1986年夏季西藏东部近地层湍流输送特征的分析

本文以1986年夏季西藏高原气象实验(TIPMEX-86)期间获得的资料为基础,运用廓线方法,计算了实验期间感热、潜热和动量湍流通量并分析了与通量输送有关因子的变化。分析结果表明,各种湍流通量都有明显的日变化、日际变化和旬变化。7月份感热通量比6月份大约减少了2/3以上。计算得出那曲6月13—28日拖曳系联C_d的平均值为0.0052,同期感热通量的整体输送系数C_h为0.0075;而拉萨6月11日—7月20日C_d的平均值为0.0056,同期C_h的平均值为0.0085。根据整体输送系数和各种有关因子的关系分析表明,C_d,C_h不可能用一个常数代表,它们不仅仅是风速的函数,而且其变化还包含了稳定度、风速梯度、温度梯度的综合效应。     

西南季风爆发前后大理近地层风场及湍流通量的变化特征

利用2008年4~5月大理国家气候观象台近地面层观测系统的梯度、涡动相关通量观测资料,结合背景场环流分析,分析了西南季风爆发前后大理近地面层的风速、风向变化特征、风速廓线和垂直切变变化特征以及动量、感热和潜热通量变化特征。结果显示:西南季风爆发前,大理近地层风向以东南风为主,平均风速较大;风速日变化的双峰型特征较显著,风速的垂直切变大,动量通量数值较大且日变化特征较明显。西南季风爆发后,大理近地层西北风频率显著增加,平均风速减小;风速日变化以单锋型为主,风速垂直切变较前期显著减小,动量通量数值减小而日变化特征较不显著。西南季风开始前后大理地气热量交换都以潜热为主,西南季风开始前一旬期间,潜热通量的逐日变化特点是随时间逐渐减少,感热通量逐渐增大,二者差值逐渐减小;西南季风开始后潜热通量的逐日变化为逐渐增大而感热通量逐渐减少,二者差值逐渐增大。就月平均值的日变化而言,潜热通量峰值变化不大,雨季略低于干季的4月;感热通量4~6月的月平均逐月降低。其原因既与雨季天气的变化有关,也与下垫面状况的改变相联系。     

感热加热对华北及其周边对流活动的影响

利用2006～2017年风云气象卫星资料和气象再分析资料,对华北及周边5～8月对流活动和地面感热加热进行统计分析。分析表明,华北及周边白天平均感热加热和地形关系密切,内蒙古中部和东南部、华北北部和华北西部山区感热加热较强,最强感热加热出现在5月和6月,7月和8月明显减弱。和感热加热强度相对应,对流活动频率较高的月份同样出现在5月和6月,其中5月以弱对流为主,6月华北中北部强对流最活跃,另外,环渤海区域6～7月强对流相对频繁。5～8月日平均感热加热和对流频率趋势呈现一致的减弱对应关系。上午,感热加热引起河北西部和北部对流层低层出现辐合气流,700 hPa以下出现不同程度的增温,上升气流可达对流层中层,东侧的平原地区出现补偿下沉运动,升温和上升运动触发对流,在有利条件下发展东移。不同月份和区域对流频率日变化呈现明显差异,6月对流频率日变化显著,8月最弱,山区对流频率日变化显著,东部渤海及周边对流频率日变化较小。对流频率的月平均分布和日变化均表现出和地形相关的感热加热差异的特征。     

高山草甸下垫面夏季近地层能量输送及微气象特征

利用青藏高原东坡理塘站2007年6～8月的观测资料, 分析了高原东坡草甸下垫面夏季近地层气象要素和湍流通量日变化特征, 并用涡动相关法估算地面的曳力系数。结果表明: 水平风速、 动量通量、 摩擦速度等均在下午最大, 早晨最小。二氧化碳浓度表现为早晚高、 中午低的日变化特征, 比湿的最大值出现在早晨。地表辐射、 热量平衡各分量最高值出现在中午, 最低值出现在早晨。地表反照率表现出早晚高中午低的 “U” 型分布, 日平均值为0.164。夏季地面热源强度在白天午后表现为强的热源, 在夜里表现为弱的冷、 热源交替出现。夏季近地层地气热量交换中, 感热输送作用小, 潜热输送占主要地位。     

珠峰绒布河谷近地面层气象要素及湍流通量变化

利用2006年5～6月和2007年5～6月中国科学院HEST大气科学实验在珠峰绒布寺河谷野外观测期间获得的观测资料,分析了珠峰地区河谷近地层风向、风速、温度、湿度和CO2的日变化特征,讨论了珠峰北坡冰川风和山谷风的特点以及高原地表辐射、地表反照率和近地层湍流通量的变化特征.结果表明:在复杂地形和特殊下垫面影响下,珠峰绒布河谷地区近地面层各个气象要素和湍流通量日变化特征显著,并且明显存在冰川风和山谷风复合的局地环流,冰川风对该地区地气间物质能量交换起着重要作用.     

青藏高原五道梁地区湍流输送特征的研究

根据１９９４年６－７月在青藏高原五道梁地区的湍流脉动观测资料，分析了该地区近地层能量平衡、感热和谱热的日变化及湍流强度和端流谱特征。结果表明：晴天该地区近地层能量基本平衡，各能量分量的日变化与常情况相同；白天感热通量的输送占主导地位，潜热通量占次要地位，符合半干旱的一般特征。     

1991年江淮暴雨期地气通量与混合层结构的研究

本文用１９９１年５—７月江淮及其北部地区的地面与高空资料根据３种不同的整体公式对地表通量（动量、感热和潜热通量）进行了估算，并对混合层结构进行了研究，揭示出这次持续性特大暴雨中陆面过程的一些特征，主要结果如下：１．地表通量依赖于大气稳定度，稳定度越强，地表通量越小。不稳定状况下平均地表动量通量为０．０１５４Ｎ／ｍ２，向上的感热和潜热平均值分别为２５．７Ｗ／ｍ２和１３２．３Ｗ／ｍ２；稳定状况下，地表动量通量为０．００６Ｎ／ｍ２，感热和潜热通量平均是向下输送的，分别为－１．５Ｗ／ｍ２和２．５Ｗ／ｍ２。２．地表通量与降水过程密切有关。雨期的动量通量略小于非雨期，而雨期的感热与潜热通量明显小于非雨期，雨量越大，这两种通量愈小。３．地表通量具有明显日变化。动量、感热和潜热通量的最大值出现在下午２时左右，最小值出现在凌晨２时左右。４．混合层与雨期关系密切，雨期的混合层高度较非雨期低，这时地表感热和潜热通量小；而非雨期情况相反     

青藏高原近地层通量特征的合成分析

利用中日亚洲季风机制合作研究计划 ,设置在青藏高原东部地区的拉萨、日喀则、那曲和林芝 4地 1993年 7月～ 1999年 3月近 7a的自动气象站 (AWS)近地层梯度观测资料 ,确定出分季节的高原地表粗糙度和逐日的地面总体输送系数 ,以此为基础用总体输送公式对地面动量、感热和潜热通量进行了计算 ,并用合成方法分析了 1993～1999年高原近地层通量夏季、冬季的日变化和月变化特征     

A DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FLUXES AND METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS OVER TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC

Through the use of the hourly wind, air temperature and humidity, sea surface temperature data measured on board the observing vessel Moana Wave and buoy in the warm pool of western Pacific during the IOP of TOGA COARE, we compute the fluxes over sea surface and analyze the characteristics of the variation ofthe latent heat flux with sea surface temperature. During weak rather than strong wind periods a maximum valueof latent heat flux appears at some points of SST, which is caused mainly by the variations of wind, then by the humidity difference between air and sea and the transfer coefficient with SAT. Using correlation analysis. we also analyze the relationship between the fluxes and meteorological elements during weak wind periods. wester lywind burst periods, and convective disturbed periods etc. The main conclusions are that the latent heat flux ismainly determined by wind, sensible heat flux by the potential temperature difference between air and sea and the momentum flux by wind. The precipitation affects the sensible heat flux through the potential temperature difference and wind.     

内蒙古半干旱草原能量物质交换的微气象方法估算

根据1998年5～8月和1999年8月在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位试验站进行微气象观测的资料,作者分析了该地区能量平衡及其各分量的基本特征.结果表明:(1)净辐射通量的转化形式有明显的季节性变化,5～6月份,净辐射能大部分用于感热交换,而后期则多用于潜热交换,5～8月份的日波文比值分别为1.26,1.42,0 41和0.20.(2)观测期间,波文比的日变化特征表现为,早晚变化大不稳定,而白天则相对稳定.(3)用涡度相关方法观测的感热和潜热通量之和与同期的净辐射相比较,前者的结果偏小1 5%左右,两种方法观测到的潜热通量的差异达平均35%左右.(4)半干旱草原CO2通量有明显的日变化,在生长旺期,白天CO2通量强度可达到1.5 mg s-1m-2以上,但在生长后期,1998年和1999年8月份的白天CO2通量强度分别为0.38 mg s-1m-2和0.2 mg s-1m-2左右;其差异与草地土壤水分和植物长势有关.     

Spatio-temporal Variability of Surface-layer Turbulent Fluxes Over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian sea During the ICARB Field Experiment

We report the spatio-temporal variability of surface-layer turbulent fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and the Arabian Sea (AS) during the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases Radiation Budget (ICARB) field experiment. The meteorological component of ICARB conducted during March – May 2006 onboard the oceanic research vessel Sagar Kanya forms the database for the present study. The bulk transfer coefficients and the surface-layer fluxes are estimated using a modified bulk aerodynamic method, and then the spatio-temporal variability of these air-sea interface fluxes is discussed in detail. It is observed that the sensible and latent heat fluxes over the AS are marginally higher than those over the BoB, which we attribute to differences in the prevailing meteorological conditions over the two oceanic regions. The values of the wind stress, sensible and latent heat fluxes are compared with those obtained for the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) period. The variation of drag coefficient (C _D ), exchange coefficients of sensible heat and moisture (C _H = C _E ) and neutral drag coefficient (C _DN ) with wind speed is also discussed.

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青藏高原西部地表通量的年、日变化特征

利用青藏高原西部地区改则和狮泉河两个自动观测气象站1998年全年每天24个时次的风速、温度和湿度等梯度观测资料,采用湍流相似理论．计算了改则和狮泉河的动量通量、感热通量以及潜热通量。结果表明：改则和狮泉河两地的地表湍流通量都具有明显的季节变化和日变化,且其季节变化的相同点表现在感热通量均在5月份最大,1月份最小：而潜热通量均在8月份最大。不同点表现在改则的潜热通量在12月份最小,狮泉河1～5月平均潜热通量为负,以凝结为主,改则的月平均蒸发及全年的蒸发总量比狮泉河的要大。而其感热通量比后者的都小。日变化幅度随季节变化明显,表现在夏季地表通量的日变化幅度大,冬季要小得多。     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR-SEA HEAT FLUX EXCHANGE DURING THE GENERATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL TYPHOONS OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

A South China Sea （SCS） local TC （SLT） is defined as a tropical cyclone （TC） that forms within the SCS region and can reach the grade of tropical storm （TS） or above. The statistical features of the SLTs from 1985 to 2007 are analyzed first. It is found that over the SCS about 68% of the TCs can develop into TSs. The SLT intensity is relatively weak and associated with its genesis latitude as well as its track. The SLT monthly number presents a seasonal variation with two peaks in May and July to September. Based on the daily heat flux data from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution_Objectively Analyzed air-sea Fluxes （WHOI_OAFlux） in the same period, the air-sea exchange during the process of generation and development of the SLT is studied. Results show that the heat fluxes released to the atmosphere increase significantly day by day before cyclogenesis. The ocean to the south to the TC center provides the main energy. Along with the development of SLT, the regions with large heat fluxes spread clockwise to the north of TC, which reflects the energy dispersion property of vortex Rossby waves in the periphery of the TC. Once the SLT forms the heat fluxes are not intensified as much. During the whole process, the net heat, latent heat and sensible heat flux display a similar evolution, while the latent heat flux makes a main contribution to the net heat flux. The maximum air-sea heat exchange always occurs at the left side of the TC moving direction, which may reflect the influence of the SCS summer monsoon on TC structure.     

The latent and sensible heat fluxes over the western tropical pacific and its relationship to ENSO

In this paper the Bulk Aerodynamic Formulas are used to compute the latent and sensible heat fluxes over the area 8oS-20oN, 130o-180oE for each month from January 1950 through December 1979 by using the data set of COADS supplied by NOAA of USA. The annual and monthly geographical distributions and the seasonal cycle of heat fluxes are carried out and a seasonal change of heat fluxes for ENSO year is also obtained by compositing individual ENSO year including 1951, 1953, 1957, 1963, 1965, 1969, 1972 and 1976. It is found that during ENSO episodes positive anomalies of heat fluxes appeared during the period of March to July and negative anomalies from August to March of the following year. The time series of sum of heat fluxes for March. April, May, June and July in each year from 1950 through 1979 had a significant link to the eastern tropical Pacific SST index (Wright, 1983). The correlation coefficient was 0.56. As it is found that in the latter half of each ENSO year (August-December) the fre-quency of typhoon formation in the area studied is less than normal, we suggest that the negative anomalies of heat fluxes during the same period be a mechanism for the decreased frequency of typhoon formation.     

城市近地层湍流通量及CO2通量变化特征

利用北京325m气象塔47m高度上2006年全年连续观测获得的湍流资料,分析了北京城市近地层动量通量、感热通量、潜热通量和CO2通量的典型日变化、月平均日变化和季节变化特征。分析结果显示:动量通量具有明显的单波峰日变化特征,在15时(北京时间)左右达到最大,季节变化中春季最大,冬季次之,夏、秋季最小;感热通量和潜热通量全年变化范围分别为-92～389W.m-2和-75～376W.m-2,其日变化也表现为单波峰特征。感热通量的日变化受城市下垫面和人为热源影响,入夜后虽然降为负值,但只略小于0。阴雨天感热通量和潜热通量均很小,降雨前后有明显区别。感热和潜热最大值分别在春季3月和夏季6月,最小值都在冬季1月;城市下垫面CO2通量总表现为正值,即净排放,最大值为3.88mg.m-2.s-1,不稳定情况下最小值小于-2mg.m-2.s-1。受到人类活动的影响,CO2通量的日变化特征在工作日与周末有明显区别;由于冬季采暖,CO2通量明显大于夏季;在夜间,CO2通量受进城车辆的影响也出现高值。     

雅鲁藏布大峡谷地区近地面-大气间水热交换特征分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代再分析数据产品,归类分析了藏东南雅鲁藏布大峡谷地区水汽输送类别.选取大峡谷地区排龙站、墨脱站两个站点2019年涡动相关系统观测数据,分析不同水汽条件下雅鲁藏布大峡谷地区不同位置近地面水热交换通量的日变化特征.结果表明:高原季风期对应大峡谷地区水汽强输送期和温湿期,高原非季风期则相反.墨脱站...     

A MODEL FOR QUANTITATIVELY ESTIMATING SHORT-RANGE PRECIPITATION BASED ON GMS DIGITALIZED CLOUD MAPS—PART Ⅰ: ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE CLOUD-PRECIPITATION RELATIONS AND MODEL DESIGN

On the basis of gradient data of the surface layer obtained from four sets of Automatic Weather Station (AWS) installed in Lhasa,Nagqu,Xigaze and Nyingchi on the Tibetan Plateau from July 1993 to March 1999 according to the project of PRC-Japan Asia monsoon mechanism cooperative research,the seasonal surface roughness lengths and diurnal bulk trans fer coefficientsat each station are estimated.Then the surface fluxes of momentum,sensible heat and latent heat are calculated by using bulk formulation,Moreover,the composite characteristics of diurnal and monthly variation of surface fluxes are emphatically analyzed in this paper.     

峨眉山地区近地层微气象特征研究

基于2019年12月至2020年11月峨眉山站梯度塔资料、辐射观测资料和地表通量资料,采用涡动相关法对峨眉山地区近地层的地表通量和蒸散发量的变化进行分析,并估算了零平面位移、空气动力粗糙度、空气热力粗糙度、动量通量输送系数和感热通量输送系数等重要的空气动力学和热力学参数.研究表明:近地面风速呈现高层高、低层低的特征,且...     

Surface energy budget dynamics of short-rotation willow forest

Summary Knowledge of how energy budget components vary with time, vegetation type and stage of development and field size is important if we are to increase our understanding of the energy budget on a regional scale. The aim of this study was to quantify the seasonal and diurnal variation of energy budget components of a 2.6 ha short-rotation stand. Measurements were made using a thermometer interchange system for gradient and Bowen ratio estimations. Energy storage in soil, air and biomass was determined from temperature and humidity measurements. The partitioning of available energy between sensible and latent heat fluxes changed drastically at the beginning of the season. From the first half of May until the second half of June the maximum (noon) latent heat flux increased by a factor of 3, the total storage decreased by a factor of 2 and the sensible heat flux decreased by a factor of 4.5, while net radiation was unchanged. The vapour pressure deficit was similar during these periods but the leaf area index increased from about zero to three. On a mean monthly basis, the sensible heat flux was negative (directed towards the surface) from June to October, i.e., during most of the season. Heat was supplied to the atmosphere only at the beginning of the season for this type of short-rotation stand. Heat storage in air and biomass was significant on an hourly basis, especially in mornings and evenings when it could be of the same order as the net radiation. It was concluded that the development stage of the short-rotation stand had a large influence on how the energy was distributed between the convective fluxes. It was also concluded that storage in air and biomass had to be accounted for if precise estimates of energy balance on a shorter (hourly) time scale were required.With 5 Figures     

上海秋冬季地表能量平衡及CO2通量特征分析

利用2012年11月11日至2013年1月20日上海秋冬季涡动相关通量观测资料,对比分析地表能量平衡和CO₂通量在不同天气条件下的日变化特征。结果表明：2012-2013年上海晴天和多云天气条件下,最大能量通量为储热项,其次为感热项;用于蒸发的潜热通量项最小,低于50 w·m^-2。储热项日峰值出现在11时,出现时间早于净辐射通量,而在日落前转为负值。感热项日变化曲线并不以12时为中心呈对称分布,日落后感热项仍为明显正值。中午至日落时波文比值为3以上。感热通量受风向影响最大,在主导风向为西北风时,感热通量日峰值从其他风向的175 w·m^-2左右减小至120 w·m^-2左右。霾和云对短波辐射均表现为衰减作用,云的衰减作用明显大于霾。云使地表向上长波辐射和净长波辐射明显减少,而使大气逆辐射增加。晴天条件下,全天表现为CO₂排放源,且日变化呈双峰型,两个峰值出现时间正好对应上下班高峰时段,傍晚峰值大于早上峰值。