灌溉与施氮对黑河中游新垦沙地春小麦生长特性、耗水量及产量的影响

在黑河中游边缘绿洲新垦沙地设计大田试验,研究了不同灌溉量(估算春小麦生育期需水量的0.6、0.8、1.0倍)与施氮量(0、140、221和300 kg/hm2)对春小麦生长特性、耗水量及产量的影响.结果表明,灌溉与施氮对春小麦植株高度产生一定的影响,但其效果不明显.高灌溉量加大作物的耗水量,春小麦全生育期,高灌溉处理的耗水量比中等灌溉处理与低灌溉处理分别增加16.68%与36.88%.当施氮量小于221 kg/hm2时,增加施氮量可以提高地上部干物质量、单位面积粒数、单穗粒重与产量,从而提高水分利用效率(WUE);当施氮量大于221 kg/hm2时,高施氮量使大量干物质滞留于营养器官,导致成熟前物质的转移不充分,同时在土壤水分亏缺的条件下,高施氮处理加重干旱胁迫,从而使221 kg/hm2处理的地上部干物质量(4 159 kg/hm2)、单位面积粒数(3 774)、单穗粒重(259.42 mg)、产量(2 132.83 kg/hm2)与WUE(3.85 kg·mm-1·hm-2)在各施氮处理中最高.地上部干物质量、籽粒产量及产量构成要素随灌溉量的增加而增加.低灌溉处理的WUE显著高于中等灌溉处理与高灌溉处理处理,中等灌溉处理与高灌溉处理之间的WUE差异不显著.结果表明,低灌溉处理(春小麦全生育期灌溉量378 mm)与221 kg/hm2施氮是黑河中游边缘绿洲新垦沙地农田可以获得相对较高的经济产量与高WUE的最佳组合.     

灌溉和施氮对甜叶菊(Stievia rebaudiana)光合作用和产量的影响

为了解水、氮供应水平对河西绿洲灌区甜叶菊(Stievia rebaudiana)光合作用和产量的调控效应,研究了灌溉量(常规灌溉,320mm;节水20%,灌溉256mm;节水40%,灌溉192mm)和施氮量(0、100、200、300kg·hm-2)对甜叶菊光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明:与不施氮相比,施氮可显著提高甜叶菊不同生育期光合速率和产量,施氮处理间光合速率和产量差异均不显著;灌溉量从192mm增加到320mm,甜叶菊产量随灌溉量的增加先增加后降低。施氮100、200、300kg·hm-2下甜叶菊产量分别较不施氮增产6.00%、9.17%、9.76%,256mm灌溉量和300kg·hm-2施氮量为甜叶菊高产的最优组合,产量达到4 177.50kg·hm-2。     

棉花滴灌专用肥氮磷钾元素在土壤中的运移及其利用率

棉花滴灌专用肥是基于绿洲干旱区域滴灌施肥和棉花需肥特点研发的新型复合肥。通过田间试验,对比研究了滴灌专用肥与常规肥的不同养分在土壤中的运移特点及滴灌棉花的养分利用率。结果表明:在膜下滴施条件下,滴灌专用肥的氮、磷、钾养分在土壤中的移动性强于常规肥,养分在土层中的分布与棉花根系分布特点吻合度好,促进了棉花根系养分吸收,提高了养分利用率;棉花滴灌专用肥氮、磷、钾的生理利用效率较常规肥分别提高了3.62%、4.18%和1.45%,农学利用率较常规肥分别提高了29.37%、29.2%和29.38%;在等养分条件下,滴施专用肥增产籽棉6.9%。     

灌溉与施氮对留茬免耕春小麦产量、水分利用效率及氮肥表观利用效率的影响

在甘肃省石羊河流域绿洲灌区,研究了不同灌溉量(常规灌溉327 mm、节水20%灌溉261 mm和节水40%灌溉196 mm)和施氮量(0、140、221 kg·hm-2和300 kg·hm-2)对留茬免耕春小麦籽粒产量、秸秆产量、收获指数、水分利用效率和氮素表观利用效率的影响。结果表明,在各施氮处理中,春小麦籽粒产量、秸秆产量、收获指数随灌溉量增加而增加,水分利用效率和氮素利用效率随灌溉量增加先增加后降低。节水20%灌溉的水分利用效率和氮素表观利用效率最高。就各灌溉水平平均值而言,当施氮达到221 kg·hm-2,春小麦籽粒产量(6 365 kg\5hm-2)、收获指数 (0.49)、水分利用效率 (14.51 kg·mm-1·hm-2) 和氮素表观利用效率(21.8%)达到最大值。在与该试验条件相似地区,综合考虑籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮素表观利用效率,节水20%灌溉和221 kg·hm-2施氮量为最优组合。     

土壤氮、盐浓度对盐角草(Salicornia europaea)生长发育及氮素吸收的影响

以盐生植物盐角草(Salicornia europaea)为材料,以NaCl模拟不同盐度环境,盆栽试验了氮(0.3g·kg-1,N1;0.6g·kg-1,N2;1.2g·kg-1,N3;2.4g·kg-1,N4)、盐(2.5g·kg-1,S1;5.0g·kg-1,S2;7.5g·kg-1,S3)处理对其生长发育及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:(1)不同盐度下施氮均可以显著促进盐角草的生长,地上部干质量均在N2处理下达到最大,而株高均在N1时达到最高,且施氮对盐角草生长的影响与盐度有关;(2)不同盐度环境下施氮所能达到的最高干物质产量及最高施氮限量不同,表现为S3S1S2,随着施氮量的增加,氮素生产力与氮素农学利用效率均表现出下降的趋势;(3)施氮显著增加了盐角草各器官含氮量及氮吸收量,同一施氮水平下盐角草各器官含氮量及氮吸收量均表现为同化枝茎根;(4)同一施氮水平下,随着盐度的增加,盐角草同化枝渗透势显著下降,同一盐度环境下,随着施氮量的增加,同化枝渗透势呈现出下降趋势,渗透调节能力增大;(5)3个盐度环境下,施氮均增加盐角草同化枝光合色素含量,从而提高光合效率,增强其对盐渍环境的适应能力。     

河套灌区不同膜下滴灌方式对玉米拔节期光合日变化的影响

玉米是河套灌区第二大粮食作物,研究当地节水灌溉耕作方式下玉米光合生理特征,对提高水分限制条件和土壤盐渍化严重的河套灌区发展玉米膜下滴灌高效节水灌溉技术具有现实意义。在河套灌区通过大田试验,设置全膜平作、半膜平作处理,每种处理均进行高、中、低水滴灌量共6种膜下滴灌方式组合,研究了其对拔节期玉米光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:河套灌区高水和中水滴灌量覆盖全膜条件下,玉米产量分别达到14 432.1 kg/hm2和15 472.0 kg/hm~2显著高于同等滴灌量的半膜覆盖处理,增幅达10.3%~27.5%。不同覆膜相同滴灌量处理之间净光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr、胞间CO_2浓度、气孔导度Gs日变化均差异显著(P0.05),相同覆膜条件下,低水与中水、高水处理的净光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr、胞间CO_2浓度、气孔导度Gs日变化均值差异显著(P0.05),中水与高水无显著差异(P0.05),说明拔节期灌溉中水滴灌量即可提高玉米净光合速率。相同覆膜条件下,中水和高水增加了Fv/Fm,PSII反应中心原初光能转化效率提高,提高了实际光化学效率ФPSII,有利提高玉米叶肉细胞光合作用能力。     

紫色土集水区氮素收支状况与平衡分析

通过 1999- 2 0 0 0年间定位观测和模拟实验 ,研究了紫色土丘陵集水区生态系统氮素养分的收入与支出参数及系统氮素平衡。结果表明 ,本区农田氮素略有盈余 ,平均为 4 2kg hm2 ,其中氮肥施用量较大 ,平均达到 35 8kg hm2 ;而林地在系统氮素循环和平衡中发挥了重要作用 ,是系统氮素从亏缺转变为盈余驱动因素之一 ;系统中有机厩肥和化肥是主要的氮素来源 ,但损失严重 ,利用率不高 ,应注意由此引起的对大气和水体的农业非点源污染问题。     

行距与施氮量对不同采种时期虉草种子生活力的影响

在通辽地区,对不同采种时期通草1号虉草(Phalaris arundinacea L.cv.Tongcao No.1)种子的生活力,进行了行距与施氮量影响的研究,旨在揭示虉草生活力对行距和氮肥的响应规律,为虉草种子生产提供理论依据。结果表明,虉草种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和幼苗胚芽长、胚芽鲜质量和活力指数等都随行距和施氮量增加而增长。在适宜采种期(6月30日),施氮量92 kg/hm2处理下,虉草种子发芽指数和幼苗活力指数显著高于不施氮处理(p0.01)。在施氮条件下,在行距70 cm处理下,虉草种子发芽指数和幼苗活力指数都显著高于行距30cm(p0.01),而在行距50 cm和70 cm处理下,虉草种子和幼苗的上述指标差异不显著。采种时期对虉草种子生活力影响明显,盛花后13~15 d采集的种子生活力较高,提前或推迟采种都使虉草种子生活力下降。     

不同施肥对黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地农田玉米产量及土壤硝态氮积累影响的初步研究

在黑河中游边缘绿洲的沙地农田进行不同施肥对玉米产量及土壤硝态氮积累的试验研究表明,有机肥与化肥配合施用增加作物产量。不同肥料处理,玉米籽粒产量由高到低的顺序依次为NPK3M1（高量氮磷钾肥低量有机肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,300-225-225-15 000 kg·hm-2）>NPK2M2（中量氮磷钾肥中量有机肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,225-135-135-22 500 kg·hm-2）>NPK3（高量氮磷钾肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,300-225-225-0 kg·hm-2）>NP1M3（低量氮磷肥高量有机肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,150-90-0-30 000 kg·hm-2）>NP3（高量氮磷肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,300-225-0-0 kg·hm-2)>NPK1M3（低量氮磷钾肥高量有机肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,150-90-90-30 000 kg·hm-2）>NPK2（中量氮磷钾肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,225-135-135-0 kg·hm-2）>NPK1（低量氮磷钾肥配施:N-P2O5-K2O-M,150-90-90-0 kg·hm-2）>M3（单施有机肥:N-P2O5-K2O-M,0-0-0-30 000 kg·hm-2）。高量氮磷钾肥配合低量有机肥处理玉米产量最高,单施有机肥处理产量最低。与只施有机肥处理相比,各处理产量分别增加37.68%、33.43%、28.32%、25.10%、24.60%、23.84%、21.46%、11.30%。在不施有机肥的3个氮磷钾施肥处理中,玉米产量和氮肥农学利用效率（AE）随施肥量的增加而增加,但当施肥量超过225-135-135 kg·hm-2（N-P2O5-K2O）时,玉米产量和AE不再随施肥量的增加而增加。与不施有机肥处理不同,在氮磷钾配施有机肥的3个处理中,AE随化肥施用量的增加而减少,有机肥的施用使得化肥利用效率增加。不同施肥处理对土壤硝态氮的积累与分布有显著的影响,土壤硝态氮受土壤质地影响主要分布于0~40 cm土壤层次内,与化肥单施相比,有机肥导致土壤中硝态氮的积累。因此,从持续农业发展及保护生态环境等方面考虑,有机无机肥配合施用是增加绿洲农田土壤生产力,维持和提高土壤质量的有效途径,与当地农户普遍采用的施肥量相比,有机无机配施的情况下,适度减少化肥投入33%是合理的施肥对策。     

稻田水量转换观测及模拟实验研究

对双季稻田水量转换 10年 (1991～ 2 0 0 0年 )定位观测 ,以及模拟不同水源条件的稻田水管理模式 ,解析田间水量转换的 5年 (1998～ 2 0 0 2年 )实验结果表明 ,稻田不同水管理田间水量转换有明显差异 ,常规管理田间耗水量的分配为 :腾发量占总耗水量 1/ 2 ,翻耕整地占 1/ 6 ,植物构成占 1/ 2 1,田间渗漏占 1/ 14 ,其他环境耗水 (维持 )占 1/ 5。长年水层灌溉田间腾发量和维持性环境耗水量偏大 ;耕灌雨养管理翻耕整地和田间渗漏耗水比例过高。水分生产力 (以年度单位面积上每耗水 1mm的产量计为kg/ (mm·hm2 ·a) ) ,稻谷产量 ,长年水层灌溉与常规管水一致 ,为 6 .6 5kg/ (mm·hm2 ·a) ,耕灌雨养处理较低 ,为 6 .13kg/ (mm·hm2 ·a)。群体光合累积效应处理间差异表现与产量差异表现相同 ,早稻差异很小 ,晚稻差异显著。叶片水分生产效率 ,早稻以水层灌溉最大 ,晚稻是常规管理最大 ,耕灌雨养处理早晚稻都较小。不同生育期这种大小关系也有变化     

Leaf nitrogen productivity as a mechanism driving the success of invasive annual grasses under low and high nitrogen supply

Invasion of the historically perennial-dominated landscapes in the Great Basin by exotic winter annual grasses is one of the most serious plant invasions in North America. Evidence suggests invasive annuals outperform native perennials under N-poor and N-rich conditions. The objective of this study was to identify key traits contributing to the success of invasive annual grasses in these environments. Three invasive annual grasses, two native perennial grasses and one introduced perennial grass were exposed to three levels of N supply. Root biomass, root length, root N uptake rate, root and leaf morphology, leaf nitrogen productivity (leaf NP) as well as biomass and N allocation were quantified over four harvests. Path analysis indicated that leaf NP was the key trait contributing to variation in N capture among the species. Species with a higher leaf NP produced more root length and consequently captured more N under a range of soil N availability. This suggests variation in leaf NP may be one critical trait determining the ability of the resident plant community to resist establishment of these invaders. Restoration programs may be able to increase weed resistance by specifically selecting for this trait in revegetation efforts.     

Carbon accumulation, nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency of Sophora davidii seedlings in response to nitrogen supply and water stress

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to explore whether additional nitrogen (N) supply could enhance carbon (C) accumulation, and phosphorus (P) use efficiency (NUE_P) of Sophora davidii seedlings under dry conditions. Two-month-old seedlings were subjected to a completely randomized design with three water (80, 40 and 20% water field capacity (FC)) and three N supply (N0: 0, Nl: 92 and Nh: 184 mg N kg⁻¹ soil) regimes. Water stress decreased C, N and P accumulation, NUE_P, N and P uptake efficiency (NUtE_N and NUtE_P) regardless of N supply. The S. davidii seedlings exhibited strong responses to N supply, but the responses were not consistent with the various N supply levels. Nl increased C, N and P accumulation, and improved NUE_P, NUtE_N and NUtE_P in the same water treatment. In contrast, Nh did few or even depress effects on C, N and P accumulation, and NUE_P, although NUtE_N and NUtE_P increased with Nh in the same water treatment. Even so, NUE_N decreased with increase of N supply in the same water treatment. The results suggested that appropriate or low N supply should be recommended for S. davidii seedling establishment in dry environment by improving C accumulation and NUE_P.     

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in surface sediments from lakes of western Ireland: implications for inferring past lake productivity and nitrogen loading

We used statistical analyses to determine which subset of 36 environmental variables best explained variations in surface sediment δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N from 50 lakes in western Ireland that span a human-impact gradient. The factors controlling lake sediment δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N depended on whether organics in the lake sediment were mostly derived from the lake catchment (allochthonous) or from productivity within the lake (autochthonous). Lake sediments with a dominantly allochthonous organic source (high C:N ratio sediments) produced δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N measurements similar to values from catchment vegetation. δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N measurements from lake sediments with a dominantly autochthonous organic source (low C:N ratio sediments) were influenced by fractionation in the lake and catchment leading up to assimilation of carbon and nitrogen by lacustrine biota. δ¹³C values from lake sediment samples in agricultural catchments were more negative than δ¹³C values from lake sediment samples in non-impacted, bogland catchments. Hypolimnetic oxygen concentrations and methane production had a greater influence on δ¹³C values than fractionation due to algal productivity. δ¹⁵N from lake sediment samples in agricultural catchments were more positive than δ¹⁵N in non-impacted bogland catchments. Lower δ¹⁵N values from non-impacted lake catchments reflected δ¹⁵N values of catchment vegetation, while higher δ¹⁵N values in agricultural catchments reflected the high δ¹⁵N values of cattle manure and inorganic fertilisers. The influence of changing nitrogen sources and lake/catchment fractionation processes were more important than early diagenesis for lake sediment δ¹⁵N values in this dataset. The results from this study suggest a possible influence of bound inorganic nitrogen on the bulk sediment δ¹⁵N values. We recommend using a suitable method to control for bound inorganic nitrogen in lake sediments, especially when working with clay-rich sediments. This study confirms the usefulness of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N from bulk lake sediments, as long as we are mindful of the multiple factors that can influence these values. This study also highlights how stable isotope datasets from lake surface sediments can complement site-specific isotope source/process studies and help identify key processes controlling lake sediment δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in a study area.     

大气氮沉降数值模拟的演替进程与模型筛选

中国是维持全球氮平衡的关键.以大气氮沉降为例,畜禽养殖、化肥施用、能源消耗等人为扰动致使活性氮的排放量与沉降量正持续走高,欧美已率先开展氮沉降及其引发的环境与经济后果的评估.中国省级或更大尺度的沉降规模,空间分布和输移途径资料较难获取,大气传输模型(ATMs)提供了经济可行的解决方案.通过概述ATMs的演进阶段和代表模型,并为应对我国缺乏氮沉降模拟专业模型的问题,建立一个总量近百的大气氮沉降相关模型(排放源含NH3、NOx和SO2的ATMs),以总揽世界模型发展全貌.理论上,模型的检验和相互比较以监测值与模拟值的定性分析为基础,中国面临的困境缺乏全国性的统一监测网络在短期内难以解决.事实上,大气氮沉降模型在污染场和浓度场的模拟过程中受到诸如大气环流、边界层高度等条件的制约进而影响模拟效果.NH3的特性对模型提出了更高要求.一方面通过参考相关文献归纳各种制约条件的相对重要性,另一方面结合模型自身架构(格网大小、垂直精度、气象场获取途径以及扩散模式的选取)、模拟过程(源排放、干沉降和扩散)、设计意图,力图以定性或半定量的方法探讨各个模型应对制约条件的能力,比较各自优劣,以期筛选出适用于模拟省域乃至全国大气氮沉降的数值模型.     

Carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of different strains ofArtemia sp

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios have been determined on 41 strains ofArtemia sp. from different geographic regions around the world. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values ranged between −13.7 to−25.0 per mil and −0.7 to 21.2 per mil respectively.Artemia δ¹³C values from coastal environments are consistent with a marine origin for the food sourceArtemia from inland salt lakes have a range of carbon isotope values suggesting C₃, C₄ and CAM based organic matter could form the base of theArtemia food chain. These data indicate thatArtemia having a wide range of carbon and nitrogen isotope values are available for tropho-dynamic research studies that quantify the effect of respired CO₂ on tissue and CaCO₃ shell¹³C/¹²C ratios. Such stable isotope variation also suggests that stable isotope fingerprinting remains a viable technique for identifying specificArtemia collection sites.     

Global prioritisation of renewable nitrogen for biodiversity conservation and food security

The continuing use of petrochemicals in mineral nitrogen (N) production may be affected by supply or cost issues and climate agreements. Without mineral N, a larger area of cropland is required to produce the same amount of food, impacting biodiversity. Alternative N sources include solar and wind to power the Haber-Bosch process, and the organic options such as green manures, marine algae and aquatic azolla. Solar power was the most land-efficient renewable source of N, with using a tenth as much land as wind energy, and at least 100th as much land as organic sources of N. In this paper, we developed a decision tree to locate these different sources of N at a global scale, or the first time taking into account their spatial footprint and the impact on terrestrial biodiversity while avoiding impact on albedo and cropland, based on global resource and impact datasets. This produced relatively few areas suitable for solar power in the western Americas, central southern Africa, eastern Asia and southern Australia, with areas most suited to wind at more extreme latitudes. Only about 2% of existing solar power stations are in very suitable locations. In regions such as coastal north Africa and central Asia where solar power is less accessible due to lack of farm income, green manures could be used, however, due to their very large spatial footprint only a small area of low productivity and low biodiversity was suitable for this option. Europe in particular faces challenges because it has access to a relatively small area which is suitable for solar or wind power. If we are to make informed decisions about the sourcing of alternative N supplies in the future, and our energy supply more generally, a decision-making mechanism is needed to take global considerations into account in regional land-use planning.     

城市化进程对氮循环格局及动态的影响研究进展

氮循环是全球生物地球化学循环的重要组成部分,随着城市化进程的不断加快,高强度的人类活动和城市景观格局的改变不仅影响了氮的循环过程,而且加重了氮污染的程度,对城市生态环境造成了严重的影响。城市尺度的氮循环研究不仅是全球关注的氮研究热点,而且也是城市生态学和城市地理学研究的前沿。本文基于城市生态系统的氮循环特征,综述了城市化进程对城市氮污染物来源、沉降、输移和累积影响研究的国内外大量研究成果,介绍了卫星遥感、稳定同位素、物质流模型等分析方法在城市氮循环研究中的应用,针对未来几十年活性氮增加可能带来的不利影响,提出对活性氮的减缓策略,以有效抑制活性氮对环境的影响。未来城市氮循环研究需要开展长期系统监测、深化城市氮循环机理研究、创新研究范式和研究方法,并将研究成果与城市规划和城市发展研究相结合,提升城市氮管理能力。     

察布查尔县土壤碳氮磷钾垂直分布规律研究

以察布查尔县1 191~2 656 m不同海拔草原土壤为研究对象,研究有机质（外加热法,10.18~74.3 3 mg·kg^-1）、全氮（自动凯氏定氮仪,0.17~2.6 g·kg^-1）、碱解氮（扩散法,14.9 7~198.72mg·kg^-1）、磷元素（钼锑抗比色法,全磷：0.12~0.76 g·kg^-1、速效磷：20.7 4~153.64 mg·kg^-1）,钾元素（火焰光度计法,全钾：9.81~18.64 g·kg^-1、速效钾：659.05~1 001.45 mg·kg^-1）含量垂直分布特征。结果表明碳、氮、磷、钾均随土层深度的增加而降低;除钾元素外碳、氮、磷随海拔高度的增加而上升;相关性分析结果显示,0~20 cm土层中,海拔高度与碱解氮呈正极显著性相关（p < 0.05,R=0.838^**）,与土壤有机、全氮呈正显著性相关（p < 0.05,R=0.831^*、R=0.751^*）;有机质与碱解氮呈正极显著性相关（p < 0.05,R=0.988^**）,与全磷呈正显著性相关（p < 0.05,R=0.726^*）,20~40 cm土层中,海拔高度与有机质、碱解氮、全氮、全磷呈正相关,与速效磷、速效钾、全钾呈负相关;有机质与碱解氮、全氮成正极显著性相关（p < 0.05,R=0.867^**、R=0.970^**）,碱解氮与全氮呈正极显著相关（p < 0.05,R=0.914^**）,40~60 cm土层中,海拔高度与有机质、碱解氮、全磷呈正相关,与速效磷、全磷、速效钾、全钾呈负相关;有机质与碱解氮、全氮呈正极显著性相关（p < 0.05,R=0.884^**、R=0.966^**）,与速效磷、全钾呈正相关,与全磷、速效钾呈负相关;碱解氮与全氮呈正极显著性相关（p < 0.05,R=0.952^**）。     

树轮稳定氮同位素记录的进展与展望

树轮稳定同位素比率是研究气候变化与环境演变的有效代用资料,耦合分析树轮稳定同位素记录的信息可揭示森林生态系统碳—水—氮时空变化特征及相互作用,反映环境变化对植物特定化合物的生理影响。树轮稳定氮同位素比率（δ¹⁵N）与树木生长的环境条件密切相关,其变化可以反映长时间尺度森林生态系统氮循环的动态特征,弥补监测资料的不足。本文综述了树轮稳定氮同位素的分馏机理与测定方法,解析了树轮δ¹⁵N在样品预处理和测试中需要关注的问题,系统梳理与归纳了基于树轮δ¹⁵N进行气候变化、环境演变和人类活动氮排放研究的进展。指明中国树轮稳定氮同位素研究潜力及其在未来亟需着重发展的方向,旨在推动森林生态系统氮循环时空特征深入研究。     

A caveat regarding diatom-inferred nitrogen concentrations in oligotrophic lakes

Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen (Nr) has enriched oligotrophic lakes with nitrogen (N) in many regions of the world and elicited dramatic changes in diatom community structure. The lakewater concentrations of nitrate that cause these community changes remain unclear, raising interest in the development of diatom-based transfer functions to infer nitrate. We developed a diatom calibration set using surface sediment samples from 46 high-elevation lakes across the Rocky Mountains of the western US, a region spanning an N deposition gradient from very low to moderate levels (<1 to 3.2 kg Nr ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in wet deposition). Out of the fourteen measured environmental variables for these 46 lakes, ordination analysis identified that nitrate, specific conductance, total phosphorus, and hypolimnetic water temperature were related to diatom distributions. A transfer function was developed for nitrate and applied to a sedimentary diatom profile from Heart Lake in the central Rockies. The model coefficient of determination (bootstrapping validation) of 0.61 suggested potential for diatom-inferred reconstructions of lakewater nitrate concentrations over time, but a comparison of observed versus diatom-inferred nitrate values revealed the poor performance of this model at low nitrate concentrations. Resource physiology experiments revealed that nitrogen requirements of two key taxa were opposite to nitrate optima defined in the transfer function. Our data set reveals two underlying ecological constraints that impede the development of nitrate transfer functions in oligotrophic lakes: (1) even in lakes with nitrate concentrations below quantification (<1 μg L⁻¹), diatom assemblages were already dominated by species indicative of moderate N enrichment; (2) N-limited oligotrophic lakes switch to P limitation after receiving only modest inputs of reactive N, shifting the controls on diatom species changes along the length of the nitrate gradient. These constraints suggest that quantitative inferences of nitrate from diatom assemblages will likely require experimental approaches.