons. However, Mg/Ca and Ba/Ca of primary coral aragonite are significantly higher in parts of skeletons infilled with high Mg calcite cement. We hypothesise this reflects cement infilling of intraskeletal pore spaces in the primary coral structure.     

巴布亚新几内亚合恩半岛晚第四纪上升珊瑚礁造礁珊瑚的成岩历史

更新世以来,剧烈的构造运动已将巴布亚新几内亚合恩半岛东北海岸的晚第四纪珊瑚礁阶地抬升上千米.阶地中造礁珊瑚的成岩变化和成岩产物的组构特征反映了该礁的成岩历史,充分体现该区快速构造上升的影响.海水潜流带和淡水渗流带为上升礁的主要成岩环境.生物钻孔、生物碎屑填隙、珊瑚文石针粗化、珊瑚骨骼的溶解和新生变形转化,以及其不同矿物成分和组构的种种胶结物的胶结作用是造礁珊瑚经历的主要成岩作用.地球化学资料表明其成岩变化发生于开放的化学体系之中.     

注胶晕长石的鉴定方法

近期,国家黄金钻石制品质量监督检验中心对一串具蓝色晕彩的长石手链样品进行常规检测时,在长波紫外灯下多数珠子发中等强度的蓝白色荧光,且荧光在珠子中呈线状分布。为了对该长石样品进行准确定名,并探究其紫外荧光产生的原因,对其进行了常规宝石学检测、电子探针和红外光谱测试与分析。结果显示,该样品的折射率约为1.53,在显微镜下具有层状结构和针片状包裹体,结合其电子探针的分析结果,确定该样品为晕长石,即具有蓝色晕彩的钠长石;基于样品表面具有典型的＂蚯蚓行踪＂纹路、沿裂隙发出的紫外荧光及红外光谱下3 053,3 038cm^-1处的吸收峰,确定其为注胶处理的晕长石。     

Middle and Late Carboniferous Tetracoral Assemblages and Biogeography of China

China is rich in Middle and Carboniferous fossil corals. The coral faunas in different regions have varying characteristics and can be divided into distinct assemblages. The coral fauna in South China is dominated by the order Caninida and contains numerous endemic elements; that in North China has a lot of Middle Carboniferous corals which are monotonous in species, with Late Carboniferous solitary corals being predominant. The coral fauna in Junggar mainly contains large bi-zoned solitary caninids, while that in southern Khingan is similar to that in South China due to the presence of abundant tri-zoned compound corals. In northern Tibet the coral fauna is also similar to that in South China, but in southern Tibet it is of a cold-water type. Therefore, the Middle and Late Carboniferous coral geography of China can be divided into the Tethys, Boreal and Gondwana Realms.     

Mesophotic coral buildups in a prodelta setting (Late Eocene,southern Pyrenees,Spain): a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic system

Lower Priabonian coral bioherms and biostromes, encased in prodelta marls/clays, occur in the Aínsa‐Jaca piggyback basin, in the South Central Pyrenean zone. Detailed mapping of lithofacies and bounding surfaces onto photomosaics reveals the architecture of coral buildups. Coral lithosomes occur either isolated or amalgamated in larger buildups. Isolated lithosomes are 1 to 8 m thick and a few hundred metres wide; clay content within coral colonies is significant. Stacked bioherms form low‐relief buildups, commonly 20 to 30 m thick, locally up to 50 m. These bioherms are progressively younger to the west, following progradation of the deltaic complex. The lowermost skeletal‐rich beds consist of bryozoan floatstone with wackestone to packstone matrix, in which planktonic foraminifera are abundant and light‐related organisms absent. Basal coral biostromes, and the base of many bioherms, consist of platy‐coral colonies ‘floating’ in a fine‐grained matrix rich in branches of red algae. Corals with domal or massive shape, locally mixed with branching corals and phaceloid coral colonies, dominate buildup cores. These corals are surrounded by matrix and lack organic framework. The matrix consists of wackestone to packstone, locally floatstone, with conspicuous red algal and coral fragments, along with bryozoans, planktonic and benthonic foraminifera and locally sponges. Coral rudstone and skeletal packstone, with wackestone to packstone matrix, also occur as wedges abutting the buildup margins. Integrative analysis of rock textures, skeletal components, buildup anatomy and facies architecture clearly reveal that these coral buildups developed in a prodelta setting where shifting of delta lobes or rainfall cycles episodically resulted in water transparency that allowed zooxanthellate coral growth. The bathymetric position of the buildups has been constrained from the light‐dependent communities and lithofacies distribution within the buildups. The process‐product analysis used here reinforces the hypothesis that zooxanthellate corals thrived in mesophotic conditions at least during the Late Eocene and until the Late Miocene. Comparative analysis with some selected Upper Eocene coral buildups of the north Mediterranean area show similarities in facies, components and textures, and suggest that they also grew in relatively low light (mesophotic) and low hydrodynamic conditions.     

Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes of Cold-water Corals—Reconstructing Paleotemperature Changes and Calcification Mechanism

Cold-water corals represent an intriguing paleoceanographic archive with a great potential to reconstruct high-resolution paleoenvironmental changes. Compared to those of shallow-water corals, proxies derived from cold-water corals have been complicated by biologically mediated vital effects. The oxygen and carbon stable isotope compositions of cold-water coral skeletons are more depleted than the expected carbonate-seawater equilibrium values by 4‰~6‰ and about 10‰, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to correct for the vital effects before using δ¹⁸O as a temperature proxy. The principles and methods of reconstructing paleotemperature variations of intermediate and deep oceans using oxygen and carbon isotopes of cold-water corals are reviewed, as well as three existing cold-water coral calcification models and their advantages and disadvantages. It is suggested that further micro-scales analysis and targeted experiments are required to clarify the calcification processes of cold-water corals.     

6种不同产地柯巴树脂的谱学特征探究

收集了来自俄罗斯、新西兰、婆罗洲、马达加斯加、哥伦比亚和苏门答腊6个不同产地的柯巴树脂,采用宝石显微镜、红外光谱、紫外荧光观察和三维荧光光谱等测试方法对柯巴树脂谱学特征进行了对比研究。婆罗洲、苏门答腊柯巴树脂的红外光谱主要特征为存在3000~2800 cm^-1范围内4个吸收峰,1732 cm^-1肩峰和1708 cm^-1吸收峰,888 cm^-1处的弱吸收峰。新西兰柯巴树脂红外光谱主要特征为存在3000~2800 cm^-1范围内3个吸收峰,1642 cm^-1和888 cm^-1处的弱吸收峰。马达加斯加、哥伦比亚和俄罗斯柯巴树脂的红外光谱相似,主要特征为存在与C=C相关的3处组合特征吸收峰以及1270 cm^-1和1180 cm^-1处的2个吸收峰。在长波紫外荧光下,婆罗洲和新西兰柯巴树脂荧光强度明显强于其他产地样品,马达加斯加柯巴树脂荧光强度最弱。由三维荧光光谱可知,婆罗洲和苏门答腊柯巴树脂中存在445、474、505 nm 3个发射峰,可被416、447 nm波长有效激发;新西兰柯巴树脂的最强发射峰位于385 nm,其最佳激发波长352 nm;俄罗斯柯巴树脂最强发射峰在399 nm,可被354 nm波长最佳激发;哥伦比亚柯巴树脂的最强发射峰为470 nm,被400 nm波长最佳激发;马达加斯加柯巴树脂的最强荧光峰在465 nm,被378 nm波长最佳激发。综合分析认为,三维荧光光谱特征和红外光谱特征可为柯巴树脂的鉴别和分类提供依据。