城市空间数据基础设施尺度和精度研究

对城市空间数据基础设施数据的尺度和精度进行了研究,分析了衡量城市空间数据尺度的4个指标:比例尺、范围、详尽程度和分辨率,总结了现有测量规范对主要城市空间基础数据的精度要求,论述了不同尺度和精度条件下城市空间基础数据的协调,提出了数字城市空间基础数据的平面精度分级体系,建立了此分级体系与传统测量精度指标及比例尺的对应关系。     

用于空间分析的栅格中间层构建流程与方法研究

从构建能直接用于空间分析及辅助决策的栅格中间层数据入手,将其划分为地形基础因子、地形特征、专题应用栅格中间层,用层层递进的栅格中间层数据驱动空间分析全流程,并依据影响因素确定性与否,提出二值化与模糊综合评判分析方法,进而形成栅格中间层支持的空间分析解决方案,以期为地理空间辅助决策提供更加完备的数据支持,减少空间分析处理的技术难度,实现从数据到知识的转化,提高空间分析辅助决策的质量和效率。     

小波派生多尺度DEM的精度分析

利用陕北5 m分辨率DEM数据为基本数据,对Haar小波派生出一系列更低分辨率DEM进行复合精度分析。通过等高线套合、数据中误差以及表面重合指数等方法,分析其高程采样误差与空间分布;通过分析对比其在所提取的地面坡度、沟谷网络等地形因子上的差异,分析其地形描述误差。研究结果显示:小波派生多尺度DEM在精度的颓减上呈现指数形的变异规律,当达到三级重构DEM(40 m分辨率)时,其精度仍优于1:5万(25 m分辨率)DEM。该结果对于实现地形的有效简化与掌握多尺度DEM不确定性规律具有一定的意义。     

日照时间的地形影响与空间尺度效应

在广泛总结前人研究的基础上,提出了一个改进的、基于DEM数据的、起伏地形条件下的日照时间计算模型,在以往计算模型的基础上引入地球曲率修正因子Q,提高了模型的计算精度。并在此基础上,计算了全国6个典型地貌类型区,在春秋分日、夏至日和冬至日,两个空间分辨率下(500m和1km)地面日照时间的空间分布。应用数理统计、数学模拟和比较分析的研究方法,对模型修正前后计算所得的地面日照时间数据进行了对比分析,并对所得地面日照时间从不同地貌类型和不同空间尺度两个方面进行了地形与空间尺度效应研究。阐明了区域日照时间随地形地貌和空间分辨率变化的规律,对应用中计算地面日照时间的DEM空间分辨率选择具有指导意义。     

不同空间尺度DEM地形信息容量综合对比研究

DEM包含了大量地形信息,是进行地形分析的基本数据。由于DEM数据的多尺度因素,加之地形、地貌特征具有宏观性与区域分异性的特点,不同尺度下的DEM地形信息容量具有较大的差异。本研究选取黄土高原地区的绥德、佳县、富县和宜君县四个实验样区,以Arc view/GIS软件为技术平台,提取了基于DEM数据的地形因子,并运用比较分析与数理统计的方法,对地形因子的提取结果进行了分析,获取了单一值因子的量化表达模型,确定了DEM地形信息容量与分辨率、地域及比例尺之间的量化相关关系,并在此基础上分析了DEM地形信息容量在不同空间尺度上的分异规律。     

基于DEM的地形曲率计算模型误差分析

地形曲率是地形表面几何形态和地学建模的基本变量之一。本文首先对曲率计算模型进行了归纳,然后通过数据独立的DEM误差分析方法和实际DEM的分析验证,对目前九种曲率计算的三类曲率计算模型进行了量化分析比较。研究结果表明,当DEM数据精度比较高时,高次曲面(四次曲面)能给出较高精度的曲率计算结果,而当DEM误差较大时,低次曲面(二次曲面)由于具有误差的平滑作用而能产生较高精度的曲率值。     

中小比例尺基础电子地图多尺度显示的尺度划分

一直以来,基础电子地图多尺度显示中的尺度划分都以经验值为主,缺乏科学合理的数学模型。本文通过对中小比例尺基础电子地图显示问题进行研究,提出了基础电子地图载负量的计算方法,采用数据拟合,分析了基础电子地图载负量与显示比例尺之间的关系,确定了研究的显示范围,进而通过特征点确定了中小比例尺基础电子地图多尺度显示的尺度划分,并进行了误差分析,拟合效果良好。该结论已在陆地国界地理信息系统中得到了应用。     

消费级无人机在大比例尺测图中应用与精度评价

以分别搭载大视场角普通相机和鱼眼相机的消费级无人机为例,在对相机的高精度标定基础上,选取典型丘陵和山地实验区分别对两种消费级无人机大比例尺测图能力进行实验和精度评价,结果证明消费级无人机在合理的航测方式下,其测图结果的空三精度、分辨率及高程精度均可满足国家1∶500大比例尺地形测图的精度要求,可以推广应用到小范围大比例尺测图和修测任务中。     

消费级无人机的大比例尺测图能力分析

随着消费级无人机技术的不断成熟,利用消费级多旋翼无人机进行摄影测量成为可能。本文以消费级无人机搭载普通相机,在对相机进行高精度标定的基础上,根据消费级无人机的特点对像控点的布设进行设计和分析,得到消费级无人机摄影测量中像控点布设一般规律。对消费级无人机进行大比例尺测图的能力进行分析和精度评定,结果证明在合理像控点布设的情况下,消费级无人机测图结果的空三精度、分辨率和高程精度均可满足1∶500、1∶1000和1∶2000大比例尺地形测图的精度要求。利用消费级无人机进行大比例尺测图,可提高工作效率、降低工作成本,可推广到小范围大比例尺测图中。     

栅格尺度对DEM分析中地形因子的影响

数字高程模型（DEM）是地形分析的基础。DEM的栅格大小直接影响着分析的结果。而栅格大小越小，尽管越能精确的反映和描述地形变化情况，但是计算量也是大量的增加。所消耗的代价也大大增加。因此DEM栅格尺度对地形因子的影响研究具有极其明显的意义。本文通过对浙江省桐庐县的丘陵地区和云南省洱海地区的山地地区为例。在不考虑数据误差的基础上，通过定性定量地比较不同栅格尺度对坡度、坡向的影响，得出对两种地形的异同点。为以后的实际工作起到一定的指导作用。     

A Comparison Between Contour Elevation Data Sources for DEM Creation and Soil Carbon Prediction, Coshocton, Ohio

A raster and vector GIS was created for the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed (NAEW) from legacy (1960) 1:2,400‐scale contour maps. The intent of the study was to use terrain data for the spatial modeling of soil organic carbon. It was hypothesized that DEMs derived from these data would be more accurate and therefore more useful for terrain‐based soil modeling than those from USGS 1:24,000‐scale contour data. Central tasks for this study were to digitally capture the 1:2,400‐scale maps, convert digital contour data sources to raster DEMs at multiple resolutions, and derive terrain attributes. A flexible approach was adopted, using software outside of mainstream GIS sources where scientifically or practically advantageous. Elevation contours and streamlines were converted to raster DEMs using ANUDEM. DEMs ranging in resolution from 0.5–30 m were tested for accuracy against precision carrier‐phase GPS data. The residual standard deviation was 1.68 meters for the USGS DEM and 0.36 meters for the NAEW DEM. The optimal horizontal resolution for the NAEW DEM was 5 m and for the USGS 10 m. Five and 10 m resolution DEMs from both data sources were tested for carbon prediction. Multiple terrain parameters were derived as proxies for surficial processes. Soil samples (n = 184) were collected on four zero‐order watersheds (conventional tillage, no‐till, hay and pasture). Multiple least squares regressions (m.l.s.) were used to predict mass C (kg m^?2, 30 cm depth) from topographic information. Model residuals were not spatially autocorrelated. Statistically significant topographic parameters were attained most consistently from the 5 m NAEW DEM. However, topography was not a strong predictor of carbon for these watersheds, with r² ranging from 0.23 to 0.58.     

一种面向大场景3维显示的地形建模方法

提出一种面向大范围3维场景显示的地形建模方法.该方法基于数字高程模型DEM(Digital Elevation Model)固有的栅格特点,将大范围场景划分成小的子块.根据应用对这些子块的精度要求,采用不同地形建模方法构建相应的细节层次LoD( Level of Detail)模型.最终,通过拼接这些子块模型完成对整个大场景的多分辨率建模,试验结果表明,该算法具有较好的实用性和有效性.     

Terrain complexity and reduction of topographic data

Digital terrain data are useful for a variety of applications in mapping and spatial analysis. Most available terrain data are organized in a raster format, among them being the most extensively-used Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of the U.S. Geological Survey. A common problem with DEM for spatial analysis at the landscape scale is that the raster encoding of topography is subject to data redundancy and, as such, data volumes may become prohibitively large. To improve efficiency in both data storage and information processing, the redundancy of the terrain data must be minimized by eliminating unnecessary elements. To what extent a set of terrain data can be reduced for improving storage and processing efficiency depends on the complexity of the terrain. In general, data elements for simpler, smoother surfaces can be substantially reduced without losing critical topographic information. For complex terrains, more data elements should be retained if the topography is to be adequately represented. In this paper, we present a measure of terrain complexity based on the behavior of selected data elements in representing the characteristics of a surface. The index of terrain complexity is derived from an estimated parameter which denotes the relationship between terrain representation (percentage surface representation) and relative data volume (percentage DEM elements). The index can be used to assess the required volume of topographic data and determine the appropriate level of data reduction. Two quadrangles of distinct topographic characteristics were examined to illustrate the efficacy of the developed methodology.     

Visualization and damage assessment for flooded area

A practical method for visualizing flood area and evaluating damage is presented, which consists of two technical approaches: self-programming and adapting commercial GIS platforms. The low-cost and easy-to-use GIS-Based model developed by self-programming can meet current requirements of most local authorities, especially in developing countries. In this model, two cases, non-source flood and source flood, are distinguished and the Seed-spread algorithm suitable for source-flood is discussed; The flood damage is assessed by overlaying the flood area range with thematic maps and other related social and economic data. and all the-matic maps are converted to raster format before overlay analysis. Two measures are taken to improve the operation efficiency of speed seed-spread algorithm. The accuracy of the model mainly depends on the resolution and precision of the DEM data, and the accuracy of registering all raster layers and the quality of attribute data.     

Visualization and damage assessment for flooded area

A practical method for visualizing flood area and evaluating damage is presented, which consists of two technical approaches: self-programming and adapting commercial GIS platforms. The low-cost and easy-to-use GIS-Based model developed by self-programming can meet current requirements of most local authorities, especially in developing countries. In this model, two cases, non-source flood and source flood, are distinguished and the Seed-spread algorithm suitable for source-flood is discussed; The flood damage is assessed by overlaying the flood area range with thematic maps and other related social and economic data. and all thematic maps are converted to raster format before overlay analysis. Two measures are taken to improve the operation efficiency of speed seed-spreed algorithm. The accuracy of the model mainly depends on the resolution and precision of the DEM data, and the accuracy of registering all raster layers and the quality of attribute data.     

大钝角剖分与最小二乘法约束迭代算法优化TIN模型研究

TIN模型通过从不规则分布的数据点生成的连续三角面来逼近地形表面,就表达地形信息的角度而言,TIN模型的优点是它能以不同层次的分辨率来描述地形表面。但在相关软件对离散数据生成TIN模型时会出现边缘失真现象,特别是当一些离散数据出现凹区域时,凹区域地形逼近失真现象相当明显。而在这些凹区域大多生成的三角网以钝角三角形居多,本文对离散数据TIN模型生成DEM时存在凹区域地形逼近失真现象进行了研究。提出一种大钝角剖分与最小二乘法约束迭代算法优化TIN模型。首先对原始TIN模型中大于100°小于1800的钝角三角形进行遍历记录,然后利用最小二乘法约束迭代算法进行优化,通过此算法优化后的TIN模型生成DEM数据,分别从小区域面积稳定性与剖面拟合实际地形进行了试验与精度对比,试验显示这种算法是可行的。     

顾及“保真性”原则的双向滚动球变换DDM多尺度表达算法

在分析符合"安全性"要求的数字水深模型(DDM)正向滚动球变换应用局限的基础上,根据高保真DDM多尺度表达评价标准中对水深值准确性、严密有序性及地形信息等级嵌套性的要求,从顾及"保真性"原则的DDM多尺度表达需要出发,提出一种基于双向滚动球变换的DDM多尺度表达算法。分析了海底地貌特征点在DDM双向滚动球变换过程中的变化趋势,根据DDM正向滚动球变换的尺度依赖特性,计算出了一定尺度下海底地貌的横向分布范围与纵向分布高度,建立了DDM多尺度表达中细部(骨架)地貌的判定准则。通过保留给定尺度下DDM中的骨架地貌,使海底地形的整体变化趋势得到了保持,满足了DDM多尺度表达对水深值准确性的要求;论证了DDM单值曲面等距离面变换的水深序同构特性,通过对给定尺度下的细部地貌进行DDM双向滚动球变换的等距离面提取,使海底地形的局部起伏形态得到了保持,满足了DDM多尺度表达对水深值严密有序性的要求;从满足DDM多尺度表达对地形信息等级嵌套性的要求出发,分析了DDM双向滚动球变换中尺度因子与地形信息等级单元逻辑包含关系的不相关性,论证了任意尺度因子条件下具有的相应等级地形信息范围的一致性。试验结果表明该算法克服了DDM正向滚动球变换存在的无法保留负向骨架地貌和保持海底局部地形起伏形态等不足,可有效保留DDM中骨架地貌并综合细部地貌,满足顾及"保真性"原则的DDM多尺度表达要求。     

The Effect of DEM Raster Resolution on First Order, Second Order and Compound Terrain Derivatives

It is well known that the grid cell size of a raster digital elevation model has significant effects on derived terrain variables such as slope, aspect, plan and profile curvature or the wetness index. In this paper the quality of DEMs derived from the interpolation of photogrammetrically derived elevation points in Alberta, Canada, is tested. DEMs with grid cell sizes ranging from 100 to 5 m were interpolated from 100 m regularly spaced elevation points and numerous surface‐specific point elevations using the ANUDEM interpolation method. In order to identify the grid resolution that matches the information content of the source data, three approaches were applied: density analysis of point elevations, an analysis of cumulative frequency distributions using the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test and the root mean square slope measure. Results reveal that the optimum grid cell size is between 5 and 20 m, depending on terrain com‐plexity and terrain derivative. Terrain variables based on 100 m regularly sampled elevation points are compared to an independent high‐resolution DEM used as a benchmark. Subsequent correlation analysis reveals that only elevation and local slope have a strong positive relationship while all other terrain derivatives are not represented realistically when derived from a coarse DEM. Calculations of root mean square errors and relative root mean square errors further quantify the quality of terrain derivatives.     

基于游程编码的GIS栅格数据矢量化方法

为了克服传统栅格矢量化方法的各种局限性,提出利用栅格的游程编码和区位表在内存中直接进行栅格图形矢量化提取的有效方法,并描述了算法实现步骤.由于栅格游程编码具有提取方便、压缩比适中、和常规栅格之间的转换便捷等特征,所以本方法的采用使得在计算机内存中处理矢量化栅格的规模、精度、复杂程度和速度有较大提高,可广泛应用于栅格型地理空间分析和遥感图像专题要素类型的边界提取等方面,实践表明本文提出算法具有很高的效率,易于实现.