鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系低煤阶煤层气系统演化

低煤阶煤层气作为一种非常规天然气资源,具有良好的勘探开发前景。我国低煤阶煤层气资源丰富,进行低煤阶煤层气系统演化分析,对其富集成藏及开发具有重要的理论意义。鄂尔多斯盆地煤层甲烷的碳同位素δ13C₁为–33.1‰~–80.0‰,氢同位素δ_CH4为–235‰~–268‰。该盆地侏罗系煤层气藏主要有次生生物气与热成因气构成的混合型煤层气藏和热成因气藏两种类型。据构造热事件、煤层气组分及成因,结合不同阶段的煤层埋深、变质程度和生气特征等,将鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系低煤阶煤层气系统演化划分为4个阶段:煤系浅埋–原生生物气阶段﹑煤系深埋–热成因气阶段﹑煤系抬升–吸附气逃逸散失阶段﹑煤系局部沉降–次生生物气补充阶段。其中,煤系深埋–热成因气阶段和局部沉降–次生生物气阶段是低煤阶煤层气资源的主要形成阶段。次生生物气的补充是鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系低煤阶煤层气成功开发的重要气源。鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系煤层气藏应属于单斜式富气成藏模式。      

吐哈—三塘湖盆地低煤阶煤层气成藏特征研究

正吐哈(吐鲁番—哈密)—三塘湖盆地低煤阶煤层气资源丰富,但低煤阶煤层气成藏规律认识不足。本文在分析吐哈—三塘湖低煤阶煤层气含气性和成因的基础上,从水文地质条件和构造条件等方面,探讨了研究区低煤阶煤层气成藏的重要条件,提出该区的成藏模式,明确低煤阶煤层气勘探方向,对研究区后续的煤层气勘探开发具有一定的借鉴作用。     

珲春盆地低煤阶煤层气富集规律

珲春盆地煤层气取得工业突破对我国低煤阶含煤盆地的煤层气勘探具有重要意义。通过对珲春盆地低煤阶煤层气成藏条件的深入剖析,探讨了低煤阶煤层气富集的主控因素及其成藏模式。结果表明,珲春盆地具有煤阶低、煤层多、煤层薄的特点,构造作用、沉积特征和岩浆岩侵入是其富集成藏的主控因素。盆地西部的褶皱和断层伴生带不仅为生物气创造有利环境,而且为煤层气二次成藏提供场所,形成"连续褶皱"富气模式;沼泽和天然堤微相的垂向叠置,使得作为煤层直接顶底板的泥岩和致密砂岩对煤层气起到更好的封闭作用;局部辉绿岩侵入体促使煤层再次生气,同时大大改善了煤岩的物性。因此,珲春盆地西部是煤层气高产富集区,具有巨大勘探开发潜力。      

巨厚低阶煤煤层气储层关键成藏地质要素及评价方法——以二连盆地巴彦花凹陷为例

为了建立巨厚低阶煤煤层气资源评价方法,以二连盆地巴彦花凹陷为研究对象,通过研究煤层气成因、煤层埋深、煤层厚度、煤储层物性、含气性、水文地质和盖层等,总结了巨厚低阶煤煤储层的关键成藏地质要素,并进一步建立了新的低阶煤煤层气资源潜力评价方法,圈定了巴彦花凹陷煤层气勘探开发有利区和目标区。结果表明:巴彦花凹陷主要含煤地层为下白垩统腾格尔组（K₁t）,以褐煤和长焰煤为主,显微组分以镜质组为主,煤层气的形成是生物成因为主、混合成因为辅的成烃模式,生物成因气占主导地位;研究区共发育3个煤组,煤储层厚度大,发育面积广,埋深适中,保存条件好,含气量较高,空气干燥基含气量最高可达4.45 m3/t,1、2煤组有利于形成煤层气藏,3煤组有利于形成煤系砂岩气藏。根据建立的资源潜力评价方法,煤层气勘探开发的最优目标区位于巴彦花凹陷北部。      

准噶尔盆地东南部低煤阶煤层气富集条件及主控因素

准噶尔盆地煤层气资源丰富。其中,准东南地区煤层分布稳定,厚度大,埋深适中,含气性较好,是煤层气勘探有利区。 然而,准东南地区近年来的煤层气勘探没有取得理想效果,对低煤阶煤层气富集主控因素认识不足是其主要原因之一。本 文通过对煤层气地质特征和富集条件的分析,认为准南地区煤岩演化程度高,水文条件较好,有次生生物气及深部热解气 的补充,气源充足,富集条件好;准东地区尽管煤层厚度大,但煤岩演化程度低,地下水矿化度高,不具备生物气补充条件, 且缺乏区域盖层,富集条件较差,导致煤层含气量低。进一步分析认为,构造、水文和盖层是准南地区煤层气富集的主控因素, 有利的构造部位控制着深部热解气源,水文地质条件控制着次生生物气的补给,盖层控制了煤层气的保存条件。     

吐哈盆地低煤阶煤层气地质特征与成藏控制因素研究

我国低煤阶煤层气资源丰富,气煤以下的低煤阶煤层气资源量15.13×1012m3。迄今为止尚无成功开发先例,地质成藏基础研究亟待加强。论文通过对吐哈盆地煤层气成藏条件、成藏特征分析,探讨了地质构造、聚煤作用、煤系特征、生物气形成与保存等低煤阶煤层气成藏控制因素,初步确定了吐哈盆地煤层气成藏类型及其分布特征,把吐哈盆地煤层气成藏模式划分为盆内凹陷成藏模式、盆缘陡坡成藏模式和盆缘缓坡成藏模式3种类型,根据成藏过程的匹配特征把煤层气藏类型划分为储-逸型低压逸散式、储-运-逸型运移储集式两种类型,该划分方案有助于指导低煤阶煤层气成因研究与资源勘探开发。     

准南硫磺沟矿区及周边地区煤层气保存条件分析

煤层气保存条件是评价低煤阶煤层气成藏条件的重要方面之一。硫磺沟矿区及周边地区侏罗系西山窑组发育多层煤层,且煤层厚度大,煤变质程度低,受喜马拉雅运动等影响,地质条件复杂。从区域构造、煤层盖层两个方面对低煤阶煤层气的保存进行研究,认为构造对煤层气含量及分布影响较大,构造控气样式中在逆冲断层与向斜缓翼组合,越靠近向斜轴部其含气量越大,且越靠近断层附近,含气量随深度增大的增速越大;叠瓦式逆冲断层与其间的褶皱组合中,越靠近逆冲的前端,其含气量越大。通过统计分析煤层顶板岩性及厚度两个因素,得出14-15号煤层盖层封盖性能最好,其次为9-10号煤。     

庆阳—黄陵地区煤层气富集规律及目标优选

庆阳—黄陵地区是鄂尔多斯盆地重要的低煤阶含煤区,是近几年煤层气勘探的热点地区之一。但该区煤层气钻探效果并不理想,急切需要认清该地区煤层气富集规律,以便有效指导煤层气的勘探开发。通过对该区煤层的展布特征、沉积环境、煤岩煤质特征、物性特征及含气性等进行综合分析,查明该区煤岩演化程度低,煤层厚5～30m,大部分地区煤层埋深小于1500m且分布稳定,延9煤层为该区的主力煤层,煤岩类型主要为半亮煤和半暗煤,煤岩煤质特征好,孔隙度、渗透率较高,灰分含量低,具有较高的煤层气勘探潜力。钻井资料揭示该区煤层含气性变化大,含气量介于0～8m~3/t之间。进一步分析构造和沉积作用对煤层气富集的影响,提出了煤层气保存条件好、含气量高、勘探潜力大的四个有利目标区。     

庆阳—黄陵地区煤层气富集规律及目标优选

庆阳—黄陵地区是鄂尔多斯盆地重要的低煤阶含煤区,是近几年煤层气勘探的热点地区之一。但该区煤层气钻探效果并不理想,急切需要认清该地区煤层气富集规律,以便有效指导煤层气的勘探开发。通过对该区煤层的展布特征、沉积环境、煤岩煤质特征、物性特征及含气性等进行综合分析,查明该区煤岩演化程度低,煤层厚5～30m,大部分地区煤层埋深小于1500m且分布稳定,延9煤层为该区的主力煤层,煤岩类型主要为半亮煤和半暗煤,煤岩煤质特征好,孔隙度、渗透率较高,灰分含量低,具有较高的煤层气勘探潜力。钻井资料揭示该区煤层含气性变化大,含气量介于0～8m³/t之间。进一步分析构造和沉积作用对煤层气富集的影响,提出了煤层气保存条件好、含气量高、勘探潜力大的四个有利目标区。     

庆阳—黄陵地区煤层气富集规律及目标优选

庆阳—黄陵地区是鄂尔多斯盆地重要的低煤阶含煤区,是近几年煤层气勘探的热点地区之一。但该区煤层气钻探效果并不理想,急切需要认清该地区煤层气富集规律,以便有效指导煤层气的勘探开发。通过对该区煤层的展布特征、沉积环境、煤岩煤质特征、物性特征及含气性等进行综合分析,查明该区煤岩演化程度低,煤层厚5～30m,大部分地区煤层埋深小于1500m且分布稳定,延9煤层为该区的主力煤层,煤岩类型主要为半亮煤和半暗煤,煤岩煤质特征好,孔隙度、渗透率较高,灰分含量低,具有较高的煤层气勘探潜力。钻井资料揭示该区煤层含气性变化大,含气量介于0～8m~3/t之间。进一步分析构造和沉积作用对煤层气富集的影响,提出了煤层气保存条件好、含气量高、勘探潜力大的四个有利目标区。     

Pool-Forming Stages and Enrichment Models of Medium-to High-Rank Coalbed Methane

<正>The pool-forming mechanism of coalbed methane has its own characteristics.In this paper, based on studies on the typical coal-bearing basins in China,it is pointed out that the reservoir formation of medium- to high-rank coalbed methane has experienced three critical stages:the coalbed methane generation and adsorption stage,the coalbed adsorption capacity enhancement stage,and the coalbed methane desorption-diffusion and preservation stage.The regional tectonic evolution, hydrodynamic conditions and sealing conditions play important roles in the stage of coalbed methane desorption-diffusion and preservation.Medium- to high-rank coalbed methane has three types of enrichment models,that is,the most favorable,the relatively favorable,and the unfavorable enrichment models.     

低阶煤煤层气富集区预测方法研究与应用

目前低阶煤煤层气勘探面临资源探明率低,单井产量低的问题,中、低阶煤煤层气勘探还处于摸索阶段。为提高低阶煤煤层气富集区预测精度,探索性应用“弹性模量参数反演技术”。应用韩城、晋城、保德、吉尔嘎朗图、沁水盆地、淮南、淮北等地56口井652个煤样实验室测试数据,进行高、中、低阶煤含气量与弹性参量关系对比分析,结果表明:不同煤阶的煤层含气量与弹性参量之间相关关系具有一致性,且密度对低阶煤含气量的变化较中、高阶煤更为敏感,认为低阶煤煤层气储层具有利用地球物理方法进行识别的基础。在此基础上,选取吉尔嘎朗图凹陷三维地震数据,应用叠前弹性模量参数反演方法,预测其白垩系下统赛罕塔拉组Ⅳ煤组煤层气富集区面积总计101 km2,为下一步开发提供了优质建产区;经验证,预测结果与含气量测试结果吻合率为83.3%。叠前弹性模量参数反演可应用于低阶煤煤层气富集区预测,研究结果对低阶煤煤层气勘探开发具有一定的指导意义。      

Developmental geology of coalbed methane from shallow to deep in Rocky Mountain basins and in Cook Inlet–Matanuska basin, Alaska, U.S.A. and Canada

The Rocky Mountain basins of western North America contain vast deposits of coal of Cretaceous through early Tertiary age. Coalbed methane is produced in Rocky Mountain basins at depths ranging from 45 m (150 ft) to 1,981 m (6,500 ft) from coal of lignite to low-volatile bituminous rank. Although some production has been established in almost all Rocky Mountain basins, commercial production occurs in only a few. Despite more than two decades of exploration for coalbed methane in the Rocky Mountain region, it is still difficult to predict production characteristics of coalbed methane wells prior to drilling. Commonly cited problems include low permeabilities, high water production, and coals that are significantly undersaturated with respect to methane. Sources of coalbed gases can be early biogenic, formed during the early stages of coalification, thermogenic, formed during the main stages of coalification, or late stage biogenic, formed as a result of the reintroduction of methane-generating bacteria by groundwater after uplift and erosion. Examples of all three types of coalbed gases, and combinations of more than one type, can be found in the Rocky Mountain region. Coals in the Rocky Mountain region achieved their present ranks largely as a result of burial beneath sediments that accumulated during the Laramide orogeny (Late Cretaceous through the end of the Eocene) or shortly after. Thermal events since the end of the orogeny have also locally elevated coal ranks. Coal beds in the upper part of high-volatile A bituminous rank or greater commonly occur within much more extensive basin-centered gas deposits which cover large areas of the deeper parts of most Rocky Mountain basins. Within these basin-centered deposits all lithologies, including coals, sandstones, and shales, are gas saturated, and very little water is produced. The interbedded coals and carbonaceous shales are probably the source of much of this gas. Basin-centered gas deposits become overpressured from hydrocarbon generation as they form, and this overpressuring is probably responsible for driving out most of the water. Sandstone permeabilities are low, in part because of diagenesis caused by highly reactive water given off during the early stages of coalification. Coals within these basin-centered deposits commonly have high gas contents and produce little water, but they generally occur at depths greater than 5,000 ft and have low permeabilities. Significant uplift and removal of overburden has occurred throughout the Rocky Mountain region since the end of the Eocene, and much of this erosion occurred after regional uplift began about 10 Ma. The removal of overburden generally causes methane saturation levels in coals to decrease, and thus a significant drop in pressure is required to initiate methane production. The most successful coalbed methane production in the Rocky Mountain region occurs in areas where gas contents were increased by post-Eocene thermal events and/or the generation of late-stage biogenic gas. Methane-generating bacteria were apparently reintroduced into the coals in some areas after uplift and erosion, and subsequent changes in pressure and temperature, allowed surface waters to rewater the coals. Groundwater may also help open up cleat systems making coals more permeable to methane. If water production is excessive, however, the economics of producing methane are impacted by the cost of water disposal.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112000308

The Panguan Syncline contains abundant coal resources,which may be a potential source of coalbed methane.In order to evaluate the coalbed methane production potential in this area,we investigated the pore-fracture system of coalbed methane reservoirs,and analyzed the gas sorption and seepage capacities by using various analytical methods,including scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,optical microscopy,mercury-injection test,low-temperature N₂ isotherm adsorption/desorption analyses,lowfield nuclear magnetic resonance and methane isothermal adsorption measurements.The results show that the samples of the coal reservoirs in the Panguan Syncline have moderate gas sorption capacity.However, the coals in the study area have favorable seepage capacities,and are conductive for the coalbed methane production.The physical properties of the coalbed methane reservoirs in the Panguan Syncline are generally controlled by coal metamorphism:the low rank coal usually has low methane sorption capacity and its pore and microfractures are poorly developed;while the medium rank coal has better methane sorption capacity,and its seepage pores and microfractures are well developed,which are sufficient for the coalbed methane’s gathering and exploration.Therefore,the medium rank coals in the Panguan Syncline are the most prospective targets for the coalbed methane exploration and production.     

宁夏汝箕沟矿区煤层气地质学特征

根据煤田勘探、煤矿开采阶段的资料,结合室内外观测测试,探讨了二号煤的煤层气地质学特征: a. 汝箕沟矿区二号煤厚度巨大、连续性强、含气量高,为煤层气开发奠定了物质基础; b. 煤阶高,但基质孔隙、割理、外生裂隙发育,储层渗透性好; c. 区域上异常高压的分布范围可能比较广泛,且吸附等温线反映出利于降压排采的特征。这些都充分说明该区煤层气的勘探开发可与沁水盆地相媲美,且在煤厚、渗透性、异常压力、吸附等方面优于沁水盆地。      

中外低煤阶盆地煤层气成藏及资源开发潜力对比分析——以中国吐哈盆地和保德河盆地为例

从吐哈盆地和保德河盆地的沉积、地层、成煤、构造等背景出发,结合两盆地煤层气勘探所取得的煤储层资料,对比分析了低煤阶盆地煤层气成藏及资源开发潜力。分析表明,吐哈盆地和保德河盆地虽然分属于不同的大地构造单元,盆地演化不同,但其含煤性相似,特别是同属低变质的褐煤—亚烟煤类,含煤性较好,沉积、水文地质条件近似,因而盆地煤层气成藏具有一定的可比性。美国保德河等低变质煤盆地煤层气商业性开发成功的事实说明,对于低变质煤盆地,即使气含量较低,但只要成藏条件合适,其仍然具有煤层气资源开发潜力      

低煤级煤储层游离气含量计算——以准噶尔盆地东南缘为例

我国低煤级煤层气资源量大,约占煤层气资源总量的43.5%。由于对低煤级煤层气赋存特征的认识程度有限,影响了低煤级煤层气的勘探开发。通过对准噶尔盆地南缘低煤级煤储层孔隙与裂隙、吸附特征、含气性等方面的分析,认为该区煤的吸附性能较好,煤中宏观裂隙与显微裂隙发育。相对于中、高煤级煤,该区煤储层大、中孔所占比例较高,为游离气赋存提供了场所。运用气体方程估算了准噶尔盆地东南缘西山窑组B煤组主力煤层中的游离气含量,得出煤层总含气量为2.85~8.94 m3/t,平均为6.12 m3/t。其中游离气占总含气量的2.89%~5.14%,平均3.90%。游离气含量的估算为研究区更加科学合理的进行煤层气勘探开发提供了依据。      

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层含气量的构造控制作用

针对鄂尔多斯盆地东缘不同地区煤层含气量分布不同的特点,通过分析三交-柳林、大宁-吉县和韩城地区的构造及其各主采煤层含气量分布特征,探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地东缘3个地区煤层含气量分布的构造控制作用。结果表明,燕山期构造运动是整个鄂尔多斯盆地东缘的关键构造事件;本区构造作用对煤层含气量分布的控制主要体现为控制煤层赋存状态,而构造部位、构造展布和构造性质,则控制煤的变质作用以及煤层气的保存条件;三交-柳林地区仅局部单斜构造为煤层气有利富集区,大宁-吉县地区煤层气赋存构造条件较好,应作为鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气勘探开发的重点区域,韩城东部矿区煤层气赋存较差,且北压南拉的构造格局常造成含气量南低北高。