黄土高原半干旱区天然锦鸡儿灌丛对土壤水分的影响

本文选择黄土高原半干旱区定西地区的一种地带性植被,天然甘蒙锦鸡儿灌丛,将其0～99m深的土壤水分含量与人工柠条锦鸡儿灌丛、人工杏树林、天然草地、放牧荒坡和农地的土壤水分含量进行了比较。结果发现,天然锦鸡儿灌丛在1m以下土壤各层的水分含量均高于人工柠条灌丛和人工杏树林,而与放牧荒坡和农地的土壤湿度接近,略低于农地。天然锦鸡儿灌丛4m以上土层的土壤湿度还明显高于天然草地;天然锦鸡儿灌丛形成的难效—无效水层深度在2m土层以上,而人工柠条灌丛形成的难效无效水层则深达56m,人工杏树林42m,天然草地、放牧荒坡分别为36m和33m,农地1m。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区人工植被深层土壤干化效应

科学评估不同植被恢复模式的土壤干化效应是目前黄土高原生态恢复一个亟需解决的关键问题。本文以半干旱黄土丘陵区14种典型人工植被为例,通过构建土壤水分相对亏缺指数CSWDI和样地土壤水分相对亏缺指数PCSWDI,定量评估了不同植被深层土壤干化效应。研究发现:除农地和撂荒草地外,各植被深层土壤水分均随土层深度的增加而升高,深层土壤水分含量同土层深度之间呈一元线性关系。不同人工植被深层土壤相对干化程度存在差异,以油松林地最高,杨树侧柏混交林地最低。不同植被类型受其自身蒸腾耗水、根系特征和耕作等影响,土壤干化的程度在剖面上存在差异,但总体趋势为随深度增加而降低。针阔叶植被配置模式土壤水分状况要稍好于阔叶纯林的配置模式。     

额济纳绿洲不同植被覆盖下土壤特性的时空变化

额济纳绿洲地处干旱内陆河地区。在分析额济纳绿洲土壤特性的基础上,以不同植被类型下的土壤作为分析对象,根据观测的土壤含水量数据及环境因子的观测数据,研究了额济纳绿洲土壤水分的时空变化规律,分析了土壤水分变化与环境因子之间的关系,建立了土壤含水量与环境因子之间的回归模型。研究结果表明,土壤剖面土壤类型及结构差异较大,土壤类型的差异主要受成土条件的制约和外部自然环境的影响,戈壁地区与其他几种植被类型下的土壤差异最为显著;土壤类型及结构的差异,土壤容重变化的特性及土壤水势、土壤含水量的变化,直接影响着植被的生长和分布;额济纳绿洲不同植被类型下的土壤含水量变化差异显著;土壤含水量的季节变化分析表明,土壤剖面中不同层的土壤含水量变化也存在着一定的差异,可以分成不同的稳定变化层,急剧变化层和相对稳定层;土壤含水量的日变化受环境因子的影响较为明显,空气温湿度、土壤温度及地下水水位埋深是影响土壤含水量最为显著的因素。     

荒漠灌丛树干茎流及其入渗、再分配特征

运用铝箔收集法测定了荒漠灌木柠条（Caragana korshinskii Kom.）树干茎流;利用时域反射仪连续测量土壤剖面水分含量,分析树干茎流影响下柠条根际区水分入渗与再分配过程。结果表明,柠条灌丛产生树干茎流需要2.2 mm的前期降雨量,树干茎流占降雨量的7.9%,平均汇流率是89.8。土壤表层含水率对降雨过程响应明显; 当降雨量达到6 mm时,树干茎流有利于增加根际区土壤水分增量,补充深层土壤水分,对荒漠植被在干旱条件下存活起着重要作用。     

干旱沙区典型人工植被群落下土壤剖面CO_2浓度变化特征及其驱动因子

对人工固沙植被区柠条(Caragana korshinskii)群落和油蒿(Caragana korshinskii)群落下不同深度的土壤气体采样,主要研究和讨论了不同类型人工植被区下土壤CO2浓度的变化特征及土壤温度和土壤水分对其的影响。结果表明:柠条和油蒿群落0~80cm处的土壤空气CO2浓度随着土壤深度的增加而增加,并且在0~40cm,油蒿群落下的土壤CO2浓度值大于柠条,而在40cm以下则相反。其平均值分别为1 229.3μmol·mol-1和1 242.7μmol·mol-1,大于同一深度流沙下土壤CO2浓度值978.9μmol·mol-1。土壤水分与二者的土壤CO2浓度变化趋势在年际尺度上具有一致性,浅层40cm内油蒿群落下的土壤CO2浓度和土壤水分含量的相关性明显大于柠条和流沙。而在40cm以下,则表现为柠条油蒿流沙。土壤温度对土壤CO2浓度的影响程度一般为流沙油蒿柠条,特别是流沙,在表层达到了极显著的水平,之后随着土壤深度的增加而降低。而土壤温度对油蒿和柠条样地土壤CO2浓度的影响较为复杂,呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。在年际尺度上,土壤水分含量是不同植被群落下土壤剖面CO2浓度的关键限制因子,而在日尺度上,土壤温度则为主要限制因子。据粗略估计,在0~80cm内,柠条和油蒿根系呼吸所占的比例约为30.7%和33.3%。     

半干旱黄土区成熟柠条林地剖面土壤水分环境及影响因子研究

为了探讨柠条群落及环境因子与土壤水分动态响应关系,选择半干旱黄土区流域尺度不同地形条件下成熟柠条林作为观测样地,于2009-2011年生长季节(5月上旬至10月下旬),每15 d1次,对0~220 cm剖面土壤水分进行了连续测定,2010年8月测定了0~600 cm土壤水分,2011年9月调查了柠条林群落结构特征。采用SPSS17.0软件的Duncan进行多重比较、EXCEL软件进行分析作图,对各样地剖面土壤水分差异、不同年度生长季节变异、干燥化程度以及其影响因子进行了综合分析。结果表明:浅层土壤水分含量为北坡东坡南坡,下坡位高于上坡位,坡度越大土壤含水量越低。由表层至深层,地形因子影响土壤水分作用逐渐减弱,植被因子影响土壤水分作用逐渐增强。在一定区域,柠条群落盖度和高度与深层土壤水分含量呈明显的负相关。人工柠条林加重了入渗层以下的土壤干燥化程度,而且连续干旱会造成入渗层范围的临时性土壤干层,而永久性干层是柠条发育至成熟阶段的过程中,逐渐形成并一直存在的一种现象。研究结论将对进一步从多尺度(年际和季节的时间尺度、水平和垂直的空间尺度)、多因子(气候、土壤、植被、微地形等)综合研究半干旱黄土区人工植被群落及其土壤水分环境动态提供重要参考。     

人工固沙植被区土壤水分动态及空间分布

土壤水分是干旱区固沙植被生长发育最主要的限制因子,了解其动态变化特征对沙区人工植被建设具有重要意义。本研究利用EnviroSMART土壤水分监测系统,于2009-2013年对宁夏沙坡头地区人工固沙植被区的土壤水分动态进行连续监测。结果表明:(1)降水对土壤水分状况及动态变化有较大的影响。土壤水分总体处于过度消耗状态,在非生长季,土壤水分没有明显的回升现象。(2)生长季初期(4-5月)为土壤水分弱消耗阶段;生长旺盛期(6-8月)为土壤水分快速消耗阶段,水分变化波动较剧烈,空间异质性最强;生长季末期(9-10月)的土壤水分处于相对稳定状态。(3)土壤水分随深度增加呈“S”形变化趋势,浅层的土壤含水量明显高于其他深度,200 cm深度土壤含水量较低且年际间变化不大(1.53%~2.10%)。湿润年份土壤水分剧烈变化的土层深度为0～100 cm,而干旱年份为0～20 cm。(4)相对于干旱年份,湿润年份的土壤含水量不但较高,而且水分变化波动较为剧烈。当土壤水分较低时,其变异性会随着土壤水分含量的增加而增加。(5)试验区灌木盖度在5年间呈下降趋势,一年生草本受降水量影响年际变化较大。受降水时空分布影响的土壤水分是沙坡头人工植被演替的重要驱动力。     

沙坡头地区固沙植被土壤水分动态研究

沙坡头地区始建于1956年的无灌溉人工固沙植被,是我国交通干线防沙体系的成功模式。利用40余年的土壤水分定位观测数据,分析了不同期间建立的固沙植被土壤水分的时空变化特征及对植被的影响。结果表明,固沙植被发展至9~10a后土壤含水量开始明显下降,特别是较深层(>100cm)的含水量下降明显;0~40cm层土壤水分含量与降水相关显著,而降水对40~300cm层土壤水分的含量影响不显著;深根系固沙植物对根际区域水分的利用,进一步恶化了固沙区土壤深层的水分状况,进而抑制了这些植物的生长和生存,间接地影响了原有固沙植被组成和稳定性;经过40多年的演变,固沙植被中优势灌木种的盖度从最大盖度47.6%降至6%~9%,群落中草本和微生物结皮层得到发育。当深根系灌木的盖度降低至6%~9%时,深层土壤可维持一个相对稳定的低含水量。     

退化生态系统土壤微生物种群数量和分布对植被恢复的响应

通过生态退化区不同植被恢复类型对土壤微生物种群数量和分布的影响研究,揭示植被恢复过程中土壤微生物种群的变化.结果表明,沙米荒地、白沙蒿、柠条、沙冬青、人工乔木林+樟子松土壤微生物种群数量和分布明显不同,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌种群数量差异显著(P<0.05),细菌种群数量最高,其次为放线菌,真菌种群数量最小.通过主成分分析,影响该保护区土壤三大类微生物种群总数量的主要因子是植被、土壤有机质、pH、土壤速效钾、土壤水分含量、土壤全磷和速效磷、土壤放线菌、土层深度、土壤真菌种群数量和土壤全氮含量.     

科尔沁沙地樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)人工固沙林演变过程中物种多样性和土壤水分特征

人工固沙植被是干旱、半干旱区荒漠化防治的重要内容,研究人工固沙植被演变过程中物种多样性和土壤水分变化特征对于人工固沙植被的经营与管理有重要意义。对科尔沁沙地营造的5~45a的樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)人工固沙植被林下植被的物种多样性和土壤水分变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:在樟子松固沙林演变过程中,群落中禾本科和菊科植物种始终占主导地位,且随着樟子松栽植年限的增加,禾本科植物所占比例显著增加。物种总数和草本植物数量都随着栽植年限的增加显著降低,呈显著的线性关系。而灌木数量和栽植年限呈抛物线形关系,随着樟子松栽植年限的增加先增大后减小。草本植物盖度和地上生物量与樟子松栽植年限也呈抛物线形关系,在栽植25a后草本植物盖度达到最大值。樟子松人工固沙林演变过程对土壤含水量也有显著影响,土壤平均含水量和樟子松栽植年限呈显著线性关系,栽植45a后,土壤平均含水量由3.5%降至1.4%。土壤水分的急剧下降是樟子松人工林演变后期面临的主要挑战。     

不同植被类型的土壤水分对黄土高原的影响

Water stored in deep loess soil is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau, but planted shrub and forest often disrupt the natural water cycle and in turn influence plant growth. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of main vegetation types on soil moisture and its inter-annual change. Soil moisture in 0–10 m depth of six vegetation types, i.e., crop, grass, planted shrub of caragana, planted forests of arborvitae, pine and the mixture of pine and arborvitae were measured in 2001, 2005 and 2006. Soil moisture in about 0–3 m of cropland and about 0–2 m of other vegetation types varied inter-annually dependent on annual precipitation, but was stable inter-annually below these depths. In 0–2 m, soil moisture of cropland was significantly greater than those of all other vegetation types, and there were no significant differences among other vegetation types. In 2–10 m, there was no significant moisture difference between cropland and grassland, but the soil moistures under both of them were significantly higher than those of planted shrub and forests. The planted shrub and forests had depleted soil moisture below 2 m to or near permanent wilting point, and there were no significant moisture differences among forest types. The soil moisture of caragana shrub was significantly lower than those of forests, but the absolute difference was very small. The results of this study implicated that the planted shrub and forests had depleted deep soil moisture to the lowest limits to which they could extract and they lived mainly on present year precipitation for transpiration.     

Soil moisture of different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau

Water stored in deep loess soil is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau, but planted shrub and forest often disrupt the natural water cycle and in turn influence plant growth. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of main vegetation types on soil moisture and its inter- annual change. Soil moisture in 0–10 m depth of six vegetation types, i.e., crop, grass, planted shrub of caragana, planted forests of arborvitae, pine and the mixture of pine and arborvitae were measured in 2001, 2005 and 2006. Soil moisture in about 0–3 m of cropland and about 0–2 m of other vegetation types varied inter-annually dependent on annual precipitation, but was stable inter-annually below these depths. In 0–2 m, soil moisture of cropland was significantly greater than those of all other vegetation types, and there were no significant differences among other vegetation types. In 2–10 m, there was no significant moisture difference between cropland and grassland, but the soil moistures under both of them were significantly higher than those of planted shrub and forests. The planted shrub and forests had depleted soil moisture below 2 m to or near permanent wilting point, and there were no significant moisture differences among forest types. The soil moisture of caragana shrub was significantly lower than those of forests, but the absolute difference was very small. The results of this study implicated that the planted shrub and forests had depleted deep soil moisture to the lowest limits to which they could extract and they lived mainly on present year precipitation for transpiration.     

蓝田、长安人工林地土层含水量研究

根据蓝田孟村杨树林和梧桐林、长安县韦曲镇南杨树林地与西安市南郊麦地土壤含水量的测定,研究了0～600cm土壤含水量的变化和土壤干层特点与分布。实验表明,蓝田、长安地区在正常降雨年份人工林地土壤含水量从地表向地下呈现由高到低再到高的变化：12龄杨树林、14龄梧桐林、13龄和10龄杨树林地180～360cm深度范围内土壤含水量平均为9．5％、9．3％、9．0和9．2％,发育了明显的土壤干层：麦地土层含水量较梧桐林和杨树林地明显高,无土壤干化的显示;在丰水年蓝田、长安地区人工林土层含水量与正常降雨年份林地土壤含水量显著不同,12龄杨树林、14龄梧桐林、13龄和10龄杨树林地180～360cm深度范围内土壤含水量平均为22．5％、23．2％、22．5％和22．4％,土壤干层消失。这表明在降水量增加的条件下,土壤干层中的水分完全有可能恢复。土壤干层的发育会影响植物的正常生长,植被类型,植树造林和生态环境恢复,因此土壤干层水分恢复有重要意义。     

Comparison of Soil Moisture in Different Soil Layers between Three Typical Forests in the Upper Reaches of Lijiang River Basin,Southern China

Throughfall, stemflow, evapotranspiration and infiltration are likely to vary with forest types, and consequently affect soil moisture regimes in different soil layers. In this study, the spatial and temporal characteristics of soil moisture were investigated to understand variations in soil moisture in three typical forests, including Phyllostachys pubescens forest (abbreviated as PPF), Schima superba forest (abbreviated as SSF) and Cunninghamia lanceolata forest (abbreviated as CLF) in the upper reaches of Lijiang River basin in southern China. The results showed that, (1) Litterfall and soil physical properties differed significantly in the three typical forests. Infiltration capacity in SSF was more favorable to soil moisture than in PPF and CLF. (2) Large variations were found in soil moisture at different forest stands and depths. Due to complicated vertical structures, there were obvious differences in soil moisture from the 0-20 cm soil layer to the 50-80 cm soil layer. (3) Average soil moisture in each layer was higher in SSF than in PPF and CLF. (4) Soil moisture in different layers correlated closely with precipitation (P<0.01) and the three typical forests had the same change trends with rainfall during the studying period. (5) In topsoil, soil moisture was influenced by soil properties which were mostly determined by litterfall, while in deep soil, soil moisture was affected by variations of soil characteristics, which were mostly determined by root distribution. This study provides a scientific basis for better understanding the relationships between forest vegetation and its hydrological effects, helping to facilitate water resources conservation and achieving wise forest management in the upper reaches of Lijiang River basin.     

青海湖西吉尔孟附近土壤水分研究

根据对青海湖北刚察县吉尔孟乡草地土壤含水量测定和粒度分析,研究了土壤水分变化等问题。研究区土层上部粒度成分以粗粉砂为主,下部以细砂为主。2009年该区草地土壤重力水分布深度达到了60 cm左右。土壤上部含水量丰富,下部水分严重不足。在土层约80 cm深度之下出现了中等干层和部分严重干层。该区土壤干层的发育阻隔了大气降水向地下深处的入渗,属于异常水分循环类型。该区土壤水分处于负平衡状态,指示当地的降水量并不能充分满足草原植被生长的需要。吉尔孟乡土壤蓄水量较少,易于发生生态环境的退化。     

Impact of Land Cover on Temperature and Moisture Sensitivity of Soil Organic Matter Mineralization in Subtropical Southeastern China

Understanding the temperature and moisture sensitivity of soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization variations with changes in land cover is critical for assessing soil carbon (C) storage under global change scenarios. We determined the differences in the amount of SOM mineralization and the temperature and moisture sensitivity of soils collected from six land-cover types, including an orchard, a cropland, and four forests, in subtropical southeastern China. The responses of SOM mineralization to temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C) and moisture (30%, 60%, and 90% of water-holding capacity [WHC]) were investigated by placing soil samples in incubators. Soil C mineralization rate and cumulative C mineralization were higher in orchard and cropland soils than in other forest soils. With increasing temperature, soil C mineralization rates and cumulative C mineralization increased with the rise of WHC. The temperature sensitivity of soil C mineralization was not affected by land-cover type and incubation moisture. All soil temperature treatments showed a similar response to moisture. Cropland soil was more responsive to soil moisture than other soils. Our findings indicate that cropland and orchard soils have a higher ability to emit CO₂ than forest soils in subtropical southeastern China.     

亚热带人工湿地松林土壤溶解性有机碳动态变化及控制因素

土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）是土壤有机碳库的活性组分,联接陆地和水生生态系统。DOC的降解影响碳循环、营养动力学机制和微生物的能源供给,因此改变生物地球化学过程。本研究对千烟洲森林试验站（QFES）土壤溶解性有机碳浓度垂直剖面和季节的变化及其控制因子,包括土壤性质和环境因素进行分析。2007年11月至2009年3月每两个月、2009年4月至2010年103每月,分别在土壤10、20、30cm深度和10、30、50cm深度,采用机械式真空取样装置共收集了土壤溶液样品。用总碳分析仪（TOC）测定DOC浓度,DOC浓度平均值范围为3．0-26．2mgL^-1。在土壤剖面10、20、30、50cm深度DOC浓度平均值（±标准差）分别为12．4±4．4、10．6±6．3、8．7±2．6及8．0±5．9mgL^-1。DOC季节平均浓度和春李DOC浓度平均值具有明显的随深度增加而降低的特征。而在夏季、秋季和冬季,DOC浓度在土壤剖面上的变化不具有明显的特征。春季、夏季、秋季和冬季DOC浓度平均值分别为10．2、10．5、10．8和8．3mg^L1,不同深度DOC浓度的季节变化没有一致的特征。分析表明,凋落物有机碳含量与DOC浓度之间无明显相关关系,SOC与DOC含量具有相同的土壤剖面变化特征,SOC与DOC之间具线性正相关关系（R^2=0．19,p〈0．01）,表明SOC是DOC的主要来源之一。在湿地松、马尾松和杉木林,土壤溶液10cm深度和5cm土壤温度间具有指数正相关关系（R^2=0．12,p〈0．01）。在湿地松土壤剖面,DOC浓度与土壤湿度具负线性相关关系（R^=0．15,p〈0．001）,在湿地松、马尾松和杉木林,土壤溶液10cm深度DOC浓度和5cm土壤湿度之间具有负指数相关关系（R^2=0．13,p〈0．001）。取样月降雨量与DOC季节平均浓度不相关。然而,对取样前不同时间降雨量与DOC季节平均浓度的分析表明,取样前降雨事件的时间对不同深度的DOC季节平均浓度有不同的影响。通过分析揭示了SOC和环境变量土壤温度、土壤湿度和降雨是DOC的控制因子。本研究以人工湿地松林碳循环中DOC动力机制为重点,为评价亚热带红壤区生态恢复的效果提供依据。