基于栅格数据的最优路径算法分析与设计

最优路径分析是GIS中基本空间分析之一,迄今为止,国内外出现不少关于最短路径/最优路径算法的研究,但其数据模型主要以矢量数据模型或网络模型为主,而建立在栅格数据模型上的最优路径算法的相关研究较少。基于栅格的最优路径算法是一些专业应用模型的基础,如道路通达度模型、城市引力模型、洪水演进过程模型等,其算法设计非常重要。本文在前人的研究基础上,提出一种用于计算栅格最优路径的算法,对其计算过程进行了详细的分析与描述,并根据实验结果总结了其优点和缺点。     

顾及路网结构保持的城镇居民地自动综合

以往居民地自动综合的研究多集中于建筑物的多边形化简,较少考虑到其与街区、道路网的联系。提出了顾及路网结构保持的城镇居民地自动综合模型,此模型包含道路选取和街区内部结构概括两方面。前者基于网眼密度并结合路划功能选取道路数据,用于街区合并;后者则主要涉及建筑物多边形化简,通过改进矩形差分组合方法,在原有面积阈值的基础上添加距离阈值,并提供新的分层化简思路。以1:1万地图数据到1:5万比例尺的自动综合实验验证了本文算法的可行性和有效性。     

多层次空间语义约束的道路参数化建模研究

针对当前道路实体建模中复用性低、方法固化、组织管理不规范的问题，提出了一种参数化道路实体建模方法。选取潍坊和青岛两个城市的部分地区为测区，基于航空影像数据、道路实体参数、CityGML标准实现道路实体参数采集、表达和组织管理；在多层次语义规则约束下构建道路图元三维模型，确保道路三维模型的建模的精确性；基于多边形裁剪算法实现道路实体三维模型与城市场景的融合。实验结果表明，该文提出的参数化建模方法能够清晰、准确、规范地构建出城市道路实体的三维建模，即使对于道路交叉口同样能够准确表达。其最终模型几何效果、模型复用性和后续模型修改灵活度均优于倾斜摄影模型。     

改进角度纹理特征提取高分辨率遥感影像带状道路

针对目前高分辨率遥感影像的道路自动提取算法研究中的不足,该文提出了一种基于并行角度纹理特征的半自动道路提取算法:用户输入完成道路中心线上的起始点、道路方向、道路宽度等初始化工作,利用并行角度纹理特征获取道路前进方向,用抛物线参数方程构建道路轨迹模型来预测道路轨迹点,使用角度纹理特征值构建的紧质度系数和抛物线的曲率变化来约束道路轨迹点,验证失败则转入手工跟踪;往复执行以提取道路中心线。试验证明,本算法是一种稳健的道路半自动提取算法。     

基于浮动车轨迹数据的路口车道结构求解

文章针对道路交叉口处车道转向信息变化快、采集困难的问题,提出了利用浮动车轨迹数据自动提取道路交叉口处车道结构及转向的方法.首先根据选取规则对研究区域轨迹点进行约束选取,并依据预处理策略对研究区轨迹点序列进行去噪与优化;其次运用混合高斯密度模型对交叉口处道路的细部车道结构进行建模,利用贪心EM算法解算高斯混合密度模型参数,求得车道数目和车道结构特征;然后给出通过轨迹相关性计算车道转向的计算思路;最后选取一组真实路口数据进行实验,结果验证了该方法的有效性:该方法为车道信息更新提供了参考,亦可应用于精细化导航以提高出行者的服务体验.     

城市道路照明管理规划系统中路灯自动配置算法和照明评价模型

随着城市现代化进程的加快,传统道路照明管理模式已远不能满足现代化的道路照明管理需求,出现了诸如随意建设、高耗能建设和光污染等问题。基于ArcGIS软件设计开发了郑州市道路照明管理规划系统,就该系统的路灯自动配置算法和道路照明评价模型等关键技术进行了研究与实现。路灯自动配置算法可以帮助解决路灯规划建设的难题,道路照明评价模型是照明设施建设是否合理的重要评价手段,这两项技术可有效协助解决道路照明领域存在的无序化、随意性和高耗能的建设做法,对于实现道路照明的科学规范管理和节约能源资源的目的具有一定的参考价值。     

出租车经验知识建模与路径规划算法

以出租车采集的浮动车数据,研究出租车司机道路选择的经验和规律,建立出租车司机道路寻径的经验知识模型,将城市交通道路网按该知识模型分成不同等级的经验路网;在此基础上提出基于经验知识的交通道路寻径算法,并以武汉市交通路网和浮动车为实验数据,将本文提出的道路寻径算法与传统的最短路径规划算法进行比较,实验结果表明在起止点相同的情况下,本文选择的路径较好地保持了道路等级的一致性和连贯性,明显减少通行时间,更符合自主出行的认知.     

道路网约束下的城市兴趣点选取

针对道路对城市内部兴趣点数据分布有密切的约束关系,故城市内POI数据往往呈现出沿着道路分布的特征这一现象,提出一种在道路网约束下城市内部POI数据的选取算法。通过建立道路网的拓扑结构,根据POI数据的分布位置分为道路周边分布的和远离道路分布的两大类,对道路周边的点使用"间苗法"选取,对远离道路分布的点根据其分布模式决定采用"随机法"或其他方法选取。算法采用实际数据进行实验,切实可行,并得到了合理的结果。     

遥感影像上基于特征的道路提取方法

从遥感影像上提取道路信息是当前遥感技术应用研究的主要方向之一.文中在详细分析航空遥感影像上道路特征及目前国内外关于道路提取技术的前提下,综合考虑各种实际情况,提出了一种新的基于特征的道路提取模型.在算法实现过程中,采用了自适应分块边缘检测、多尺度侦测道路中心点、自适应对比度调整、道路中心点综合判断准则等技术手段,保证了提取结果的稳健性、准确性.实验表明该算法能够快速、稳健地从航空遥感影像上提取道路中心骨架线.     

遥感影像上基于特征的道路提取方法

从遥感影像上提取道路信息是当前遥感技术应用研究的主要方向之一。文中在详细分析航空遥感影像上道路特征及目前国内外关于道路提取技术的前提下,综合考虑各种实际情况,提出了一种新的基于特征的道路提取模型。在算法实现过程中,采用了自适应分块边缘检测、多尺度侦测道路中心点、自适应对比度调整、道路中心点综合判断准则等技术手段,保证了提取结果的稳健性、准确性。实验表明该算法能够快速、稳健地从航空遥感影像上提取道路中心骨架线。     

Cartographic News

This paper reports the results of an in-depth study which investigated two algorithms for line simplification and caricatural generalization (namely, those developed by Douglas and Peucker, and Visvalingam, respectively) in the context of a wider program of research on scale-free mapping. The use of large-scale data for man-designed objects, such as roads, has led to a better understanding of the properties of these algorithms and of their value within the spectrum of scale-free mapping. The Douglas-Peucker algorithm is better at minimal simplification. The large-scale data for roads makes it apparent that Visvalingam's technique is not only capable of removing entire scale-related features, but that it does so in a manner which preserves the shape of retained features. This technique offers some prospects for the construction of scale-free databases since it offers some scope for achieving balanced generalizations of an entire map, consisting of several complex lines. The results also suggest that it may be easier to formulate concepts and strategies for automatic segmentation of in-line features using large-scale road data and Visvalingam's algorithm. In addition, the abstraction of center lines may be facilitated by the inclusion of additional filtering rules with Visvalingam's algorithm.     

适用于道路沿线信息查询的矢量压缩算法

针对矢量数字地图中道路布局错综复杂的问题,提出了一种用于查询道路沿线信息的矢量压缩算法。该方法首先基于夹角和欧氏距离对道路端点与拐角凸侧地物点进行判断,然后利用矢量压缩算法对道路折线进行简化、分析地物点是否在道路沿线的缓冲区内,从而实现地物信息与道路沿线的邻近度判断。试验结果表明该方法的高效性和有效性,具有复杂道路情况下沿线地物点的查询分析功能。     

A Road Network Selection Process Based on Data Enrichment and Structure Detection

In the context of geographical database generalization, this article deals with a generic process for road network selection. It is based on the geographical context, which is made explicit, and on the preservation of characteristic structure. It relies on literature that is adapted and collected. The first step is to detect significant structures and patterns of the road network such as roundabouts or highway interchanges. It allows the initial dataset to be enriched with explicit geographic structures that were implicit in the initial data. It helps both to make the geographical context explicit and to preserve characteristic structures. Then this enrichment is used as knowledge input for the following step: that is, the selection of roads in rural areas using graph theory techniques. After that, urban roads are selected by means of a block aggregation complex algorithm. Continuity between urban and rural areas is guaranteed by modelling continuity using strokes. Finally, the previously detected characteristic structures are typified to maintain their properties in the selected network. This automated process has been fully implemented on Clarity? and tested on large datasets.     

Semi Automatic Road Extraction by Fusion of High Resolution Optical and Radar Images

Two new methods for fusion of high-resolution optical and radar satellite images have been proposed to extract roads in high quality in this paper. Two fusion methods, including neural network and knowledge-based fusion are introduced. The first proposed method consists of two stages: (i) separate road detection using each dataset and (ii) fusion of the results obtained using a neural network. In this method, the neural networks are separately applied on high-resolution IKONOS and TerraSAR-X images for road detection, using a variety of texture parameters. The outputs of two neural networks, as well as the spectral features of optical image, are used in a third neural network as inputs. The second method is a knowledge-based fusion using thresholds of narrow roads and vegetation gray levels. First roads are extracted from each source separately. The outputs are then compared and advantages and disadvantages of each data source are investigated . The results obtained from accuracy assessment show the efficiency of the proposed methods. Furthermore, the comparison of the results showed the superiority of the first algorithm.     

A block-based selection method for road network generalization

Abstract

When road symbols are shown in a size proportionate to the reduced scale, several problems of legibility may arise concerning the urban blocks. By the method proposed in this paper, in order to overcome these problems, urban block areas are enlarged through amalgamation and the intervening roads in the amalgams are eliminated. This method includes two new approaches for computation of threshold used in determination of important roads based on the connectivity measure, and for definition of minimum block space and area requirements based on graphic limits. A block life cycle was designed for amalgamation of blocks. For the amalgamation process, a new algorithm was developed. The experimental testing indicates that important roads and the roads surrounding the urban area have been preserved. A simpler and more legible road network has been acquired. This method can be described as a more holistic approach as the buildings are taken into account. The problems arising in the experimental testing indicate that the cartographic selection/elimination process is not sufficient by itself for road network generalization, which can be assumed as one of the integral parts of Digital Earth. As well as the selection/elimination, processes such as displacement and caricaturizing are also needed.     

一种基于线特征的道路网变化检测算法

提出一种基于线特征的道路网变化检测算法。首先根据边缘的梯度信息从多时相遥感图像中提取变化的线特征;然后根据变化线特征的局部特性,检测出与道路模型相符合的变化道路段;最后通过道路网的全局约束条件,进行变化道路段的连接,实现变化道路的检测。提出的道路网变化检测算法将边缘的相位和幅度信息作为变化检测的判定依据,从而避免了道路的匹配与比较工作,降低了变化检测算法的复杂度,具有很强的实用性。将本文提出的方法用于多时相遥感图像的道路网变化检测,从实验结果可以看出该方法的有效性。     

结合TIN约束与密度聚类的机载LiDAR道路点云提取

针对机载LiDAR道路点云提取过程中自动化提取困难,停车场、水泥地以及与道路相连的地面点难以去除等问题,提出一种三角网约束与密度聚类相结合的机载LiDAR道路点云提取方法。在已有滤波结果的基础上,该方法首先根据道路点云样本的强度信息提取初始道路点,建立Delaunay三角网,运用三角网边长约束精化初始道路点;然后,通过密度聚类算法提取连通性较好且密度较大的独立三角网;最后,采用数学形态学算法优化道路边缘,确定最终道路点。实验选取国际摄影测量与遥感协会提供的两组城市机载LiDAR点云数据进行道路点云提取,结果表明:本文算法可以较好地进行道路点云的自动提取,且对不同类型的道路具有良好的自适应性,验证了算法的可靠性。     

三维GIS中R树空间索引研究

对于三维GIS来说,建立高效的三维空间数据索引是其关键技术之一。R树索引是近年来应用最广泛的方法之一。本文以覆盖面积和重叠面积之和作为R树结点插入标准,并且引入K均值聚类算法对结点分裂算法进行了改进。另外,对于三维GIS中较大的地物如道路、河流等,实施裁剪策略。从而使R树同层结点间的重叠度显著下降,空间对象的聚簇也更趋合理,有效提高了三维GIS数据库的查询速度。     

A New Neuro-Fuzzy Approach for Post-earthquake Road Damage Assessment Using GA and SVM Classification from QuickBird Satellite Images

Tracking damaged roads and damage level assessment after earthquake is vital in finding optimal paths and conducting rescue missions. In this study, a new approach is proposed for the semi-automatic detection and assessment of damaged roads in urban areas using pre-event vector map and both pre and post-earthquake QuickBird images. In this research, damage is defined as debris of damaged buildings, presence of parked cars and collapsed limbs of trees on the road surface. Various texture and spectral features are considered and a genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal features. Subsequently, a support vector machine classification is applied to the optimal features to detect damages. The proposed method was tested on QuickBird pan-sharpened images from the Bam earthquake and the results indicate that an overall accuracy of 93% and a kappa coefficient of 0.91 were achieved for the damage detection step. Finally, an appropriate fuzzy inference system (FIS) and also an “Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System” are proposed for the road damage level assessment. These results show that ANFIS has achieved overall accuracy of 94% in comparison with 88% of FIS. The obtained results indicate the efficiency and accuracy of the Neuro-Fuzzy systems for road damage assessment.     

城市规划道路定线工作中一些问题

做好城市道路定线工作首先要正确理解定线条件,明确突出点的含义及阳台、围墙、铁轨、高压线等的准确测量位置。定线外业测量要求测点准确,点位分布均匀,并测出地物特征点。总结内业计算中使用突出点、平均直线计算规划路的方法,规划路曲线的计算方法和注意事项,总结地物在规划路单侧或双侧定线计算方法。