黄河三角洲清水沟和清八汊河口表层土壤金属元素含量对比

于2015年10月28～29日,在黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区内的清水沟和清八汊河口,分别采集芦苇(Phragmites australis)盐沼、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)盐沼和柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)盐沼表层(0～10 cm深度)土壤样品,测定了土样中17种金属(V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Pb、Sr、Mn、Ti、Na、Mg、K、Fe、Ca、Al)的含量,并对两个河口土壤中的各元素含量进行了比较。研究结果表明,在清八汊和清水沟河口表层土壤中,与其它金属元素含量相比,Co质量比都相对最小,分别为7.97 mg/kg和8.35 mg/kg;Al质量比都相对最大,分别为86 664.06 mg/kg和102 319.51 mg/kg;除Na外,清水沟河口表层土壤中的其它金属元素(V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Sr、Pb、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、Mn、Fe)含量都高于清八汊河口;在清八汊河口,芦苇盐沼表层土壤中的各金属元素含量较高,而在清水沟河口,柽柳盐沼表层土壤中的各金属元素含量较高;在清八汊河口,表层土壤中Mg含量与Co、Ni、Zn、Ga、Pb、Al、Ca、Mn和Fe含量显著正相关,在清水沟河口,表层土壤中Co含量与Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Pb、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Mn和Fe含量显著正相关,说明这些金属元素可能具有同源性。     

兰州市沙尘和非沙尘天气沉降物的化学特性比较

选择兰州市典型沙尘和非沙尘天气收集两类降尘,并对其元素组成进行测定。结果表明：兰州非沙尘和沙尘天气沉降物中含量较高的主要元素分别为Si、Ca、Al、Fe和Si、K、Ca、Al,含量最低的主要元素均是Ti;含量较高的微量元素是Mn、Ba、Zn、Sr和Mn、Ba、Sr、Zr,含量较低的微量元素均是Nb、Co、Y、As;兰州非沙尘和沙尘天气沉降物中主要元素及微量元素含量的排序差异较小,但是两种样品同种元素的丰度值存在较大变异,说明两种沉降物的来源有一定的差异。兰州非沙尘天气沉降物中Si、Fe、Mg、K、Na、Ti、V、Mn、Co、Ni、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb等元素主要来自于地壳源,Ca、Cr、Cu、Ba、Pb、Zn、As等元素与本地的人类污染活动有关,其中Pb、Zn、As是兰州重要的污染元素。沙尘天气沉降物中多数元素来自于外地入侵的沙尘,部分元素如Pb、Zn、As、Cu、Cr、K、Ni可能源于沙尘天气长距离传输途中矿物气溶胶与沿途污染源排放的污染物的混合。     

三峡库区紫色土微量元素含量的变化

以三峡库区典型坡面紫色土为例,对土壤中微量元素的含量及其在不同坡度、不同利用方式下的变化进行初步研究。结果表明,库区紫色土中Fe、Mn、Ni、Zr、Sr和Ti的含量相对较多,Mo的含量较为丰富,Zn和Pb的含量相对较低。Pb、Cu和Co的含量在一定坡度范围内随坡地坡度的增大而减少,Zr和Cr的含量则增加。紫色土中Cu、Pb、Co、Ti、Zr、Ni、Cr、Sr等微量元素的含量随坡度的变化具有一定的相关性。耕作土和非耕作土中微量元素含量差异明显,人为活动是引起库区紫色土微量元素含量变化的主要因素。     

博斯腾湖流域绿洲农田土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

新疆博斯腾湖流域绿洲采集195个农田土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量,基于地统计法分析农田土壤重金属空间分布规律,采用污染负荷指数（PLI）和潜在生态风险指数（RI）评价农田土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险程度,并对重金属的来源进行讨论。结果表明：① 博斯腾湖流域农田土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量平均值分别超出新疆土壤背景值的1.67倍、1.13倍、1.15倍、1.29倍、2.11倍和1.65倍。② 农田土壤中8种重金属元素空间分布基本呈现岛状分布格局,各金属元素在部分区域出现高值区,表明研究区人类活动对农田土壤环境具有负面效应。③ 农田土壤Pb呈现中度污染,Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn轻度污染,Mn轻微污染,As无污染。农田土壤重金属污染负荷指数的平均值为1.09,呈现轻度污染态势。④ 各重金属元素单项生态风险指数平均值从大到小依次为：Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn。综合生态风险指数平均值为18.63,处于轻微生态风险态势。从生态风险程度的区域差异来看,各县生态风险指数从大到小依次为：和硕县、博湖县、焉耆县、和静县。⑤ 农田土壤Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni与Zn主要受到土壤地球化学成因的控制,As、Cd和Pb主要受到人类活动的影响。Cd与Pb是研究区主要的污染因子,研究区农田土壤中Cd与Pb污染必须关注。     

山东省广饶县土壤重金属来源、分布及生态风险

选取山东省广饶县作为研究区,采集300个表层土壤样品（0~20 cm）,测定As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等10种重金属含量;运用多元统计和地统计分析方法揭示广饶县土壤重金属元素的来源与空间分布特征,最后利用H?kanson潜在生态风险指数法评价重金属的潜在生态风险。结果表明：① 研究区土壤中Co和Pb的平均值低于山东省背景值,其他8种元素的平均值均超过山东省背景值;特别是Cd和Hg的平均含量分别达到山东省背景值的1.86倍和2.50倍,说明在土壤中存在明显的富集。② As、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni和Zn为自然源,受成土母质控制;Hg为人为源,主要来源于煤炭燃烧和工业排放;Cd和Pb受自然和人为因素共同控制。③ 成土母质控制着As、Cd、 Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的基本分布格局,不同土地利用类型的土壤Hg含量差别较明显,其高值区集中在城镇建设用地。④ 总体上,研究区为中等生态风险的偏高水平,其中Cd和Hg分别为中等和较高生态风险,其余8种元素处于低生态风险。     

泾阳泾河段全新世剖面元素地球化学特征与洪水变化

根据泾阳泾河一级阶地前缘沉积剖面(JYc)中285个样品的元素、化合物含量和粒度分析,对泾阳泾河段全新世剖面元素地球化学特征与洪水变化进行研究,结果表明,元素Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Pb、Sc、Ti、Nb、Th、U、Rb、V、Ba、Co和化合物Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2O含量在剖面各层中变化明显,分辨率高,能够清晰地指示洪水以及降水量的变化;JYc剖面分为41个沉积层,指示了41次大小不同的洪水和41个降水较多的年份;沉积物粒度细,元素Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Pb、Sc、Ti、Nb、Th、U、Rb、V和化合物Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2O含量高,元素Ba、Co含量低,指示沉积时洪水强度小,洪水位低,降雨量少;沉积物粒度粗,元素Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Pb、Sc、Ti、Nb、Th、U、Rb、V和化合物Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2O含量低,元素Ba、Co含量高,指示沉积时洪水强度大,洪水水位高,降雨量多.泾河泾阳段洪水代表的是黄土高原泾河流域的洪水,特大洪水与大洪水,来自整个泾河流域或泾河流域大部分地区,较小的洪水来自泾河流域小部分地区.泾河流域发生洪水的原因有3种:1.年降水量明显增加造成;2.年降水量没有增加,而是由短时暴雨造成;3.年降水量没有增加,而是由于降水集中、持续时间长造成的洪水.泾河泾阳段JYc剖面的洪水沉积主要是由中度涝灾、大涝灾、特大涝灾形成的,轻度涝灾一般不会造成洪水灾害.     

西安市二环内表层土壤重金属空间分布特征

采集西安市二环内78处表层土壤样品,研究西安二环内城市表层土壤中Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、V的空间分布特征,并采用相关分析、因子分析和聚类分析等多元统计方法探究西安市二环内城市表层土壤中8种重金属元素的来源.结果表明,西安市二环内表层土壤中Co、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn具有明显的高值带和高值区,而Mn、N...     

日照市土壤重金属来源解析及环境风险评价

选择日照市的东港区和岚山区为研究区,采集了445个0～20 cm表层土壤样品,并测定了10种重金属元素的含量;采用多元统计和地统计分析,揭示了研究区土壤重金属污染的主要来源以及与土地利用、成土母质之间的关系,绘制了重金属的环境风险概率的空间分布图.结果表明:①As、Co、Cr和Cu的平均值低于山东省东部地区土壤背景值,Cd、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均值高于背景值,尤其是Cd、Hg的含量分别为背景值的1.85和1.38倍,土壤中重金属累积较为明显.②10种元素可被辩识出4个主成分(PCs),PC1 (Co、Cr、Mn、Ni和Zn)和PC3 (As、Cu)为自然源因子,PC2 (Cd、Pb)为工农业及交通源因子,PC4(Hg)为工业源因子;其中Pb、Zn在PC1和PC3上均有较大载荷,受地质背景和人类活动的共同控制.③Cd、Hg含量在不同的覆被类型有显著差异,在城镇建设用地的含量最高;Co、Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni在花岗岩和变质岩母质的含量高,与冲积与海积物母质有较大差异.④来自于同一主成分的元素及元素组合的环境风险空间格局与相应主成分插值结果基本一致,所有重金属综合环境风险的高值区在西部和东部呈点状分布,主要是由西部的高地质背景和东部的强烈人为干扰的综合作用造成的.     

菲尔德斯半岛植物和表层土壤中部分金属元素的富集特征

利用湿法消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对南极菲尔德斯半岛地区植物和表层土壤中的化学元素进行了分析,讨论了其元素含量、相关性、富集系数及污染指数等化学特征。研究发现,南极菲尔德斯半岛土壤和植物中的Ni、Li、As、Cs变异系数波动较大,且土壤中元素的区域性变化小于植物。植物中的Al、Fe、Mn元素丰度主要依赖于土壤元素丰度的高背景值,而对Ca、K、Cr、Ba元素具有较强的选择吸收能力,对重金属元素Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb富集能力很强。进行重金属污染评价表明,南极菲尔德斯半岛地区受到不同程度的污染,Cu元素存在普遍污染,Cd和As均达到了轻度污染,Cd元素的潜在生态风险最大。     

洪河和七星河国家级自然保护区漂筏薹草沼泽土壤金属含量研究

于2017年7月15～19日,在黑龙江洪河国家级自然保护区和黑龙江七星河国家级自然保护区的漂筏薹草(Carex pseudocuraica)沼泽,采集0～15 cm、15～30 cm和30～45 cm深度的土壤样品,测定土样中的V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Sr、Pb、Al、Na、Mg、K、Ca、Ti、Mn和Fe共17种金属的含量。研究结果表明,黑龙江洪河国家级自然保护区和黑龙江七星河国家级自然保护区的漂筏薹草沼泽土壤中Al质量比相对较高,分别为9 467.8～17 473.2mg/kg和17 823.4～23 673.5 mg/kg,Co质量比相对较低,分别为4.32～6.69 mg/kg和4.10～4.92 mg/kg;土壤中的Na、Mg、Al、K、Ti、Mn、Fe、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Ga、Sr和Pb含量之间显著正相关,表明其可能具有同源性,主要来源于成土母质。     

Race,Gender, and Constrained Work Trips in Buffalo,NY, 1990

This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips.     

Race,Gender, and Constrained Work Trips in Buffalo,NY, 1990

This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips.     

Statistical Analyses of La, Ce, Nd, Y, Nb, Ti, P, and Zr in Bedrocks and Their Significance in Geochemical Exploration at the Um Garayat Gold Mine Area, Eastern Desert, Egypt

A prospective lithochemical survey (scale 1:50,000) was carried out at the Um Garayat gold mine area within the central wadi Allaqi shear zone. The metavolcanic samples were analyzed for Ti, P, Zr, Nb, Y, La, Nd, and Ce. The background and threshold values were determined using histograms, box-plots, and Q-mode cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis classifies the samples into four groups: Group 1 (Au mineralization) characterizes Phase III of the hydrothermal stage; Group 2 (Cu?CAu mineralization) characterizes Phases I and II; Groups 3 and 4 comprise the least altered samples. Cubic trend surface and residual maps display groups of elements: (P, Ti, Zr), (Nb, Y), and (La, Nd, Ce) each group has similar areal distribution pattern. R-mode factor analysis, using the cubic residuals, produces a model with three factors. Factors 1 (P, Ti, Zr) and 2 (Nb, Y) are referred to the magmatic minerals of the least altered volcanic rocks. In addition, Factor 1 associates with the Au-rich site at the shafts area, whereas Factor 2 is referred to albitization western to the shafts area with high contents of Nb and Y. In Factors 1 and 2, major P and Ti with traces Nb and Y are attributed to the accessories rutile, sphene, anatase, and calcite that were developed during propylitization as well as apatite and calcite-accompanying Phase I of the hydrothermal stage. Phosphorous could be considered as an indicator element for the Au mineralization at the study area. The principal elements of Factor 3 (La, Nd, Ce) associate with the Cu?CAu-rich site at the southern adits area, and attributed to the secondary Ca-bearing accessories calcite, sphene, and apatite. In general, these elements associate with the regional propylitization and the three phases of hydrothermal stage in zones of alkali metasomatism. In these alteration zones, La, Nd, and Ce could be used as indicators during geochemical exploration at the study area. In general, the secondary accessory minerals calcite, apatite, rutile, sphene, and anatase associating with zones of alkali metasomatism are significant carriers for the investigated elements. These accessories are possible indicators during geochemical exploration in the adjacent similar mineralizations of the central Allaqi shear zone area.     

Spatial relationships among species, above-ground biomass, N, and P in degraded grasslands in Ordos Plateau, northwestern China

We chose five communities, representing a mild to severe gradient of grassland desertification in a semi-arid area of Ordos Plateau, northwestern China, to explore the spatial relationships among plant species, above-ground biomass (AGB), and plant nutrients (N and P). Community 1 (C1) was dominated by Stipa bungeana; Community 2 (C2) by a mix of S. bungeana and the shrub Artemisia ordosica; Community 3 (C3) by A. ordosica; Community 4 (C4) by a mix of Cynanchum komarovii and C. komorovii; and Community 5 (C5) by C. komorovii. Quantitative methods, including geostatistics, were used to compare community composition, structure, and indicators of ecosystem function (i.e. AGB, plant N and P) in five 16-m² plots. The highest AGB, plant nitrogen (N) and plant phosphorus (P) were found in lightly degraded community C2. With increasing desertification effects from C3 to C5, the AGB, N, and P decreased significantly while plant density remained unchanged. The spatial variations of AGB were higher in shrub-dominated communities (C1 and C5) than in grass-dominated communities (C2–C4). Strong spatial relationships were detected within and among the communities, with stronger relationships between AGB and density than between AGB and species richness. Spatial patterns of plant N and P were different from those of AGB, reflecting different N and P contents of individual plants and different species that can redistribute soil resources in these communities. The AGB was positively correlated with soil nutrients (TOC, TN, TP, and IN), except for soil AP. We concluded that several specific aspects of ecosystem properties were directly associated with the conversion of the grass and shrub “functional types” in these degraded grasslands.     

Characteristics of ion concentrations in snowpits in Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Arctic

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Geographers in Business,Government, and Nonprofit Organizations: Skills,Challenges, and Professional Identities

This study examines the experiences of geography graduates who work in business, government, and nonprofit organizations. We analyzed 352 logs from eighty-two professionals detailing professional activities, challenges, and opportunities during one work week each month, over a period of six months. Our analysis explores interpersonal relationships and working conditions affecting participants’ progress toward work goals, workplace climate, and professional identity. Geographic information systems and technology accounted for more than half of the geographic skills respondents reported using on the job, and administrative and leadership factors were the most commonly cited types of transferable skills. Professional geographers value collaborative workplaces as well as opportunities to work independently with the confidence of their supervisors, and their sense of a professional identity is enhanced when they feel valued and are recognized for their work. Professional development activities are important because they reinforce geographers’ sense of positively contributing to their organizations, enhance interpersonal interactions, facilitate work on specific projects, and expand individuals’ knowledge and skills. Moreover, our findings suggest that nearly half of the reported workplace difficulties could potentially be reduced or eliminated as a result of more and better professional development. Nonetheless, many employers do not consistently provide opportunities for professional development to their employees. Based on our analysis, we contend that professional development is a beneficial investment for lifelong learning, from undergraduate and graduate education throughout the entire course of a professional career.     

Weather, geography, and vehicle-related hyperthermia in children

Vehicle-related hyperthermia is an unfortunate tragedy that leads to the accidental deaths of children each year. This research utilizes the most extensive dataset of child vehicle-related hyperthermia deaths in the United States, including 414 deaths between 1998 and 2008. Deaths follow a seasonal pattern, with a peak in July and no deaths in December or January. Also, deaths occurred over a wide range of temperature and radiation levels and across virtually all regions, although most of them took place across the southern United States. In particular, the Phoenix, Houston, Dallas, and Las Vegas metropolitan areas had the greatest number of deaths. We utilize our vehicle hyperthermia index (vhi) to compare expected deaths versus actual deaths in a metropolitan area, based on the number of children in the area who are under the age of five and on the frequency of hot days in the area. The vhi indicates that the Memphis, West Palm Beach-Boca Raton, and Las Vegas metropolitan areas are the most dangerous places for vehicle-related hyperthermia. We conclude by discussing several recommendations with public health policy implications.