可控震源激发参数优选及应用效果

可控震源技术在沙漠、戈壁、潜水面较深等成孔困难的地区应用较多。在野外施工过程中,选取合适的激发参数是保证地震勘探效果的必要前提。文中以J矿区煤田地震勘探为研究对象,以提高地震资料分辨率与信噪比为主要目的,对可控震源的扫描频率范围、扫描长度、驱动电平和震动台次等参数进行了实验,通过定性与定量分析相结合的手段,选取了最佳激发参数进行数据采集,获得了质量较高的地震时间剖面,展示了其较好的应用效果。结果表明:在炸药激发困难地区,应用可控震源采集技术进行煤田地震勘探是有效、可行的。     

哈拉湖地区浅层地震勘探可控震源激发参数对比试验

哈拉湖地区属于青藏高原冻土区,地质调查结果表明该地区具有良好的天然气水合物赋存条件和找矿前景,因此在试验区开展了高精度的浅层反射地震试验,激发震源选用KZ-28大型车载可控震源。通过分析试验区地震地质条件,结合本次浅层地震勘探的探测深度和目的层反射波特点,在地震剖面采集前,对可控震源的台数、扫描频率、扫描长度、振动次数和驱动幅度进行了试验研究,对不同的单一激发参数试验得到的地震记录进行对比分析,在满足探测要求的前提下,以最大限度地提高地震记录分辨率和信噪比为目的,确定了该地区地震勘探可控震源的最佳激发参数为:可控震源台次1台2~3次,扫描频率8~100 Hz,扫描长度12 s,驱动幅度75%。     

可控震源在地震勘探激发条件复杂地区的应用

甘肃张掖平山湖矿区浅表层地震勘探地质条件复杂。利用可控震源激发,从能量、信噪比、频率等方面对试验资料进行定量分析,确定适合该区可控震源施工参数:震动台次、扫描长度、扫描频率、震源出力;针对可控震源地震资料特征,着重研究弱化初至前干扰、采取提高初至波信噪比等方法,使得单炮初至更加容易识别;同时,采用反褶积增宽频带,从而提高地震剖面分辨率,取得了较好的地质效果。      

可控震源地震采集技术在H探区煤炭勘查中的实验

H探区位于吐鲁—驼马滩盆地东北部,地貌形态为沙漠戈壁,该区气候干燥、植被不发育、生态条件非常脆弱,地表以砂砾石、亚沙土层为主,厚度大,潜水位深,选择合理的采集技术和参数是开展地震工作的前提和保障地震勘探效果的关键。首先,结合探区地震地质条件,对该区采用可控震源的可行性进行分析;然后,对可控震源激发参数的选取进行了试验研究,确定了震动台次、扫描长度、扫描频率、震源出力等激发参数。参考邻区地震勘探经验,选择多个检波器线性组合和高覆盖次数观测系统。采用可控震源技术及所选择的采集参数经过精细施工,取得了较好的地震效果,为今后类似地区进行煤田地震勘探提供了有价值的参考。     

基于片上可编程系统的可控震源扫描信号研究与设计

在可控震源地震勘探中,不同的地质条件需要设置不同的激发参数,如何选择合适的激发参数并实现相应的扫描信号是必须关注的问题。在分析可控震源的线性扫描的起止频率、扫描长度、扫描斜坡函数和长度参数及伪随机扫描的阶次与载波频率对扫描信号质量的影响后,通过片上可编程系统设计了VSG硬件IP核与信号发生器系统,依据分析的信号选择原则实现了对应扫描信号的产生,达到扫描信号的技术指标。     

羌塘盆地油气二维地震勘探进展综述

本文详细讨论了羌塘盆地二十多年来二维地震勘探所取得的进展。羌塘盆地除发育背景干扰外,还发育多种面波散射、线性干扰、折射波和多次折射波;检波器大组合能压制背景和面波散射干扰,但不能压制速度较高的线性干扰、折射波和多次折射波。最佳激发因素为常规可控震源振动台次3台1次,驱动幅度70%,扫描频率6～84Hz,扫描长度18s;低频可控震源振动台次2台1次,驱动幅度60%,扫描频率1. 5～84Hz,扫描长度16s;大吨位可控震源振动台次2台1次,驱动幅度70%,扫描频率6～84Hz,扫描长度16s。炸药震源为单井高速层下7m激发,最浅井深18m,药量18kg;组合方式激发为2口井×15m×12kg或3口井×12m×8kg。尽管可控震源单炮的能量、信噪比、频谱及子波一致性与炸药震源相比较并不占优,但可控震源激发在高密度高覆盖采集条件下仍能获得等同于或明显优于井炮激发质量的地震剖面资料。从"环保、安全、经济、高效"上考虑,羌塘盆地宜采用可控震源和井炮联合的宽线高密度高覆盖采集方案,3L3S或2L3S,960次以上覆盖为可控震源最佳观测系统;2L3S,360次左右覆盖为井炮震源最佳观测系统。北羌塘坳陷构造稳定,容易获取高品质地震资料,南羌塘坳陷构造过于复杂,资料信噪比低,可能不太适合开展地震勘探工作。文章最后还讨论了冻土层静校正和激发接收方面存在的问题及解决方案。     

松辽盆地西部斜坡构造-流体演化特征与铀聚集

构造与流体演化对砂岩型铀矿成矿有协同控矿作用的关系。以松辽盆地西部斜坡地层及构造演化为背景,对比分析测井等资料,通过野外地质、放射性地球物理、水文地质等调查及测量工作,应用砂岩型铀矿成矿理论分析认为:松辽盆地构造活动对西部斜坡构造演化、地下水运移及断裂的分布情况产生影响,控制铀聚集。斜坡西缘为层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿有利区,目的层为第三系地层;而斜坡中段则有利于古河道砂岩型铀矿成矿,四方台组为主要含矿层位。该区域铀矿化受深部断裂控制明显。对西部斜坡中段的后期铀矿勘查可借鉴二连盆地巴彦乌拉古河道砂岩型铀矿床成矿模式与勘探历程。     

可控震源地震勘探中的参数选择

在可控震源地震勘探野外施工过程中,不同的地质条件需要设置不同的激发参数,如何选择合适的激发参数便成了野外施工所必须关注的问题。笔者介绍了可控震源的震源台数、扫频大小、振动次数、扫描长度、扫描斜坡、振动幅度参数对地震记录质量的影响,并通过在九里山的激发试验,研究如何正确选择激发参数,以最大限度地提高可控震源地震勘探分辨率及地震记录的信噪比。     

柴达木盆地北缘逆冲构造与砂岩型铀矿的关系初析

柴达木盆地北缘逆冲推覆构造带是寻找砂岩型铀矿的远景区,该区构造复杂,后期改造强烈,逆冲构造发育,最常见的构造样式有单冲构造、对冲构造、反冲构造、斜坡带等.不同的构造样式造成沉积地层产状和厚度存在差异,同时影响砂岩型铀矿成矿环境.通过分析不同的构造样式与铀矿化的关系,认为在不同逆冲构造样式中铀矿找矿工程部署有所差异.     

甘肃青山地区铀矿化特征及找矿前景分析

文章通过区域资料、钻探资料以及邻区同层位地层对比的方法初步讨论了该区铀矿化特征和成矿前景。在此基础上认为该区缺失上白垩统,下白垩统新民堡群可以分为上下两个岩组,同时该区有两种铀矿化类型——泥岩型和砂岩型,其中砂岩型铀矿化在是新发现类型。分析后认为,对该区的砂岩型铀矿化特征、白垩系地层层序和沉积相划分、覆盖区的探索是下一步铀矿找矿工作的重点,该区找矿前景较大。     

层状斜坡振动台实验的频谱特性研究

本文通过大型振动台试验,对硬岩顺层、反倾和软岩顺层、反倾4类结构岩体边坡的地震动力响应的频谱特性进行了分析。实验结果表明:传递至坡肩的振动信号,是一个包含了斜坡本身材料和结构特征的复杂信号集合。对这一信号的傅里叶频谱进行分析获得的特征信息,与斜坡本身的结构特性吻合,说明在振动台试验中采用这一方法对斜坡结构进行研究是可行的。在本次试验中,当不同频率的垂直向震动施加于边坡时,坡肩衍生振动频率的幅值呈现了明显的反倾高于顺层,硬岩高于软岩的特性;而水平震动施加于边坡时,则硬岩顺层,软岩反倾斜坡具有更高的幅值,频率也更集中于特定的卓越频段,而硬岩反倾和软岩顺层斜坡的水平震动响应则相对不显著。另外,硬岩顺层斜坡对震动的响应表现比软岩顺层明显,而软岩反倾的反应比硬岩反倾明显。当施加垂直向天然波信号时,顺层斜坡的傅里叶频谱图像与台面波形基本保持一致,而反倾斜坡表现为对特定频率段的幅值放大更加显著。水平向加载天然波信号时各个斜坡呈现了更多的一致性,表明此工况下坡体结构与岩性的影响则明显较不显著。     

Analysis on mechanism of landslides under ground shaking: a typical landslide in the Wenchuan earthquake

A high steep rock hill with two-side slopes near National Road 213 is used as a prototype in this paper. The full process from initial deformation to sliding of the slope during ground shaking is simulated by a new discrete element method—continuum-based discrete element method. Then, the seismic responses of a high steep rock hill with two-side slopes are researched from the base of time, frequency and joint time–frequency domain using Hilbert–Huang transform and Fourier Transform. The findings are: first, the stress concentration phenomenon occurs at the top of the sliding mass, and then some tension and shear failure points appear, which expand from the top toward the toe of the sliding mass along the structural plane. At the same time, the number of tension failure points gradually increases. Then the toe of the sliding mass fails, and shears out from its toe which results in the landslide. If the material parameters are under the same conditions, the landslide in the middle of the slope occurs before that at the foot of slope, and the starting time of landslide and the arrival time of the peak ground acceleration are synchronous or the former slightly lags behind the latter. The difference of distribution and dissipation of earthquake energy in the sliding body and sliding bed is the major influence factor to induce the landslide. When the accelerations are small, the instantaneous frequency of accelerations between sliding bed and sliding body is generally consistent, the energy transmittance coefficients of the sliding structural plane and the controlled frequency band of the energy all range in a limitation; with the increase of the seismic intensity, the instantaneous frequency and the energy transmittance coefficients gradually decrease, and then they are steady within the lower limitation. At the same time, the controlled frequency band also shifts gradually from high frequency band to the lower one. Based on the input seismic wave, the peak acceleration amplifies as the increase of elevation, regardless of the monitoring points on the steep slope, gentle slope side or inside of the slope. Generally speaking, amplification of the vertical peak acceleration is stronger than that of the horizontal peak acceleration, and amplification of the peak acceleration on a steep slope is stronger than that on a gentle slope, and that of inside of the slope is the weakest amplification.     

地震激发井深与品质因数的关系

通过对地震波在近地表附近双源传递机理的研究,论述了品质因数与激发井深的关系,并根据不同地区、不同品质因数,其地震波最大激发能量、最大信噪比与激发井深的关系曲线,给出了相应的激发深度.三维地震实例表明,地震波在近地表附近的双源传递与品质因数是选择地震波激发井深的重要因素,另外激发频率的增大,对激发井深的影响程度随之增大;观测同样频率的地震信号,存在小Q值地震波激发井深较大Q值激发井深相应变小的特点.     

薄互层地区高品质地震资料采集影响因素试验研究

根据薄互层地区地质特点,以及所要达到的分辨率的要求,确定了所要保护的主频频率和施工参数。针对影响分辨率的因素,在激发时使用小药量和“钻杆扫描”的方法选择激发深度;在接收时使用中高频检波器、小组合和检波器下井接收的方法,并对它们进行逐一论证,取得了较好的效果。     

Dynamic behavior of railway embankment slope subjected to seismic excitation

To reveal the dynamic behavior of a railway embankment slope subjected to seismic excitation, a shaking table model test was performed on a 1:8 scale embankment slope. Different types of seismic wave of differing amplitudes were applied to study the dynamic behavior of the embankment slope, and white noise excitations were interspersed among the seismic waves to observe the changes of dynamic characteristics of the embankment slope. Residual deformation behaviors of the embankment slope were also investigated. The results of the tests show that the natural frequency of the embankment slope exhibits a decreasing trend and that the damping ratio exhibits an increasing trend. The embankment slope exhibits a significant amplification effect on the input acceleration, and the acceleration response differs greatly when subjected to different seismic excitations of differing spectrum characteristics. The filler of the embankment slope affects the changes of the spectrum characteristics of the seismic wave. The filler performs a filtering effect on high-frequency seismic waves and amplifies the energy of low-frequency seismic waves, especially when the frequency is close to the natural frequency of the embankment slope. A bidirectional excitation creates a greater acceleration response than a unidirectional excitation does. The seismic residual deformation of the embankment slope occurs under the seismic subsidence mode.     

基于探地雷达检测的岩溶岸坡内部宏观裂隙响应规律研究

岩体内部宏观裂隙的发育程度对水库区岩溶岸坡稳定性有着重要影响。为了有效地探测和识别岩体内部宏观裂隙的几何形态和分布特征,对三峡库区巫峡典型岩溶岸坡中岩体内部的垂直裂隙进行模型简化。基于无损伤的探地雷达物探技术,通过理论分析、数值模拟,研究了岩体内部垂直裂隙的宽度、长度、倾角等发生变化时,雷达回波剖面中裂隙对应的时距曲线形态和振幅特征的变化规律。研究表明:裂隙顶端和底端对应的雷达回波响应为双曲线形态,可作为裂隙识别的标志;裂隙的宽度与雷达回波最大振幅和能量团的关系密切;裂隙倾角大小会影响到雷达回波能量团的形态。现场测试结果表明,900MHz天线频率的探地雷达可以较好地用来探测岩溶岸坡内部约1.5m深度范围内厘米级宽度垂直宏观裂隙的分布,并可作为调查库水区岸坡岩体内部宏观裂隙扩展的一种监测手段。     

地震作用下顺层岩质边坡动力响应和破坏模式大型振动台试验研究

5•12汶川大地震触发了大量的顺层岩质滑坡,对其进行研究很有必要。根据动力模型试验的相似关系,设计制作了1个坡角大于岩层倾角的尺寸(高×长×宽)为1.6 m×1.75 m×0.8 m的顺层模型边坡,并完成了大型振动台试验。试验结果表明,在坡体表面和内部竖直方向上,加速度放大系数随着坡体高程增加而增大,并且随着高程增加,加速度放大系数增大的速度加快;在坡体内同一高程上,坡面处的加速度放大系数大于一定水平深度坡体内部的加速度放大系数,表现出趋表效应;地震波输入频率对坡体动力响应有明显影响,随着频率的增加,越接近坡体的自振频率,加速度放大效应越显著;加速度放大系数随着输入波振幅的增加,总体上表现为递减趋势;通过和均质边坡振动台试验加速度监测数据对比,发现坡体结构对坡体加速度放大系数也有一定的影响,结构面对地震波的反射和折射作用加大了坡体加速度的放大效应。,对试验过程中坡体破坏特征的描述和分析发现,边坡的破坏模式为地震诱发－坡肩拉裂张开－坡面中部出现裂缝－裂缝贯通－发生高位滑坡－转化为碎屑流－堆积坡脚。研究成果对地震灾区滑坡形成机制的认识和减灾防灾有一定的价值。     

基于小波包变换的面波分离技术研究

依据面波视速度的分布范围,提出一种新的叠前面波分离技术,即把地震波场分成不受面波影响的波场和受面波影响的波场,然后利用小波包变换对受面波影响的波场进行时频分析,通过分解与重构,从中提取有效波,再将其与不受面波影响的波场合并,就可得到面波分离后的地震波场。该方法在成功分离面波的同时,可使有效波的能量(尤其是其低频能量)不受损失,既有效地保持信号的频宽不变,又提高了记录的信噪比。实际资料的处理结果表明:此方法在叠前面波分离方面具有有良好的效果。     

Landslide susceptibility mapping in the Damrei Romel area, Cambodia using frequency ratio and logistic regression models

This study applied, tested and compared a probability model, a frequency ratio and statistical model, a logistic regression to Damre Romel area, Cambodia, using a geographic information system. For landslide susceptibility mapping, landslide locations were identified in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs and field surveys, and a spatial database was constructed from topographic maps, geology and land cover. The factors that influence landslide occurrence, such as slope, aspect, curvature and distance from drainage were calculated from the topographic database. Lithology and distance from lineament were extracted and calculated from the geology database. Land cover was classified from Landsat TM satellite imagery. The relationship between the factors and the landslides was calculated using frequency ratio and logistic regression models. The relationships, frequency ratio and logistic regression coefficient were overlaid to make landslide susceptibility map. Then the landslide susceptibility map was compared with known landslide locations and tested. As the result, the frequency ratio model (86.97%) and the logistic regression (86.37%) had high and similar prediction accuracy. The landslide susceptibility map can be used to reduce hazards associated with landslides and to land cover planning.