鲁中山区地形对山东省一次暴雨影响的敏感性数值模拟试验

利用PSU/NCAR MM5V3中尺度数值模式进行了鲁中山区地形对一次台风暴雨的数值模拟敏感性试验,结果分析表明:鲁中山区地形作用对山东省暴雨有重要影响,迎风坡可引起低层气流和水汽的辐合上升运动增强,降水量增加,但偏北气流在迎风坡的水汽辐合不明显,降水量影响不大;山顶引起低层辐合上升运动减弱,辐散下沉运动增强,降水量减小;背风坡引起低层气流和水汽的辐合上升运动增强,降水量增加。     

鲁中山区地形对一次台风暴雨影响的数值试验

利用中尺度数值预报模式MM5和30″×30″的高分辨率地形资料,对一次暴雨天气过程进行数值模拟和无地形的对比数值试验,分析鲁中山区地形对暴雨的影响。结果表明,鲁中山区的地形强迫抬升和阻挡作用促使山区迎风坡对流层低层水平辐合和上升运动加强,有利于对流云的发展,对整个鲁中山区的降水量起增幅作用,而使鲁西地区降水量减少。同时,地形抬升和阻挡作用使迎风坡对流层低层水汽凝结加快,而整个山区对流层上层空气相对湿度和饱和度增大。     

“灿都”影响四川“100722”暴雨天气过程分析

利用地面自动站降雨量资料和NCEP 1°×1°的每6小时再分析资料,从能量、南风脉动、温度平流和地形作用,分析了登陆台风＂灿都＂减弱后其外围偏东南气流向北输送造成四川盆地西部持续暴雨天气过程。结果表明：蒙古高压加强发展,然后与西伸加强的西太平洋副热带高压合并,形成阻塞形势、高空副散流场和西南季风的活跃都有利于南海源源不断的水汽输送到暴雨区辐合上升;暴雨发生在大气不稳定的层结环境中;台风登陆形成南风脉动造成暴雨区风速风向辐合明显,低层暖平流触发MCS发生发展,形成强降水;地形抬升作用加强暖湿气流辐合上升运动,促使暴雨增幅。     

低层偏东气流对贵州梵净山东侧强降水的作用

利用常规观测资料、地面加密自动站资料、雷达探测资料与NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料等,对低层偏东气流影响下贵州铜仁梵净山东侧4次强降水天气过程进行了分析,重点探讨了在低层偏东气流与地形共同作用下的强降水形成机制,并归纳低层偏东气流影响下的梵净山东侧强降水概念模型。结果表明:(1)高空槽、低层切变线、地面中尺度辐合线是影响梵净山东侧强降水的主要天气系统;(2)低层浅薄偏东气流对梵净山东侧强降水起着关键作用,当低空气流u分量随高度减小时,地形迎风坡气流辐合上升,而气流v分量随高度增加时,地形迎风坡会产生与山脉垂直的水平涡管,在地形抬升作用下涡管向上凸起形成两个涡管环流圈,涡度垂直分量使山脚附近上升气流加强而有利于山脚产生强降水;(3)梵净山东侧强降水区的形成存在三种机制,即迎风坡山脚多次触发对流形成雨量叠加效应、地面中尺度辐合线自身触发组织对流、回波沿地面中尺度辐合线东移形成“列车效应”,三种机制产生的降水带与地面中尺度辐合线走向一致。     

天山地形对新疆强降水天气影响的数值模拟研究

2009年5月24日夜间~26日夜间,新疆地区自西向东出现了明显的降水、大风、降温天气过程。为研究此次天气过程中天山地形的作用,本文用WRFV3.1模式对其进行了数值模拟,并通过改变天山山脉的地形高度设计了一组敏感性试验没,分析了天山地形对此次强天气过程中大风和降温的影响作用。结果表明,（1）天山山脉的地形作用是此次强降水天气过程在天山山区形成暴雨的主要原因之一;随着地形的升高,雨带在天山迎风坡一侧的带状分布特征越明显,迎风坡一侧的降水量极值越大;地形的抬升作用对暴雨在山脉迎风坡一侧的降雨量有明显的增幅作用,对其雨带分布也有显著影响;（2）天山山脉对5﹒25强降水天气过程中的西南暖湿气流有明显的分流与阻挡作用。天山山脉将西南暖湿气流分为南北两支,使北支的水汽混合比极大值减小,湿区范围增大;使南支的水汽混合比极大值增大,湿区范围增大。（3）天山山脉的地形抬升作用为5﹒25强降水过程在天山山区发生暴雨天气创造了水汽的垂直上升运动条件,对昆仑山北坡暖湿气流的垂直上升运动的也有一定的贡献作用。     

青藏高原东南侧滇西北一次强降水天气过程分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、地形数据等,对2019年7月7—13日青藏高原东南侧滇西北地区持续性强降水天气过程进行综合分析。结果表明:西太平洋副热带高压控制中南半岛,伊朗高压稳定在印度西部附近,中高纬冷空气不断渗透南下,使印度东部低值系统长时间存在,其前部西南气流与副高西侧偏南气流汇合后持续影响滇西北,有利于孟加拉湾水汽向滇西北输送。强降水期间滇西北地区低层水汽通量散度呈负值,水汽辐合较强。整层大气低层辐合—高层辐散,上升运动强烈,抽吸作用明显;中低层大气高能高湿,处于对流不稳定状态。滇西北处于喇叭地形底部,两侧高大地形有利于引导水汽在滇西北汇聚,为持续强降水提供充足水汽;怒江州处于迎风坡,地形强迫抬升增强降水,使得怒江州降水量大于迪庆州和丽江市。     

2015年12月新疆极端暴雪天气过程分析*

2015年12月10-12日新疆大面积暴雪是欧洲脊发展衰退、乌拉尔低槽东移南下环流形势下的极端强天气过程,环流形势、高低空系统配置与新疆强降水研究成果[1-3]吻合,高低空三支急流是大尺度上升运动维持和水汽输送、辐合的重要系统。暴雪过程中存在3条水汽输送路径,水汽长时间向暴雪区输送且输送厚度较厚,水汽辐合从低层发展、东移时层次抬升强度增强,水汽输送和辐合主要出现在低层700-850hPa,当水汽输送层和辐合层降低、强度减弱后最强降水开始。天山地形强迫抬升作用明显,低层水汽在天山北坡聚集抬升,低层冷垫有利于中层西南暖湿气流向北输送。环流经向度大和槽前偏南风强、天山地形的强迫抬升和上升运动维持以及水汽持续输送和3条中尺度云带的持续影响是此次新疆极端暴雪形成的重要机制。     

豫西地形对一次强降水过程的影响分析

利用中尺度模式WRF 3.3.1模拟了2007年7月29日豫西山区强对流天气过程,并进行了地形高度敏感性试验。结果表明：模式能够很好地再现此次强对流降水过程,模拟降水范围与强降雨中心均与实况较一致。分析对比控制试验和地形敏感性试验结果可知,地形的改变能够在水平和垂直方向上影响环流形势,进而影响降水的落区和中心量级。地形升高和迎风坡梯度增大使近地面层水平风场辐合增强,中层上升运动明显增大,且低层的水汽通量增大,导致雨带横向范围和降水中心量级明显增大;而地形降低和迎风坡梯度减小使山脉对近地面层气流的阻挡作用明显减弱,低层水汽通量显著降低,中层辐合抬升运动明显减弱,迎风坡前强降水中心减弱甚至消失,而山脉下游降水则有所增强。分析地形高度与山前降水的定量关系可知,降水中心量级随着地形升高或降低相应地增大或减小,但二者并非完全的线性正相关。     

2009年7月17日唐山地区强降水成因分析

利用常规天气资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2009年7月17日唐山地区暴雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明：强降水是暖湿空气向北输送与低层冷空气交汇引起的。降水前期,唐山地区中低层水汽强辐合为强降水提供了水汽条件。冷空气从底层侵入,抬升暖湿气流,低层暖锋锋生使对流不稳定性增大,上升运动加强,降水量增大。强降水区存在低层辐合、高层辐散和斜升运动机制。850 hPa湿位涡正压项MPV1〉0区域较好地反映出冷空气活动特征,强降水出现在MPV1零线附近偏冷空气一侧。     

鲁西南至鲁中一次暴雨过程成因分析

利用实况观测资料、中尺度自动站资料、中国气象局物理量分析资料和泰山多普勒雷达资料对2013 年7 月18 日发生在鲁西南至鲁中的暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明：强降水由500hPa西风槽、700hPa 切变线、850hPa低涡、地面辐合线、以及副热带高压西北边缘的暖湿气流共同影响造成。低层前期明显的持续升温为暴雨的产生创造了良好的热力条件,副高外围的水汽输送为此次暴雨提供了充足的水汽,同时暴雨区不稳定能量的维持和层结对流不稳定的结构,有利于暴雨的产生。地面中尺度辐合线的生成和发展, 是这次暴雨产生的启动机制, 暴雨的分布与地面辐合线的走向基本一致。强降水期间,沿低层切变线北侧东北气流南下的冷空气与暖空气交汇,使对流加强、降水强度加大。另外,泰安地处鲁中山区向西南开口的山谷的南部,偏南气流的迎风坡,有地形产生的偏南风的辐合和抬升,地形造成的辐合上升运动对泰安地区第一个强降水时段降水具有明显的增幅作用。两个强降水时段雷达回波为混合型降水回波,反射率因子强度一般在30～35dBz,最强达40dBz,其中第一个强降水时段回波对流发展的高度更高。特殊的地势地貌也是此次暴雨产生的重要原因。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted