用形变资料分析腾冲火山区岩浆的活动特征

联合1998~2004年的五期水准测量资料以及2002~2004年的GPS观测成果,分析了腾冲火山区岩浆的活动特征。垂直形变资料显示,火山区南部发生较明显下降,这可能是由岩浆和水的流失及放气等原因引起;水平形变资料显示,以固东—腾冲断裂(F2)的西支为界,断层两盘分别向东、西两个方向运动,断层活动表现出明显的拉张特征;综合分析表明,岩浆可能沿断层从南部向北部运移,并在断层内重新聚集形成岩墙;垂直形变的多个极值区以及水平位移的不规则性表明,火山区岩浆体不很规则或有多个岩浆囊体存在;从形变量大小分析,岩浆的活动量远小于中等程度火山喷发的质量,表明火山近期喷发的危险性较小。     

腾冲火山区形变分析

腾冲火山群是我国目前仍具喷发危险的火山群。本文首先对火山区的地壳运动背景进行了总结分析,然后介绍了火山区的形变监测情况,再依据1998～2004年的水准测量及2002～2004年GPS观测成果,参考重力变化及其它观测资料分析火山区岩浆的活动特征,最后得出主要结论:相对欧亚板块,腾冲火山区总体具有向西南的顺时针旋转运动;火山区的形变变化受岩浆和断层活动两方面控制;火山区西南部发生了较强烈的下沉运动,可能由于岩浆和水的流失及放气等原因引起;以固东—腾冲断裂的西支为界,水平位移在断层两侧分别向东西两个方向运动,2002～2003年运动更剧烈些,断层活动表现为明显的拉张特征。综合各种资料表明火山目前活动量较小,近期喷发的危险性不大。     

以垂直形变资料反演腾冲火山区岩浆活动性的初步研究

根据腾冲火山区67个精密水准测点的4期实测垂直形变资料,和对该火山区已有的地质和地球物理工作的分析,参考了由层析成像推测的腾冲火山岩浆系统动力模型,利用Mogi模型对岩浆房的大小和空间位置进行了最小二乘法反演的初步研究。对4期资料分别进行了形变差的反演计算,所得初步结果表明岩浆活动源比较分散,可能存在3个表示岩浆流入引起地面上升的上升源,和2个表示岩浆流出到断层中引起地面下降的下降源。上升源位置大致沿北东走向的断层分布。而下降源位置则在测区东南一侧,等效岩浆源的深度在6～4km之间,与小震震源的深度大致相符。4年来岩浆活动量约为10^6m^3,量级与国外已喷发的火山相比处于较低活动水平．     

成层自重弹性-粘弹性半空间内膨胀源引起的地表形变和重力变化s

研究了两个弹性层覆盖于一个Maxwell半空间模型内膨胀源(Mogi模型)引起的地表形变和重力变化．着重研究了数值计算方法和Maxwell半空间介质流变特性对地表垂直位移和重力的影响．研究结果表明，Maxwell半空间介质流变特性对地表垂直位移和重力的空间分布和量级都有影响，尤其当源处于岩石层的地壳以下时，介质流变特性对位移和重力有较大影响；当膨胀和岩浆侵入地壳内时，半空间流变特性的影响较小．并且，地表重力与垂直位移的比值不是常数，而是随时间变化．本文的模型和数值方法，可以用于模拟火山区、地壳隆起区、地震区和地热场等长期地表形变和重力观测结果．      

利用垂直形变资料分析龙岗火山的活动性

首先分析了龙岗火山区及其附近20多年来5条水准路线所反映的垂直形变背景场情况,发现相对于长春基准点,长白山区东部和北部地区主要表现为大面积下沉运动,而龙岗火山区则表现为相对上升运动;然后分析了龙岗火山区主要隆起区垂直形变场变化以及剪切和张裂变形率变化,所得结果均反映了长抚线发生了较明显的活动;最后运用改进的Mogi模型,采用L曲线法反演了主要隆起区可能的压力源参数.结果表明,龙岗火山区岩浆的位置在42.1°N,126.5°E附近,与深地震测深研究结果近似.相对于长白山天池火山,压力源等效半径变化较大,达到183 m左右,源的深度在30 km左右,相对较深.     

不同产状断层错动的地表重力变化和形变

根据点源位错引起的地表重力变化和形变的理论公式,应用数值算法求得半无限空间任意产状断层位错在地表的重力变化和形变．计算结果表明,产状和位错方式是决定断层的地表重力和形变效应的基本因素．铲式断层活动的地表重力和形变效应与矩形断层相比有显著差异．断层位错引起的重力变化、垂直形变、视垂直形变的图象特征相似．根据重力变化和形变的特殊图象特征,有可能从观测资料中提取断层活动引起的重力变化和形变信息,判识和估计发震断层的几何学和运动学特征．      

粘弹性半空间内膨胀引起的地表垂直位移和重力变化

研究了粘弹性空间内膨胀（Ｍｏｇｉ模型）引起的地表垂直位移和重力变化，推导了Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ半空间模型的解析计算公式。数值结果表明，地表垂直位移，重力变化以及重力变化与地表垂直位移之比受介质流变特性的影响很大，因此，在解释和模拟火山区，地壳隆地区，地热场等长期地表形变和重力观测时需考虑介质的流变特性影响。     

汶川大地震震后重力变化和形变的黏弹分层模拟

基于有限矩形位错理论及陈运泰等、JiChen等通过地震波反演的断层模型,结合研究区地壳——上地幔平均波速分层结构,利用PSGRN/PSCMP软件模拟计算了黏弹分层半空间中汶川地震（Ms8.0）产生的同震及其震后地表形变和重力变化,同时给出了震后形变和重力变化的年变化率．模拟结果表明,同震形变和重力变化显示出发震断层倾滑逆冲兼具右旋走滑综合特征;其变化主要发生于断层在地表的投影区附近,震后地表重力变化和形变量均不断增大,影响的范围也不断扩张;震后50a间近场年均形变量可达10mm,年均重力变化量可达2times;10-8m/s2,而远场年均形变量一般低于2mm,年均重力变化量一般低于0.4times;10-8m/s2;形变和重力变化在震后200a内变化较为显著,变化率逐渐减小,水平位移在400a后基本稳定不变,垂直位移、重力变化和大地水准面变化在800a后基本稳定不变．      

尼泊尔M_W 7.9地震同震及震后地表形变及重力变化模拟

基于USGS公布滑动分布模型,本文利用用地壳分层模型,考虑到自重及黏弹特性,采用数值模拟的方法,对尼泊尔M_W7.9大地震同震及黏弹松弛效应引起的震后形变场及重力变化进行模拟计算,并与发震断层地表投影面附近区域实测同震GPS水平形变数据对比,结果显示:(1)同震形变场及重力变化均显示该次地震主要表现为逆冲型,且主要形变及重力变化主要发生在发震断层地表投影区域,离断层越远区域,形变量及重力变化值越小;(2)震后形变量及重力变化均增大,且影响范围逐渐增大,其中,垂直形变变化趋势与重力变化相反,表明地表高程变化与重力变化具密切的联系;(3)模拟同震结果与实测同震水平形变结果比较符合,少数台站点差异较大,但运动趋势与实测结果基本一致,一定程度上验证了模拟同震及震后形变量及重力变化的可靠性.     

火山区基本压力源模型及应用

通过简要介绍火山区不同压力源模型引起的垂直形变与水平形变特征,总结不同模型引起的最大水平位移与最大垂直位移的比值R,得到膨胀模型产生的地表形变多以中心为对称,R小于0.5;腔状模型产生的地表形变多为轴对称,可得到更高的R比值;这些结论为模拟分析火山区压力源参数选用模型时提供依据.最后利用所得结果,分析了长白山天池火山可...     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLCANIC ROCKS STRUCTURE AND LITHOFACIES OF DALIUCHONG VOLCANO IN THE TENGCHONG VOLCANIC FIELD,YUNNAN PROVINCE

A set of grey-purple layered volcanic rocks are found widely distributed from the mountain flank to the main peak of Daliuchong volcano, but it's difficult to identify whether they are volcaniclastic rock or lava rock just by field investigation and the crystal structure observation under microscope. The study of matrix microstructure of the volcanic rocks can help to identify the volcanic facies. We recognize the eruptive facies rocks through observation of the matrix microstructure and pore shape with comparison to those of the volcanic vent facies, extrusive facies and effusive facies rocks under microscope, thus the mentioned layered volcanic rocks could be named as dacitic crystal fragment tuff. Combining the joint work of field investigation, systematic sampling, chemical analyzing and microscopic observation, we summary the Daliuchong volcanic facies as follows:1. The effusive facies lava constitutes the base of Daliuchong volcano and was produced by early eruption.2. The explosive facies is composed of dacite crystal fragment welded tuff and volcanic breccia and mainly distributes on the W, S and NE flank of the volcanic cone.3. The volcanic conduit with its diameter more than one hundred meters is located about 100 meters south of the main peak of the Daliuchong volcano.4. The extrusive facies rock is only exposed near the peak of Daliuchong volcano.Therefore, the volcanism of Daliuchong volcano can be speculated as:Large-scale lava overflowing occurred in the early eruption period; then explosive eruptions happened; at last, the volcanisms ceased marked with magma extrusion as lava dome and plug.     

Microgravity and height changes caused by volcanic activity: Four

Microgravity measurements and levelling surveys on volcanoes are not always easy to make, but are useful for studying volcanic processes quantitatively. Gravity changes associated with volcanic activity are not always significant. Precision of microgravity measurements depend critically on the procedures adopted, and those applied in the present paper are described. Levelling technique is now orthodox, and some empirical laws relating ground deformation to volcanic activity are deduced from the accumulated data. Gravity changes occur at the same time and places as ground deformations. The relationship between microgravity and height changes are discussed from the standpoint of analyzing the data obtained on volcanoes. The observational results obtained on four volcanoes in Japan are separately analyzed because each volcano exhibits different patterns of gravity changes and deformations. During the 1977–1982 activity of Usu volcano, deformation was accompanied by microgravity changes frequently observed at a particular benchmark at the base of the volcano for about five years. The gravity changes prove to be not a direct effect of magma movements but to be caused by the deformations of ground strata and aquifers around the benchmark. The 1983 eruption of Miyakejima volcano was associated with local gravity changes around the eruptive fissures due to magma intrusion which was approximately modelled. Similarly the 1986 eruption of Ooshima volcano caused gravity changes on the volcano, but these were poorly correlated with elevation changes and their origins were not uniquely interpreted. To detect gravity changes associated with the activity of Sakurajima volcano, an equigravity point was selected at the north of the volcano besides the gravity points on and around the volcano itself. The probable gradual accumulation of magmas beneath the volcano for eight years is substantiated by observed microgravity and elevation changes.     

Chemical variations of magmas at Izu-Oshima volcano,Japan: plagioclase-controlled and differentiated magmas

Systematic analyses of the major-element chemistry of products of several eruptions during syn-and post-caldera stages of Izu-Oshima volcano were compiled. Comparisons of the products of large-scale eruptions in 1338?, 1421? and 1777–1778, of intermediate-scale eruptions in 1950–1951 and 1986, and of small-scale eruptions in 1954, 1964 and 1974 clearly show the existence of two types of magmas. One is “plagioclase-controlled” and the other is “differentiated” magma (multimineral-controlled); i.e. the bulk chemistry of the first magma type is controlled by plagioclase addition or removal, while that of the second type is controlled by fractionation of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and titanomagnetite. Eruptions of Izu-Oshima volcano have occurred at the summit and along the flanks. Summit eruptions tap only plagioclase-controlled magmas, while flank eruptions supply both magma types. It is considered unlikely that both magma types would coexist in the same magma chamber based on the petrology. In the case of the 1986 eruption, the flank magma was isolated sometime in the past from the summit magma chamber or central conduit, and formed small magma pockets, where further differentiation occurred due to relatively rapid cooling. In a period of quiescence prior to the 1986 eruption, new magma was supplied to the summit magma chamber, and the summit eruption began. The dike intrusion or fracturing around the small magma pockets triggered the flank eruption of the differentiated magma. This model can be applied to the large-scale flank eruption in 1338(?) which erupted differentiated magmas. In 1421(?), the flank eruption tapped plagioclase-controlled magma. In this case, the isolated magmas from the summit magma chamber directly penetrated the flank without differentiation.     

腾冲火山及周边地区双差层析成像

利用云南腾冲火山地区15个固定台站记录到的7923次地震的P波到时资料,采用双差层析成像方法,反演得到腾冲火山及周边地区地壳及上地幔顶部三维P波速度结构和地震重定位结果.研究发现,腾冲火山区域地壳内存在明显的地震波低速区,P波速度低于整个区域地壳速度平均值超过15%,上地幔顶部存在规模较大的低速异常区.推测腾冲火山地区存在较大规模的地幔热物质上涌以及向地壳的侵入,热物质在地壳内以岩浆囊形式存储,并且壳内岩浆囊之间可能存在岩浆通道.通过联合反演获得的地震重定位结果显示,丛集地震位置更加集中,其展布特征与断裂构造具有显著的对应关系,表明研究区域断裂构造比较活跃.获得的高分辨率三维P波层析成像结果,为进一步认识火山地区岩浆存储特征以及地震分布与区域构造之间的关系提供了新的地震学依据.     

Seismicity and crustal deformation preceding the January 1996 eruptions at Karymsky Volcanic Center,Kamchatka

Two explosive eruptions occurred on 2 January 1996 at Karymsky Volcanic Center (KVC) in Kamchatka, Russia: the first, dacitic, from the central vent of Karymsky volcano, and the second, several hours later, from Karymskoye lake in the caldera of Akademia Nauk volcano. The main significance of the 1996 volcanic events in KVC was the phreatomagmatic eruption in Karymskoye lake, which was the first eruption in this lake in historical time, and was a basaltic eruption at the acidic volcanic center. The volcanic events were associated with the 1 January Ms 6.7 (Mw 7.1) earthquake that occurred at a distance of about 9–17 km southeast from the volcanoes just before the eruptions. We study the long-term (1972–1995) and short-term (1–2 January 1996) characteristics of crustal deformations and seismicity before the double eruptive event in KVC. The 1972–1995 crustal deformation was homogeneous and characterized by a gradual extension with a steady velocity. The seismic activity in 1972–1995 developed at the depth interval from 0 to 20 km below the Akademia Nauk volcano and spread to the southeast along a regional fault. The seismic activity in January 1996 began with a short sequence of very shallow microearthquakes (M ~0) beneath Karymsky volcano. Then seismic events sharply increased in magnitude (up to mb 4.9) and moved along the regional fault to the southeast, culminating in the Ms 6.7 earthquake. Its aftershocks were located to the southeast and northwest from the main shock, filling the space between the two active volcanoes and the ancient basaltic volcano of Zhupanovsky Vostryaki. The eruption in Karymskoye lake began during the aftershock sequence. We consider that the Ms 6.7 earthquake opened the passageway for basic magma located below Zhupanovsky Vostryaki volcano that fed the eruption in Karymskoye lake.     

采用有限元等效体力方法数值分析火山区岩浆压力变形源——以长白山火山为例

火山区岩浆压力变形源的反演计算采用解析方法存在难以考虑地形的限制,采用传统有限元方法则存在网格依赖和计算量大的问题,反演过程中每一次正演由于岩浆房位置和大小变化都需要重新生成一次网格,耗费巨大的计算量和网格生成时间.为了克服上述问题,首次在长白山火山区使用"有限元等效体力"方法考虑地形影响反演地下岩浆压力变形源,计算岩浆应力扰动对周边断层稳定性的影响.在火山区地下压力变形源引起的地表形变计算中,地表地形影响不可忽略.埋深越浅,地表最大径向位移u_r所在的位置越靠近岩浆囊中心.当坡度达到30°时,最大垂向位移u_z所在位置不再位于岩浆囊正上方.椭球状岩浆囊压力源可以较好地模拟长白山火山地区2002—2003年间的GPS和水准测量.岩浆房扰动应力场和区域构造应力场的叠加有可能造成天池西部近EW向,天池北部以NW-NNW向为主的现今应力方向.岩浆房压力源引起的库仑应力变化有利于天池火山口NW向震群在空间上主要分布于火山口的西南和东北部.     

Scoria cone formation through a violent Strombolian eruption: Irao Volcano, SW Japan

Scoria cones are common volcanic features and are thought to most commonly develop through the deposition of ballistics produced by gentle Strombolian eruptions and the outward sliding of talus. However, some historic scoria cones have been observed to form with phases of more energetic violent Strombolian eruptions (e.g., the 1943–1952 eruption of Parícutin, central Mexico; the 1975 eruption of Tolbachik, Kamchatka), maintaining volcanic plumes several kilometers in height, sometimes simultaneous with active effusive lava flows. Geologic evidence shows that violent Strombolian eruptions during cone formation may be more common than is generally perceived, and therefore it is important to obtain additional insights about such eruptions to better assess volcanic hazards. We studied Irao Volcano, the largest basaltic monogenetic volcano in the Abu Monogenetic Volcano Group, SW Japan. The geologic features of this volcano are consistent with a violent Strombolian eruption, including voluminous ash and fine lapilli beds (on order of 10^?1 km³ DRE) with simultaneous scoria cone formation and lava effusion from the base of the cone. The characteristics of the volcanic products suggest that the rate of magma ascent decreased gradually throughout the eruption and that less explosive Strombolian eruptions increased in frequency during the later stages of activity. During the eruption sequence, the chemical composition of the magma became more differentiated. A new K–Ar age determination for phlogopite crystallized within basalt dates the formation of Irao Volcano at 0.4?±?0.05 Ma.     

EARTHQUAKE-CAUSED SEISMIC VOLCANIC ROCKS AND THIXOTROPIC DEFORMATION OF SOFT SEDIMENTS IN THE UPPER CRETACEOUS SHIJIATUN MEMBER,JIAOZHOU CITY

A lot of seismic volcanic rocks and strong earthquake-induced thixotropic deformation structures in soft mud-sandy sediments(seismites)were identified from the Upper Cretaceous Shijiatun Member of the Hongtuya Formation for the first time in Jiaozhou City of the Zhucheng Sag, eastern China. Seismic volcanic rocks are volcanic rocks with co-seismic deformation structures which were produced by major earthquakes destroying volcano ejecta. Seismites are sediment layers with soft-sediment deformation structures formed by strong earthquake triggering saturated or semi-consolidated soft sediments to produce liquefaction, thixotropy, faults, cracks and filling and so forth. The Shijiatun Member of the Hongtuya Formation mainly consists of basaltic volcano rocks interbedded with mud-sandy(muddy sand and sandy mud)deposition layers of the river-lake facies. In the Shijiatun Member, main types of seismic volcanic rocks are shattered basalts with co-seismic fissures and seismic basaltic breccias. The thixotropic deformations of soft mud-sandy sediments mainly include thixotropic mud-sandy veins and thixotropic mud-sandy layers with tortuous boundaries. Under the strong earthquake action, saturated mud-sandy sediments could not be liquefied, instead resulting in thixotropy, i.e. their texture can be damaged and their flow-ability or rheology becomes strong. Because basaltic volcano rocks were damaged(shattered, seismic broken), a major earthquake can lead to thixotropic mud-sandy sediments flowing along seismic fissures in basalts, resulting in the formation of deformation structure of thixotropic veins, and boundaries between volcano rock and mud-sand layer became quite winding. Under the koinonia of gravity and vibration force, seismic breccia blocks sunk into thixotropic mud-sandy layers, resulting in the formation of inclusions of thixotropic mud-sandy sediments. Seismic intensity reflected by these strong earthquake records during the end stage of the Late Cretaceous was about Ⅶ to more than X degrees. The Shijiatun Member is mainly distributed in the south of the Baichihe fault in the northern Zhucheng Sag, and the fault has generated many strong tectonic and earthquake activities at the end of the late Cretaceous, also provided the channel for intrusion and eruption of basaltic magma then. At the end of the late Cretaceous, intermittent intrusion and eruption of basaltic magma took place along the Baichihe fault, meanwhile the volcano earthquakes took place or tectonic earthquakes were generated by the Baichihe fault which caused the deformation of the volcano lava and underlying strata of red saturated muddy-sand, resulting in the formation of various seismo-genesis deformations of volcanic rocks interbedded with mud-sandy sediment layers. Therefore, strong seismic events recorded by them should be responses to strong tectonic taphrogenesis of the Zhucheng Sag and intense activity of the Baichihe fault in the end of Late Cretaceous. In addition, these seismogenic deformation structures of rock-soil layers provide new data for the analysis of the failure effect produced by seismic force in similar rock-soil foundations.     

云南腾冲马鞍山最后一次喷发的热释光年龄

云南腾冲火山区是我国少数几个近代有火山活动的地区之一,它由多座第四纪火山组成。其中马鞍山是规模较大,可能喷发较晚的一处火山。从马鞍山火山锥附近采集了２个火山岩样品,进行了热释光测年分析。热释光年龄表明马鞍山最后一次大规模的火山喷发发生在全新世,可能距今约２５００～３５００年。