南海北部白云深水区水道与朵体沉积序列及演化

近年来,深水水道、朵体已成为油气勘探的重要目标,南海北部白云深水区发育大量深水水道-朵体沉积体系。研究现今陆坡深水沉积过程有助于揭示深海沉积分布、沉积演化规律。在回顾深水层序地层研究的基础上,利用近地表高分辨率三维地震资料所揭示的地震反射(下超点和上超点迁移)特征研究深水沉积序列,初步探讨不同时期深水水道-朵体体系沉积动力机制,深水水道-朵体体系具有垂向的前积、加积和退积特征,并提出一种深水水道-朵体体系沉积层序模式,低位体系域早期,发育碎屑流或滑块为主的水道-朵体体系,后期则转化为浊流为主的水道-朵体体系。在深水等时地层格架内研究现代深海沉积过程及其产物,对深水储层预测具有十分重要的意义。     

莺歌海盆地东方区黄流组沉积单元

莺歌海盆地是南海北部陆架上发育的一个新生代大型转换-伸展型盆地,受基底断裂带控制,整体呈NNW—SSE向延伸。莺歌海盆地海底扇储层由于其巨大的油气勘探潜力得到了广泛重视。通过对莺歌海盆地东方某气田进行精密地震资料解释,寻找特殊地震波组构型,结合相应测井资料,识别出4种典型沉积单元:限定性朵体、限定性水道、水道-堤岸复合体和非限定性朵体,其中视距离水道末端远近又可以将限定性朵体分位近端朵体和远端朵体。浅海陆架盆地内由于挠曲坡折带的存在及底辟活动影响,也可以发育大型海底扇,打破了海底扇只发育在深水沉积环境中的传统观念。     

琼东南盆地新近系莺二段物源体系及其控制下的深水重力流沉积

近年来在琼东南盆地超深水区莺歌海组发现了多个深水气藏,展现了广阔的勘探前景。但随着油气勘探进一步推进,关于莺二段的储层物性问题日益凸显,严重制约了下一步的勘探进程。本文研究基于前人总结的区域地质资料,结合岩芯、测井和三维地震等资料,建立了莺二段三级层序格架,综合分析了层序格架内物源体系及其控制下的重力流沉积特征。研究表明,重力流沉积体系主要发育在莺二段下、中层序,具有南、北、轴向三大物源体系。不同物源体系控制了重力流储集体的空间展布和沉积特征:(1)南物源控制的海底峡谷充填深海泥岩,而北物源控制的海底峡谷充填的厚层浊积水道砂岩,孔渗物性好,是良好的储集层;(2)轴向物源影响的溢岸漫滩沉积,由于物性条件好,可以作为良好的油气储层;(3)南物源控制海底扇砂岩的厚度薄、粒度细、泥质含量较高,而北物源和轴向物源供应的海底峡谷和海底扇朵体的砂体面积广、厚度大、粒度粗、物性好,是深水区莺二段最重要的优质产气储层。     

墨西哥维拉克鲁斯盆地中—上新统浊积岩储层特征

对墨西哥东南部维拉克鲁斯盆地中—上新统浊积岩储层进行综合分析,结果表明,研究区浊积岩储层的形成与古斜坡相关,沉积环境为深水—半深水,储层岩相主要有砾岩、粗到细粒砂质浊积岩、薄层波痕砂岩和砂质碎屑岩,中新统储层主要由水道复合的斜坡沉积和发育在斜坡的富含泥岩的冲积堤组成,上新统储层则由近源水道和盆底扇体组成,中新世和上新世水道和扇体均受到深切峡谷不同程度的侵蚀,填充了大量的砂岩和泥岩。     

三维地震解释技术在南海北部陆缘深水水道体系中的应用

南海北部陆缘发育潜在油气储层,也是当前南海深水油气勘探的热点区域。然而深水区由于缺少钻井资料,地震资料就成为最主要的研究手段。基于大面积高分辨率三维地震数据,通过剖面地震相分析、三维地震数据体切片、层间属性计算分析、三维可视化等地震解释技术,在白云凹陷晚新生代地层中识别出两套深水水道沉积体系,分别为早中新世晚期发育早期水道体系和自中中新世发育至今的后期水道体系。早期水道体系为单条主干水道为主要沉积区域的沉积体系,识别出水道底部充填、堤岸以及侧壁滑塌等沉积微相;根据地震相变化,发现水道演化分为两个期次:第一期水道下切侵蚀较强,具有"V"形谷底,第二期下切相对较弱,具有"U"形谷底。后期水道体系为一系列彼此平行并置,并近于垂直横切陆坡的水道体系,演化至现今海底;可以识别出底部滞留、侧壁滑塌以及侧壁加积等沉积类型;后期水道体系共发育4个期次,发育时间分别为13.8~12.5、12.5~10.5、10.5~5.5和5.5~0Ma。白云凹陷晚新生代水道体系表现出对沉积物较好分异和筛选,具有重要的油气资源效应:早期水道体系与上覆正常半深水泥质沉积组成良好储盖组合;后期水道体系发育至今,对于形成高富集度的砂岩型水合物储层具有重要意义。     

巴西东缘桑托斯盆地盐上碎屑岩系沉积特征及其演化规律

巴西东缘桑托斯盆地是近年来油气勘探的热点地区之一,其盐上碎屑岩系油气主要分布于晚白垩世森诺曼-土伦期、科尼亚克-马斯特里赫特期和古近纪等3个期次的地层中。基于区域沉积背景分析,通过调研盆地周缘水系发育及物源供给特征,利用现有的钻井、地震、测井及分析化验数据等,对盐上3个砂岩储层发育期次的主要沉积特征及其演化规律进行系统分析。研究表明,晚白垩世森诺曼-土伦沉积期在桑托斯盆地南部主要以浅海-半深海泥质沉积为主,在盆地中北部发育小规模三角洲及浊积水道;晚白垩世科尼亚克-马斯特里赫特沉积期,区域抬升导致物源供应充足,在浅水陆架区,发育多支大规模三角洲沉积,并持续向海进积,在陆坡区主要发育海底扇,具有"早期水道为主、晚期朵叶为主"的特点,深水区的盐岩起限制作用;古近纪沉积期,受区域水系迁移影响,物源供应减弱,整体以泥质沉积为主,三角洲规模明显萎缩,在深水区发育小型朵叶(或水道化朵叶)。     

南海北部深水区双峰盆地地震层序特征及勘探前景

南海是中国海洋地质调查、油气和天然气水合物勘探的重点区域,随着南海浅水区勘探程度不断提高,南海北部深水区逐渐成为研究热点。然而,南海北部深水区双峰盆地研究程度仍然较低,以该区2D多道地震及围区钻井资料为基础,使用地球物理地震勘探理论和类比分析的方法研究了盆地地层沉积结构样式和油气勘探前景。在双峰盆地追踪了7个主要反射面,以不整合面为界划分了3套地震层序。研究认为盆地新生界地层厚度较大,中—晚中新世后,盆地进入半深海-深海相沉积环境,发育了以下切水道、深水扇及滑塌体为代表的深水沉积。盆地西部和北部坳陷渐新统湖相-海湾相泥岩,现今已达到成熟-早成熟阶段,具有一定的生烃能力。周缘发育冲积扇和扇三角洲沉积,盆内发育斜坡扇和盆底扇,可为良好储层。早中新世以来发育的半深海相泥岩,可为良好的区域盖层,具有较好的生储盖组合,预测该区具有良好的油气勘探前景。     

深水水道沉积单元及演化分析

近年来,深水水道已成为油气勘探的重要目标,加强深水水道内部沉积单元以及沉积演化的研究对于深水油气勘探来说至关重要。基于3D地震资料,利用地震属性、地震相等研究下刚果盆地深水水道的内部沉积单元及演化规律。研究表明,研究区深水水道发育底部滞留沉积、水道侧壁滑塌沉积、侧向加积体、堤岸沉积、废弃水道5种沉积单元。深水水道形成于复杂的多期侵蚀-充填过程,纵向演化可划分为水道过路侵蚀、侧向迁移水道、高弯度垂向加积水道、水道堤岸复合体和废弃水道5个阶段,各个阶段水道内充填结构和水道平面展布特征呈现有规律的变化。水道的5个演化阶段是一个水道完整的演化模式,海平面变化、重力流供给、陆坡均衡剖面等共同控制着深水水道的演化。     

深水重力流沉积类型与储集性能研究——以鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系拉什仲组为例

深水重力流的沉积类型及储集性能一直是沉积学领域研究的重点。此次研究以野外露头为基础,结合室内薄片分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系拉什仲组深水重力流沉积类型与储集性能进行了详细研究。拉什仲组以灰绿色砂岩及灰黑色泥岩为主,另见少量的粉砂岩和砾岩。槽模、交错层理、粒序层理及包卷层理等发育。通过岩性、沉积构造、古生物等分析,认为拉什仲组沉积环境为深水,沉积相主要为海底扇,水道和朵叶微相较为发育。水道可进一步分为复合型、垂向加积型、迁移型。复合型水道岩性以砂岩为主,粒度较粗,水道内部发育次级水道。垂向加积型水道岩性为细砂岩和粉砂岩,以垂向加积沉积为主。迁移型水道定向迁移特征明显,侧积体发育。从下至上,砂岩含量先减少,再增加,大致反映相对海平面升—降旋回,海底扇总体呈退积沉积序列。孔隙度及渗透率测试结果表明,复合型水道储集潜力最好,朵叶和迁移型水道次之。     

下刚果盆地A区块中新统深水水道沉积特征

重力流分支水道是下刚果盆地中新统发育的典型深水沉积单元之一.利用相干时间切片、RMS均方根振幅和3D振幅可视化等地球物理手段识别出工区内发育的深水弯曲水道,论述了复合水道砂体内部充填结构,精细刻画了深水水道砂体的内幕结构,并利用地质异常体处理与三维可视化技术相结合追踪出工区内发育的水道砂体,描述了其平面分布特征和储层特征.工区内主要发育高弯度重力流分支水道,根据深水水道充填成因分类将其进一步划分为侵蚀充填型和侵蚀—加积型水道复合体;大型侵蚀水道内部由多期充填,主要由滑塌形成的旋转滑块和碎屑流、叠置水道及水道—天然堤沉积组成;并在三维可视化中识别出了多期水道砂体,探讨了水道砂体的地震反射特征和测井响应特征.     

Geophysical evidence for cyclic sediment deposition on the southern slope of Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea

Gravity flow deposits form a significant component of the stratigraphic record in ancient and modern deep-water basins worldwide. Analyses of high-resolution 3D seismic reflection data in a predominantly slope setting, the southern slope of Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea, reveal the extensive presence of gravity flow depositional elements in the Late Pliocene−Quaternary strata. Three key elements were observed: (1) mass transport deposits (MTDs) including slumps and debris flows, (2) turbidity current deposits including distributary channel complexes, leveed channel complexes and avulsion channel complexes, and (3) deep-water drapes (highstand condensed sections). Each depositional element displays a unique seismic expression and internal structures in seismic profiles and attribute maps. Based on seismic characteristics, the studied succession is subdivided into six units in which three depositional cycles are identified. Each cycle exhibits MTDs (slump or debris) at the base, overlain by turbidities or a deep-water drape. The genesis of these cycles is mainly controlled by frequent sea-level fluctuations and high sedimentation rates in the Late Pliocene–Quaternary. Moreover, tectonics, differential subsidence, and paleo-seafloor morphology may have also contributed to their formation processes. The present study is aimed to a better understanding of deep-water depositional systems, and to a successful hydrocarbon exploration and engineering-risk assessment.     

The Ebro Deep-Sea Fan system

The Ebro Fan System consists of en echelon channel-levee complexes, 50×20 km in area and 200-m thick. A few strong reflectors in a generally transparent seismic facies identify the sand-rich channel floors and levee crests. Numerous continuous acoustic reflectors characterize overbank turbidites and hemipelagites that blanket abandoned channel-levee complexes. The interlobe areas between channel complexes fill with homogeneous mud and sand from mass flow and overbank deposition; these exhibit a transparent seismic character. The steep continental rise and sediment “drainage” of Valencia Trough at the end of the channel-levee complexes prevent the development of distributary channels and midfan lobe deposits.     

Stratigraphic architecture and evolution of a deep-water slope channel-levee and overbank apron: The Upper Miocene Upper Mount Messenger Formation,Taranaki Basin

This paper re-examines the Upper Miocene Upper Mount Messenger Formation, Taranaki Basin, to characterize its architecture and interpret its environmental evolution. Analysis of stratal architecture, lithofacies distributions, and paleotransport directions over the 250 m thick formation shows the outcrops provide a nearly dip parallel section displaying the lateral relationships between contemporaneous channel-levee and overbank depositional environments. At least five 30–40 m thick upward fining units are recognized in the north-central parts of the outcrop and are interpreted as large-scale overbank avulsion cycles. Each unit consists of thick- to medium-bedded predominantly planar laminated sandstone turbidites at the base that fine upward into thin- to very thin-bedded, planar laminated and ripple cross-laminated mud-rich turbidites. The units are traceable laterally over a distance exceeding 3 km where they are cut by channels that show basal mudstone draped by medium- to thin-bedded sandstone, and onlapped by thick-bedded planar laminated sandstone at the margin. The channels are separated by tapered packages of medium- to thin-bedded turbidites containing climbing-ripple cross-lamination interpreted as levees. The individual channel-levee and overbank avulsion cycles formed through four stages: 1) a channel avulsion spread sand into the overbank as an unconfined splay, 2) preferential scouring in one area of the splay led to development of a channel with small levees that prograded across the splay, 3) a deep incision followed by abandonment of the channel deposited a mud lining. Alternatively, the mud lining was formed during the first stage as the downdip portion of the channel was abandoned. 4) The channel filled at first by thick-bedded planar laminated and then by climbing-ripple cross-laminated sand. At this time, the growth of constructional levees progressively limited sand into the overbank. Ratios of Bouma division thicknesses calculated over a stratigraphic interval present a new method to distinguish deep-water depositional environments.     

Evolution of deep-water stratigraphic architecture, Magallanes Basin, Chile

The ˜4000 m thick and ∼20 Myr deep-water sedimentary fill of the Upper Cretaceous Magallanes Basin was deposited in three major phases, each with contrasting stratigraphic architecture: (1) the oldest deep-water formation (Punta Barrosa Formation) comprises tabular to slightly lenticular packages of interbedded sandy turbidites, slurry-flow deposits, and siltstone that are interpreted to record lobe deposition in an unconfined to weakly ponded setting; (2) the overlying, 2500 m thick and shale-dominated Cerro Toro Formation includes a succession of stacked conglomeratic and sandstone channel-fill deposits with associated finer-grained overbank deposits interpreted to record deposition in a foredeep-axial channel-levee system; (3) the final phase of deep-water sedimentation is characterized by sandstone-rich successions of highly variable thickness and cross-sectional geometry and mudstone-rich mass transport deposits (MTDs) that are interpreted to record deposition at the base-of-slope and lower slope segments of a prograding delta-fed slope system. The deep-water formations are capped by shallow-marine and deltaic deposits of the Dorotea Formation.These architectural changes are associated with the combined influences of tectonically driven changes and intrinsic evolution, including: (1) the variability of amount and type of source material, (2) variations in basin shape through time, and (3) evolution of the fill as a function of prograding systems filling the deep-water accommodation. While the expression of these controls in the stratigraphic architecture of other deep-water successions might differ in detail, the controls themselves are common to all deep-water basins. Information about source material and basin shape is contained within the detrital record and, when integrated and analyzed within the context of stratigraphic patterns, attains a more robust linkage of processes to products than stratigraphic characterization alone.     

Reservoir prediction of deep-water turbidite sandstones with seismic lithofacies control —A case study in the C block of lower Congo basin

Currently, conventional forecasting methods of well-to-seismic integration are unable to identify turbidite channel sandstones due to scarcity of well data in deepwater areas, small geophysical differences between sandstones and mudstones of turbidite channels and strong sandstones heterogeneity. The reservoir prediction of deep-water turbidite channels is still a difficult issue in deep-water research. On the basis of previous studies, we propose a new technology named “reservoir prediction of deep-water turbidite sandstones with seismic lithofacies control” in view of the characteristics of deep-water turbidite sandstones. This new technology improves the reservoir prediction of complex sedimentary systems after classifying seismic lithofacies and connecting lithofacies with rock-physics. Furthermore, it can accomplish the genetic classification statistics of rock-physics, improve conversion accuracy of seismic elastic parameters/reservoir parameters and achieve the quantitative reservoir prediction under the double control of seismic geomorphology and seismic lithofacies. The C block of Lower Congo Basin is characterized by few well data, complex lithology but high resolution-seismic. We use the technology to predict the reservoirs of this area and have achieved excellent results. This has great significance for the later exploration.     

Modeling and interpreting the seismic-reflection expression of sandstone in an ancient mass-transport deposit dominated deep-water slope environment

Subsurface mass-transport deposits (MTDs) commonly have a chaotic seismic-reflection response. Synthetic seismic-reflection profiles, created from a precise lithological model, are used to interpret reflection character and depositional geometries at multiple frequencies. The lithological model was created from an outcrop of deep-water lithofacies where sandstone deposition was influenced by mass-transport deposit topography. The influence of MTD topography on sandstone distribution should be considered in reservoir characterization and modeling when MTDs underlie the reservoir, especially if the reservoir is thin relative to the scale of the topography. MTD topography up to several tens of meters in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions (relative to local elevation) compartmentalizes significant quantities of sandstone and is not resolved at lower seismic-reflection frequencies. The resolvability of thick (up to 70 m) sandstone packages is hindered when they are encased in MTDs of at least equivalent thickness. Lateral and vertical changes in seismic-reflection character (e.g., amplitude, polarity, geometry) of sandstone packages in the synthetic profiles are due to lithology changes, tuning effects, resolution limits, and depositional geometries, which are corroborated by the lithological model. Similar reflection-character changes are observed in an actual seismic-reflection profile, of comparable scale to the synthetic profiles, from the Gulf of Mexico, which demonstrates similar lithofacies distributions. Synthetic profiles, when constrained by a precise lithological model, are particularly useful analogues for interpretation of lithofacies relationships, and depositional geometries, in complicated depositional environments, such as deep-water slope deposits.     

Distribution characteristics of delta reservoirs reshaped by bottom currents: A case study from the second member of the Yinggehai Formation in the DF1-1 gas field,Yinggehai Basin,South China Sea

The Dongfang1-1 gas field (DF1-1) in the Yinggehai Basin is currently the largest offshore self-developed gas field in China and is rich in oil and gas resources. The second member of the Pliocene Yinggehai Formation (YGHF) is the main gas-producing formation and is composed of various sedimentary types; however, a clear understanding of the sedimentary types and development patterns is lacking. Here, typical lithofacies, logging facies and seismic facies types and characteristics of the YGHF are identified based on high-precision 3D seismic data combined with drilling, logging, analysis and testing data. Based on 3D seismic interpretation and attribute analysis, the origin of high-amplitude reflections is clarified, and the main types and evolution characteristics of sedimentary facies are identified. Taking gas formation upper II (IIU) as an example, the plane distribution of the delta front and bottom current channel is determined; finally, a comprehensive sedimentary model of the YGHF second member is established. This second member is a shallowly buried “bright spot” gas reservoir with weak compaction. The velocity of sandstone is slightly lower than that of mudstone, and the reflection has medium amplitude when there is no gas. The velocity of sandstone decreases considerably after gas accumulation, resulting in an increase in the wave impedance difference and high-amplitude (bright spot) reflection between sandstone and mudstone; the range of high amplitudes is consistent with that of gas-bearing traps. The distribution of gas reservoirs is obviously controlled by dome-shaped diapir structural traps, and diapir faults are channels through which natural gas from underlying Miocene source rocks can enter traps. The study area is a delta front deposit developed on a shallow sea shelf. The lithologies of the reservoir are mainly composed of very fine sand and coarse silt, and a variety of sedimentary structural types reflect a shallow sea delta environment; upward thickening funnel type, strong toothed bell type and toothed funnel type logging facies are developed. In total, 4 stages of delta front sand bodies (corresponding to progradational reflection seismic facies) derived from the Red River and Blue River in Vietnam have developed in the second member of the YGHF; these sand bodies are dated to 1.5 Ma and correspond to four gas formations. During sedimentation, many bottom current channels (corresponding to channel fill seismic facies) formed, which interacted with the superposed progradational reflections. When the provenance supply was strong in the northwest, the area was dominated by a large set of delta front deposits. In the period of relative sea level rise, surface bottom currents parallel to the coastline were dominant, and undercutting erosion was obvious, forming multistage superimposed erosion troughs. Three large bottom current channels that developed in the late sedimentary period of gas formation IIU are the most typical.     

南海北部西沙海槽北侧陆坡块体搬运沉积体系的发育特征及演化

Triple mass-transport deposits(MTDs) with areas of 625, 494 and 902 km2, respectively, have been identified on the north slope of the Xisha Trough, northern South China Sea margin. Based on high-resolution seismic reflection data and multi-beam bathymetric data, the Quaternary MTDs are characterized by typical geometric shapes and internal structures. Results of slope analysis showed that they are developed in a steep slope ranging from 5° to 35°. The head wall scarps of the MTDs arrived to 50 km in length(from headwall to termination). Their inner structures include well developed basal shear surface, growth faults, stepping lateral scarps, erosion grooves, and frontal thrust deformation. From seismic images, the central deepwater channel system of the Xisha Trough has been filled by interbedded channel-levee deposits and thick MTDs. Therefore, we inferred that the MTDs in the deepwater channel system could be dominated by far-travelled slope failure deposits even though there are local collapses of the trough walls. And then, we drew the two-dimensional process model and threedimensional structure model diagram of the MTDs. Combined with the regional geological setting and previous studies, we discussed the trigger mechanisms of the triple MTDs.     

Confined channel-levee complex development in an elongate depo-center: Deep-water Tertiary strata of the Austrian Molasse basin

A basin axial-channel belt was largely responsible for the observed distribution of coarse-grained gravity-flow deposits in the Tertiary Puchkirchen and basal Hall formations of the Molasse foreland basin in Upper Austria. Elements of this depositional system, mapped in three-dimensional (3D) seismic-reflection data, include channel-belt thalweg, mass-transport complexes, overbank wedge, overbank lobe, and tributary channel. The primary objective of this paper is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the sedimentary processes that were prevalent in the channel-belt complex through the analysis of well data, including drill cores and wireline logs, in conjunction with 3D seismic interpretations.     

琼东南盆地北礁凹陷上新统等深流影响的水道沉积体系

等深流影响的水道沉积体系的沉积特征及其沉积过程是当前深水沉积学研究的热点、难点和前沿科学问题,但研究程度较为薄弱。该文以北礁凹陷上新统（地震反射T20?T30）为研究对象,利用覆盖北礁凹陷局部的三维地震资料,采用均方根属性、相干属性、时间域构造,再结合地震切片等方法,研究北礁凹陷深水区上新统斜交斜坡（走向）的特殊水道沉积体系特征及其沉积过程。研究发现,该水道沉积体系分为早、晚两期,早期发育水道和片状、扇状溢堤沉积,晚期仅发育水道和片状溢堤沉积,其中扇状溢堤沉积仅发育在水道右侧弯曲处,片状溢堤沉积仅分布在水道左侧,水道始终与区域斜坡斜交,水道对称分布且无明显迁移现象。结合该时期北礁凸起发育等深流相关的丘状漂积体和环槽,认为该水道沉积体系特殊的形态主要受控于等深流与浊流交互作用的沉积结果:浊流流经水道,其上覆浊流溢出水道,形成溢岸浊流,在水道左侧,该溢岸浊流与等深流发生相向运动,被等深流“吹拂”到单侧,大面积分布,延伸千米,形成片状溢堤沉积;而在水道弯曲处（右侧）,溢岸浊流与等深流发生相对运动,抑制溢岸浊流进一步扩展,形成相对小范围扇状溢堤沉积,该沉积结果与前人水槽实验结果相一致。