俄、蒙、中交界7.9级地震

2003年9月27日19时33分,在俄、蒙、中边界地区发生了Ms7．9地震,新疆阿尔泰地区强烈有感,地震造成经济损失7600万元人民币。文章对此次地震的基本参数、震源机制作了概述,并用遥感资料对地震的构造环境和破裂过程进行了初步分析。     

2003年俄、中、蒙交界M7.9地震前地倾斜异常

简要归纳了M7．9地震前地倾斜记录的异常及其特征,认为M7．9地震前地倾斜存在明显的阶段性异常,趋势异常持续3年以上,中短期异常由近场向600km范围扩展,700-850km范围的多个台站记录到较明显的临震异常,富蕴台地倾斜的掉格图像是M7．9地震最突出的前兆异常。     

中国大陆M73/4地震活动的特点及趋势分析

利用发生在中国大陆地区M≥7 3/4浅源地震资料，得出1900年以来M≥7 3/4地震活动具有成组性和区域性的特点，认为2001年11月14日昆仑山8．1级地震的发生，标志着中国大陆地区M≥7 3/4地震第5个活动组的开始。未来1－6年在以8．1级地震为中心，半径500m－1000km内是发生M≥7 3/4地震的主要场的。通过对M≥7 3/4地震发生后3年7级地震活动研究，中国大陆未来3年内仍具有发生7级地震的可能。     

2006年9～10月全球M≥5．0地震动态

据中国地震局地球物理研究所中国数字地震台网数据管理中心（CDSNDMC）从美国地震学联合研究会数据管理中心（IRIS DMC）得到的最新地震资料统计，2006年9月全球范围内共发生M≥5．0地震98次。其中M5～5.5地震72次，M5．6～6．0地震20次，M6．1～7．0地震6次，无7级以上地震。最大的一次地震发生在萨摩亚群岛地区，发震时间2006年9月28日06时22分09．7300秒，Mw=6．7。在发生的98次M≥5．0地震中有62次发生在东半球，36次发生在西半球。     

青藏高原北缘海原、古浪、冒马大地震间相互作用的动力学分析

基于Coulomb静应力变化的概念，研究了青藏高原北缘的海原（1920年2月，M＝8．5）、古浪（1927年5月，M＝8．0）和昌马（1932年12月，M＝7．6）3次大地震之间的相互关系。结果表明，海原大地震发生可能诱发古浪大地震提前16－44a发生；而昌马地震发生可能不受海原和古浪地震诱发静应力变化的影响。     

2008年5～6月全球M≥5．0地震动态

据中国地震局地球物理研究所中国数字地震台网数据管理中心（CDSNDMC）美国地震学联合研究会数据管理中心（IRISDMC）得到的最新地震资料统计,2008年5月全球范围内共发生M≥5．0地震151次。M5～5．9中强震139次,其中M5～5．5地震116次,M5．6～5．9地震23次;M6．0～7．9强震12次,其中M6．0～7．0地震11次,M7．1～7．9地震1次。最大的一次地震发生在中国四川,发震时间2008年5月12日06：28：01．5700,MW-7．9。全球发生的151次j坦≥5．0地震中有119次发生在东半球,32次发生在西半     

安政江户地震是深源地震还是浅源地震——由模拟地球再现安政江户地震的振动与烈度分布

迄今为止，给关东带来毁灭性灾难的地震有1703年元禄关东地震（M7．9～8．2）、1855年安政江户地震（M7）和1923年关东地震（M7．9）。这3次地震中，元禄地震和关东地震间隔约240年，是发生在菲律宾海板块上的板块边界地震，而安政江户地震的发震机制目前尚不清楚。     

青藏高原北缘海原、古浪、昌马大地震间相互作用的动力学分析

基于Coulomb静应力变化的概念，研究了青藏高原北缘的海原（1920年2月,M=8.5）、古浪（1927年5月,M=8.0）和昌马（1932年12月,M=7.6）3次大地震之间的相互关系。结果表明，海原大地震发生可能诱发古浪大地震提前16～44a发生；而昌马地震发生可能不受海原和古浪地震诱发静应力变化的影响。     

历史有感地震目录及其在地震预报和安全性评价中的应用

历史有感地震是指M=3．5—4．5的历史地震，这些地震都是有感地震，从而在历史文献中都有一个场所以上的记载。我们在1994年已经编辑完成了中国历史有感地震目录，共编入历史有感地震8556条，最早的地震是公元前618年山东曲阜的一次有感地震。其中     

2008年7～8月全球M≥5．0地震动态

据中国地震局地球物理研究所中国数字地震台网数据管理中心（CDSNDMC）Ak美国地震学联合研究会数据管理中心（IRISDMC）得到的最新地震资料统计,2008年7月全球范围内共发生M≥5．0地震107次。M5～5．9中强震95次,其中M5～5．5地震79次,M5．6～5．9地震16次;M6．0～7．9强震12次,其中M6．0～7．0地震11次,M7．1～7．9地震1次;无8级以上巨大地震。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...