春季东印度洋次表层亚硝酸盐最大值的分布特征及影响因素

根据2013年春季东印度洋现场调查资料,研究了次表层亚硝酸盐最大值的空间分布特征及其形成机制。结果表明,春季东印度洋次表层亚硝酸盐最大值(PNM)一般位于75~100m水层中,且呈现斑块状分布,在赤道附近PNM所处深度较深,随着南北纬度的增加,PNM水深相应抬升。PNM位于温密跃层/营养盐跃层的中上部,且与次表层叶绿素最大值层(SCM)存在显著的相关关系。在深度上,PNM一般位于SCM层内下半部,且PNM深度随SCM深度的增加而增加;在量值上,PNM量值与同层叶绿素a质量浓度呈现显著正相关关系。结合PNM的影响因素分析,认为东印度洋PNM主要是源自浮游植物的释放。     

东海陆架近岸区NO2——N最大值现象的生物活化机制探讨

在1984-1985年4个不同季节的航次期间,春、夏季在东海陆架近岸区观测到了第一亚硝酸盐最大值(Primary Nitrite Maximum——PNM)现象,其位置与生物(浮游植物)、物理(光)和化学(硝酸盐、铵)参数相关.在两个航次各20多份分了层的水体垂直分布图中,有的站铵浓度低于0.1μg at./1仪器检出限,PNM位于水深10-40m深度范围[光照度为3-25%表层光合作用有效幅照度(Photosynthetically Available Radiation——PAR)],因此,硝酸盐是仅有的有利于亚硝酸盐形成的氮源;有的站铵显示了紧靠PNM上方有较大值的垂直分布图形,这种PNM位于10-70m深度范围(光照度低于3%表层PAR),铵的氧化作用可能是观测到的亚硝酸盐的来源.文章对以硝酸盐为亚硝酸盐形成氮源的生物活化机制进行了探讨.     

热带西太平洋海洋事件与初级生产力的关系

本文依据“中、美热带西太平洋联合调查研究”资料,分析了正常年份,El Ni(?)o及La-Nina事件热带西太平洋165°E断面(10°N～6°S)的初级生产力。结果发现,El Ni(?)o及La-Nina期间热带西太平洋165°E断面的海洋初级生产力较正常年份分别增加50%和70%左右。     

南黄海冷水域西部溶解氧垂直分布最大值现象的成因分析

重点分析了南黄海冷水域西部溶解氧(DO)垂直分布中的最大值现象,并对DO浓度与主要环境因子的相关性进行了研究.结果表明:DO垂直分布最大值现象是调查海域DO分布的显著特征,且与SCM现象相伴生;DO垂直分布的最大值深度和量值具有较为明显的区域差异;温、盐是DO最大值层以上水体中氧含量的主要控制因素;一定强度的温跃层形成之后,DO最大值层出现在跃层的下界附近,且其氧含量受控于跃层厚度和生物化学作用,并与跃层厚度呈正相关;底层较低的DO含量是底层水及沉积物中有机物分解耗氧的结果.同时,还成功解释了DO最大值处与次表层叶绿素最大值层位置不吻合且量值不相关的原因,并提出了"DO净积累效应"的观点,不仅从时间跨度以及动态的角度上对DO最大值的形成机制进行了分析,而且从理论上探讨了DO最大值层氧含量(或来源)的构成,指出自DO最大值层开始产生至观测之时该层之下、真光层以内水体中的生物化学作用(或Chl-a总产出)才与氧最大值密切相关.总体来看,水体层化和生物化学作用明显影响着夏季南黄海冷水域西部DO的垂直分布.     

ENSO期间热带西太平洋势能的年际变化

利用1986/1987ENSO事件前后的深水CTD资料,计算了热带西太平洋(141°~165°E,10°N~10°S)相对于不同等压面的势能空间分布和时间变化。结果表明,ENSO期间热带西太平洋单位面积上水柱的势能明显减小,而热带西太平洋势能的经向变化明显大于纬向变化。经向变化的特征是赤道外势能大于赤道上的势能。势能最大值位于4°N和4°S,而最大年际变化则发生于7°N,远大于赤道附近。最后,还分析了热带西太平洋势能分布的地域性特征,并指出了这些特征与海洋水文特征的联系。     

西太平洋暖池变异及其对西太平洋次表层海温场的影响

应用热带太平洋上层XBT温度资料,分析研究了西太平洋暖池区(0°～16°N,125°～145°E)上层海洋的变化特征以及与西太平洋次表层海温场之间的关系.研究表明,西太平洋暖池区的垂向温度存在显著的年际变化,尤其在次表层(120～200m)的变化最为明显.西太平洋暖池区的次表层冷暖信号明显早于西太平洋次表层的海温异常.分析发现,西太平洋暖池区的海温异常是导致整个西太平洋次表层海温场变异的关键区,当西太平洋暖池区的次表层冷暖信号加强时,3～4个月后西太平洋海温场出现大范围的冷暖异常.     

热带太平洋西部及赤道暖水区的初级生产力

描述了对热带太平洋西部(1991年11月WOCE调查)及赤道暖水区(1992年11月至1993年2月的TOGA-COARE调查)的叶绿素a分布和初级生产力(C),及其与理化环境的关系.西部海域叶绿素a平均总量达19.79mg/m2,暖水区为2.168mg/m2;暖水区的潜在初级生产量高于西部海域,量值分别为228mg/(m2·d)和171mg/(m2·d),次表层最大值成为调查海域水体叶绿素a分布的一个明显特点.叶绿素a总量平面分布趋向表明:高生物量主要位于巴士海峡邻近、菲律宾以及伊里安岛的近岸站位,此外,在2°～4°N之间的观测区.低生物量主要位于外洋海域.生物量的分布与不同海域的物理过程变化有关,而海水涌升可能是导致温度、盐度和营养盐分布产生变化,并因而导致高生物量的一个重要的物理过程.     

冬季西太平洋雅浦海山(Y3)区次表层叶绿素最大值层分布及其对悬浮体粒度的影响

2014年冬季对西太平洋雅浦(Y3)海山区两条相交断面进行水文和悬浮体调查。利用温盐深仪(CTD)和深水型原位激光粒度仪(LISST-Deep)获取调查区各站位水体剖面的温度、盐度、叶绿素a浓度以及悬浮体体积浓度和粒度分布数据,对上层(350m以浅)水体的水文和悬浮体调查结果进行分析。结果表明:Y3海山对流经该海区的洋流产生影响,在海山顶部水体中形成具有上凸形态的温、盐跃层,在局部海域形成呈下凹形态的涡旋水文结构;受温、盐跃层的影响和控制,Y3海山上层水体中次表层叶绿素最大值层(SCML)的分布与温、盐跃层的水深范围(约50—160m)相一致,其荧光叶绿素a浓度总体小于1μg/L;Y3海山上层水体的悬浮体总体积浓度在0—120μl/L之间变化,其中悬浮体体积浓度的高值水层集中分布在SCML中,且悬浮体粒度分布存在5个峰值粒级,分别为15.4、68.6、95.5、185和304μm;其中15.4μm粒级的悬浮体体积浓度最低,但其与水层中荧光叶绿素a浓度的相关性最好,反映了水层中微型浮游植物的浓度与荧光叶绿素a浓度关系比较密切;其他4个较大峰值粒级悬浮体可能由小型或中型浮游生物(及其絮凝集合体)等构成,体积浓度较高,对水体叶绿素a浓度的影响很小;Y3海山区东侧Y3-14站的悬浮体组成和分布不同于其他站位,可能有未知的环境因素影响该站位的悬浮体组成和分布。本文研究结果可为进一步开展海山区沉积和生态环境研究提供参考和依据。     

El Niño前后热带西太平洋潜热交换空间变化特征

本文根据中美西太平洋联合考察资料,计算了西太平洋热带海域(20°N～8°S,112°～170°E)内的潜热通量和显热通量。结果表明,该区域海气交换潜热通量的空间分布与El Niño的发生有密切联系。根据计算结果建立了潜热e_w-e-V诺谟图,显热t_w-t-V诺谟图。利用该图可随时对海气热交换特征进行诊断分析。     

秋末南黄海冷水团区溶解氧垂直结构及其最大值的分析研究

南黄海溶解氧垂直分布上的中间高氧层及其最大值是黄海冷水团区的一个突出现象。毛汉礼等(1964)认为：在夏季，凡是黄海冷水盘踞的地方，几乎都有一个中间高氧层，其深度与温跃层有关，大致都在温跃层的下界附近；中间高氧层可作为黄海冷水的一项指标。后来，顾宏堪(1966, 1980)专题讨论了黄海的夏季溶解氧垂直分布中最大值问题。他认为这一最大值主要是由冬季保持而来。但是，由于当时的资料垂向取样间隔大，因而对冷水团区溶解氧的垂直结构及其分布特征等问题没有进行详细的讨论。 本文试图在前人工作的基础上，利用1983年11月中美南黄海环流和沉积动力学联合调查所获取的CTD资料，和与其同步取样(每秒钟抽样一次，深度间隔约在0.3-0.8m之间)的溶解氧资料，对秋末南黄海冷水团区溶解氧垂直结构及其最大值分布特征，以及它们同水系的关系等问题作进一步的分析研究。 调查海区和站位分布如图1所示。由于种种原因，调查海区仅限制在124°30''E以西海域，这对研究上述问题，特别是同水系的关系，带来了一定的困难。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,